PDC Reviewer_Mulcho PDF

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Reporting 1: 5 items, Reporting 2: 10 items Reporting 1 Group: (Cababa, Dela Pena, Fresco, Meneses) What is the primary function of the compressor in a refrigeration cycle? A) To cool the refrigerant B) To raise the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant C) To measure temper...

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Reporting 1: 5 items, Reporting 2: 10 items Reporting 1 Group: (Cababa, Dela Pena, Fresco, Meneses) What is the primary function of the compressor in a refrigeration cycle? A) To cool the refrigerant B) To raise the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant C) To measure temperature D) To regulate airflow Answer: B Which component allows the refrigerant to evaporate in a refrigeration system? A) Condenser B) Compressor C) Expansion valve D) Evaporator Answer: C What does the thermostat in a refrigeration system primarily control? A) Refrigerant flow rate B) Compressor speed C) Temperature regulation D) Ambient temperature Answer: C What is one of the main objectives of using a cooling tower? A) Increase water temperature B) Maintain optimal water temperature C) Reduce airflow D) Decrease water flow rate Answer: B How does ambient temperature affect a refrigeration system? A) It has no impact on performance. B) It can influence heat exchange rates. C) It stabilizes refrigerant pressure. D) It increases compressor efficiency. Answer: B Group: (Arevalo, Ramirez, Salonoy) 1. What is the primary purpose of reverse osmosis in water treatment? a. Adding minerals and salts to enhance water taste b. Softening water by removing calcium and magnesium ions c. Removing impurities and dissolved solids to produce purified water d. Disinfecting water by killing harmful bacteria and viruses 2. Which of the following statements accurately describes the series configuration in series-parallel pump testing? a. Pumps are connected side-by-side to increase flow rate. b. Pumps are connected one after another to increase total head (pressure). c. This configuration is ideal for low-head, high-flow applications. d. It reduces the risk of cavitation compared to parallel configuration. 3. Which component in a gas absorption column is primarily responsible for enhancing the contact between gas and liquid phases? a. Condenser b. Packing material c. Gas analyzer d. Collection tank 4.What is the primary control objective related to the permeate in a reverse osmosis system? a. Maintaining a high flow rate to maximize water production b. Ensuring the permeate water meets desired purity standards c. Minimizing the concentration of salts in the permeate stream d. Regulating the temperature of the permeate to prevent scaling 5. In the context of a gas absorption column, what type of variable is a fluctuation in the CO₂ concentration of the inlet gas? a. Controlled variable b. Manipulated variable c. Disturbance variable d. Setpoint variable Group: (Donayre ,Ferma) What is the main purpose of a gas absorption column? A) To increase the temperature of a gas mixture. B) To remove specific gases from a mixture by dissolving them in a liquid. C) To reduce the flow rate of liquids in a process. D) To compress gas into a high-pressure liquid. Which component in an air conditioning system is responsible for removing heat from the refrigerant? A) Compressor B) Condenser C) Evaporator D) Expansion Valve In a tray dryer, which of the following components is responsible for circulating air to maintain uniform drying? A) Heater B) Blower/Fan C) Exhaust/Vent D) Trays What is the advantage of using a tray dryer? A) Minimal maintenance required B) Suitable for liquid materials C) Uniform drying due to consistent airflow D) Large drying capacity Increasing the fan speed in an air conditioning system primarily affects which of the following? A) Energy efficiency only B) The amount of refrigerant needed C) Cooling rate and energy usage D) The thermostat setting required for cooling Group (Antoy, Dulogildo, Indon, Tapel) 1. What is the primary application of bubble cap distillation columns? A) Water purification B) Separating crude oil into components like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel C) Separating gases from liquids D) Processing chemical waste 2. How do bubble cap distillation columns enhance mass transfer? A) By heating the mixture to high temperatures B) By using perforated plates where vapor rises through liquid, creating bubbles C) By condensing vapor at the top of the column D) By increasing the pressure at each stage 3. What is the main purpose of a Process Flow Diagram (PFD)? A) To detail all instrumentation and control devices in the system B) To illustrate the major equipment and flow of materials in a process C) To provide electrical wiring layouts D) To show the dimensions of mechanical components 4. What additional information does a Process Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) provide that is not typically shown in a Process Flow Diagram (PFD)? A) Basic process flow B) Locations of valves, sensors, and control instrumentation C) Energy consumption data D) Material balance calculations 5. Which of the following best describes a disturbance variable in a process? A) An input that can be directly controlled to improve process output B) A predictable factor that stabilizes system operations C) An external input that cannot be directly controlled but impacts process output D) A measurement that ensures consistent product quality Group (Dagdag, Ramirez, & Vicente) 1. In the production process of liquid detergent, why is it essential to control the temperature during the heating stage? A) To ensure the detergent remains non-toxic B) To enhance chemical reactions and ensure the dissolution of solids C) To prevent the detergent from becoming too thick D) To increase the production rate without affecting quality Answer: B) To enhance chemical reactions and ensure the dissolution of solids 2. If a factory's liquid detergent making machine experiences fluctuations in ingredient flow rates, what is the likely consequence? A) Increased energy consumption without affecting product quality B) Variations in the product formulation and inconsistent detergent quality C) A reduction in production capacity D) The machine will overheat, causing shutdowns Answer: B) Variations in the product formulation and inconsistent detergent quality 3. Which of the following is a primary control objective of the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)? A) Minimize energy consumption  B) Maintain optimal reaction conditions to maximize product yield and selectivity C) Ensure maximum agitation speed to enhance the reaction D) Control the pressure in the cooling system Answer: B) Maintain optimal reaction conditions to maximize product yield and selectivity 4. In a steam power plant, what is the role of the condenser? A) It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy B) It generates high-pressure steam for the turbine C) It cools the low-pressure steam from the turbine, converting it back to water D) It stores excess energy produced by the turbine Answer: C) It cools the low-pressure steam from the turbine, converting it back to water 5. What might cause a disturbance in the operation of a laboratory steam power plant, affecting steam pressure or temperature control? A) High-quality fuel with consistent calorific value B) Variations in the feedwater temperature or ambient temperature changes C) Consistent water level in the boiler drum D) Increased efficiency of the turbine Answer: B) Variations in the feedwater temperature or ambient temperature changes Group (Capalungan, Ignacio, Sale, Salviejo) Report 1 1. Which of the following is NOT a column type included in the CE600 system? A. Sieve tray column B. Packed column with Raschig rings C. Plate column D. Bubble cap tray column Answer: C. Plate column 2. The main purpose of the temperature control in the Tubular Flow Reactor is to: A. Maintain a constant pressure in the reactor B. Prevent leakage of reactants C. Optimize reaction rate and product yield D. Increase the flow rate Answer: C. Optimize reaction rate and product yield 3. In a distillation column, what is the main purpose of the reboiler? A. To cool down the feed before it enters the column. B. To heat the bottom of the column and create vapor that rises up the column. C. To condense the vapor at the top of the column. D. To store the top product after distillation. Answer: B. To heat the bottom of the column and create vapor that rises up the column. 4. In the distillation process, what is the function of the condenser at the top of the distillation column? A. To add heat to the column. B. To cool and condense the vapor back into liquid. C. To store the bottom product. D. To increase the pressure in the column. Answer: B. To cool and condense the vapor back into liquid. 5.Consider a continuous rectification process and a tubular flow reactor. Identify the disturbance variable that would most significantly impact the product yield in both processes, assuming all other variables are tightly controlled. A. Feed composition B. Feed flow rate C. Reboiler duty (for rectification) / Reactor temperature (for tubular reactor) D. Condenser duty (for rectification) / Catalyst activity (for tubular reactor) Answer: A. Feed Composition Reporting 2 Group 1 Surnames: (Dela Pena, Donayre, Ferma, Fresco) 1.) What is the primary purpose of industrial pressure measurement? A) To increase production speed B) To ensure optimal performance, safety, and efficiency C) To reduce costs D) To improve employee morale 2.) Which of the following is a mechanical method for pressure measurement? A) Strain gauge B) Bourdon tube C) Capacitive sensor D) Optical sensor 3.) What type of liquid is commonly used in a U-tube manometer? A) Oil B) Alcohol C) Mercury or water D) Glycerin 4.) Which pressure measurement device converts physical pressure into electrical signals? A) Manometer B) Bourdon gauge C) Pressure transmitter D) Diaphragm gauge 5.) What does a capacitive pressure sensor rely on to measure pressure? A) Change in resistance B) Change in capacitance C) Change in temperature D) Change in volume 6.) What is the function of a diaphragm seal in pressure measurement? A) To amplify signals B) To isolate the pressure measurement instrument from the process medium C) To measure temperature changes D) To provide a visual reading 7.) Which factor is NOT considered when selecting a pressure measuring instrument? A) Pressure range B) Color preference C) Accuracy required D) Environmental conditions 8.) What type of pressure sensor uses the piezoelectric effect? A) Strain gauge sensor B) Capacitive sensor C) Piezoelectric sensor D) Optical sensor 9.) In which industry is industrial pressure measurement crucial? A) Fashion industry B) Food service industry C) Automotive industry D) Retail industry 10.) What does 'hysteresis' refer to in pressure measurement? A) The time delay in response to pressure changes B) The difference in output for increasing and decreasing pressure C) The maximum pressure limit of an instrument D) The minimum measurable pressure Answer key: 1. B) To ensure optimal performance, safety, and efficiency 2. B) Bourdon tube 3. C) Mercury or water 4. C) Pressure transmitter 5. B) Change in capacitance 6. B) To isolate the pressure measurement instrument from the process medium 7. B) Color preference 8. C) Piezoelectric sensor 9. C) Automotive industry 10. B) The difference in output for increasing and decreasing pressure Group: (Arevalo, Salonoy) 1. Which analytical technique is particularly suited for identifying and quantifying trace elements in biological fluids? a. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) b. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) c. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory d. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) 2. What is a key advantage of High-Resolution ICP-MS compared to Quadrupole ICP-MS? a. Lower cost and simpler operation b. Enhanced sensitivity and resolution for complex samples c. Greater portability for field analysis d. Limited capability for isotope ratio determination 3. Which of the following analytical techniques is NOT considered a non-destructive method? a. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) b. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) c. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory d. X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) 4. What is the primary function of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)? a. Determining the crystalline structure of materials b. Measuring the specific surface area of solid materials c. Visualizing the surface of a sample at high resolution d. Analyzing the elemental composition of a material using X-rays 5. What is a significant limitation of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory? a. Inability to analyze powders and porous solids b. Destructive nature of the analysis method c. Assumption limitations regarding multilayer adsorption and constant adsorption energy d. Low sensitivity to changes in surface area 6. Which X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique is specifically designed for analyzing very small sample areas with high spatial resolution? a. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) b. Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) c. Micro-XRF (µXRF) d. Total Reflection XRF (TXRF) 7. What type of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique is most suitable for trace element analysis due to its high sensitivity? a. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) b. Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) c. Micro-XRF (µXRF) d. Total Reflection XRF (TXRF) 8. What is the primary application of X-ray Diffractometry (XRD)? a. Imaging the surface features of a sample b. Measuring the specific surface area of a material c. Determining the elemental composition of a sample d. Determining the crystalline structure of materials 9. Which type of X-ray Diffractometer is specifically used for analyzing the crystalline structure of powdered materials? a. Powder X-ray Diffractometer (PXRD) b. Single Crystal X-ray Diffractometer c. X-ray Reflectometry (XRR) d. Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffractometer (EDXRD) 10. What is the purpose of X-ray Reflectometry (XRR)? a. Analyzing the elemental composition of thin films b. Determining the thickness and density of thin films and multilayers  c. Measuring the roughness of a material's surface d. Identifying the crystalline phases present in a sample Group: (Antoy, Dulogildo, Indon, & Tapel) 1. Why is the liquid-in-glass thermometer commonly used in the industry? A) It is highly resistant to mechanical stress. B) Its design allows for accurate readings with minimal immersion. C) It is simple, reliable, and requires full immersion for accurate readings. D) It uses a thermowell to measure temperature without contact. 2. Which of the following statements correctly describes Vapor Actuated Sensors? A) They are fast-responding and generally unaffected by environmental conditions. B) They use liquid expansion and are highly stable but may suffer from leakage issues. C) They use vapor pressure for actuation, are suited for HVAC systems, and can handle a broad range of conditions. D) They are only suitable for measuring minor physical changes in stable environments. 3. What is the absolute zero temperature? a) 0 degrees Celsius b) 0 degrees Fahrenheit c) -273.15 degrees Celsius d) 273.15 degrees Kelvin 4. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that: a) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted. b) If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. c) The entropy of an isolated system always increases over time. d) The total energy of an isolated system remains constant. 5. Which of the following temperature sensors relies on the change in electrical resistance with temperature? a) Thermocouple b) Thermistor c) Bimetallic strip d) Liquid-in-glass thermometer 6. Which of the following environmental factors can significantly affect temperature measurements? a) Humidity b) Electromagnetic interference c) Barometric pressure d) All of the above 7. Which type of thermometer is best suited for measuring high temperatures in industrial settings? a) Liquid-in-glass thermometer b) Bimetallic thermometer c) Thermocouple d) Thermistor 8. What is the primary advantage of using a digital thermometer over an analog one? a) Lower cost b) Higher accuracy and precision c) Simpler design d) Longer lifespan  9. Which of the following is a common error that can occur when using a thermometer? a) Parallax error b) Zero error c) Systematic error d) All of the above 10. (Capalungan, Ignacio, Sale, Salviejo) Report 1 1. Which of the following is NOT a column type included in the CE600 system? A. Sieve tray column B. Packed column with Raschig rings C. Plate column D. Bubble cap tray column Answer: C. Plate column 2. The main purpose of the temperature control in the Tubular Flow Reactor is to: A. Maintain a constant pressure in the reactor B. Prevent leakage of reactants C. Optimize reaction rate and product yield D. Increase the flow rate Answer: C. Optimize reaction rate and product yield 3. In a distillation column, what is the main purpose of the reboiler? A. To cool down the feed before it enters the column. B. To heat the bottom of the column and create vapor that rises up the column. C. To condense the vapor at the top of the column. D. To store the top product after distillation. Answer: B. To heat the bottom of the column and create vapor that rises up the column. 4. In the distillation process, what is the function of the condenser at the top of the distillation column? A. To add heat to the column. B. To cool and condense the vapor back into liquid. C. To store the bottom product. D. To increase the pressure in the column. Answer: B. To cool and condense the vapor back into liquid. 5.Consider a continuous rectification process and a tubular flow reactor. Identify the disturbance variable that would most significantly impact the product yield in both processes, assuming all other variables are tightly controlled. A. Feed composition B. Feed flow rate C. Reboiler duty (for rectification) / Reactor temperature (for tubular reactor) D. Condenser duty (for rectification) / Catalyst activity (for tubular reactor) Answer: A. Feed Composition (Capalungan, Ramirez, Ignacio, Sale, Salviejo) Report 2 1. Which type of flowmeter is known for dividing fluid into discrete volumes for precise measurement? A. Differential Pressure Flowmeter B. Positive Displacement Flowmeter C. Ultrasonic Flowmeter D. Vortex Flowmeter Answer: B. Positive Displacement Flowmeter 2. What is the primary advantage of Positive Displacement flowmeters? A. Low cost and simple construction B. High accuracy and wide flow range C. Ability to measure high-speed gases D. Minimal maintenance in harsh environments Answer: B. High accuracy and wide flow range 3. Which flowmeter works by creating a pressure difference across a restriction like an orifice plate? A. Magnetic Flowmeter B. Ultrasonic Flowmeter C. Differential Head Flowmeter D. Target Flowmeter Answer: C. Differential Head Flowmeter 4. What are Orifice Plates primarily used for in flow measurement? A. To measure the velocity of gas flows B. To create a pressure differential for measuring fluid flow C. For non-intrusive flow measurements D. For high-viscosity fluids Answer: B. To create a pressure differential for measuring fluid flow 5. Which flow meter uses Faraday's Law to measure flow rate in conductive fluids? A. Vortex Flowmeter B. Ultrasonic Flowmeter C. Paddlewheel Flowmeter D. Electromagnetic Flowmeter Answer D. Electromagnetic Flowmeter 6. What is a key advantage of vortex flowmeters? A. They have moving parts for measurement. B. They can measure various types of fluids, including gases and steam. C. They require constant maintenance. D. They are only suitable for low-viscosity fluids. Answer: B. They can measure various types of fluids, including gases and steam. 7. In which industries are Positive Displacement flowmeters commonly used? A. Oil and gas, chemical processing, food and beverage B. Textile and fashion C. Information technology D. Automotive and aerospace Answer A) Oil and gas, chemical processing, food and beverage 8. Which type of PD flowmeter measures fluid flow by dividing it into discrete volumes using a central rotor and vanes? A. Nutating Disc PD Meter B. Gear & Lobe PD Meter C. Rotating Vane PD Meter D. Electromagnetic Flowmeter Answer: C) Rotating Vane PD Meter 9. Reporters pdc:Which of the following is a key advantage of using a flume over a weir for measuring open channel flow? A. Flumes can only measure small flow rates. B. Flumes require more frequent maintenance than weirs. C. Flumes handle debris more efficiently than weirs. D. Flumes are less adaptable to different flow conditions than weirs. Answer: C. Flumes handle debris more efficiently than weirs. 10. What is one main advantage of using a centrifugal solids flowmeter for measuring the flow of solid materials? A. It only works well with liquids. B. It offers real-time monitoring of flow rates. C. It is mainly used for measuring small amounts of solids. D. It is only suitable for medical applications. Answer: B. It offers real-time monitoring of flow rates. Reporting 2 (Cababa, Dagdag, Ramirez, & Vicente) 1. Which of the following is a primary advantage of FTIR spectroscopy? A) Ability to quantify the concentration of compounds with high accuracy B) It can only analyze solid samples C) It is non-destructive and can analyze solid, liquid, and gas samples D) It is most effective in analyzing inorganic compounds only Answer: C) It is non-destructive and can analyze solid, liquid, and gas samples 2. FTIR spectroscopy is most commonly used to identify: A) The atomic structure of metals B) Functional groups in organic and inorganic compounds C) The size of particles in a sample D) The exact molecular weight of compounds Answer: B) Functional groups in organic and inorganic compounds 3. Which of the following is a limitation of UV-Vis spectrophotometry? A) It is unable to analyze liquid samples. B) It can only analyze organic compounds. C) It is not ideal for complex mixtures without pre-separation. D) It is a destructive technique. Answer: C) It is not ideal for complex mixtures without pre-separation. 4. A laboratory needs to measure the concentration of trace metals in a water sample. Which instrument would be most suitable for this application? A) FTIR spectroscopy B) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) C) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) D) Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) Answer: B) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) 5. Which technique is particularly well-suited for the analysis of lipid samples in the form of triacylglycerols? A) FTIR Spectroscopy B) Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) C) UV-Vis Spectrophotometry  D) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Answer: B) Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) 6. An ultrasonic density meter (UDM) measures the density of a fluid by: A) Analyzing the light absorption at different wavelengths B) Measuring the time it takes for ultrasonic waves to travel through the fluid C) Heating the fluid and observing changes in temperature D) Separating components based on their molecular weight Answer: B) Measuring the time it takes for ultrasonic waves to travel through the fluid 7. Which of the following is a key limitation of HPLC? A) It can only be used for gas-phase samples. B) It requires a sample to be in a liquid form. C) It is not ideal for compounds that do not absorb UV-Vis light. D) It can only separate a single compound in a mixture. Answer: C) It is not ideal for compounds that do not absorb UV-Vis light. 8. When using FTIR spectroscopy, the molecular vibrations of a sample are detected as: A) Absorption of light at specific wavelengths B) A change in the electrical conductivity of the sample C) Reflections of light at varying angles D) Emissions of light at characteristic wavelengths Answer: A) Absorption of light at specific wavelengths 9. In the context of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), what happens when a sample is exposed to light at a specific wavelength? A) The sample's molecules emit light at a higher wavelength B) The atoms absorb light at a specific wavelength, and this absorption is proportional to the concentration of the element C) The sample's temperature increases due to the light absorption D) The atoms in the sample reflect light at different wavelengths Answer: B) The atoms absorb light at a specific wavelength, and this absorption is proportional to the concentration of the element 10. Which of the following statements best describes the principle of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)? A) HPLC separates compounds based on their atomic weight. B) HPLC uses light absorption to separate compounds in a mixture. C) HPLC separates components based on how they interact with a column's stationary phase under high pressure. D) HPLC separates compounds by their density. Answer: C) HPLC separates components based on how they interact with a column's stationary phase under high pressure. Reporting 1: AUTOMATIC PROCESS CONTROL (ALBAYALDE, BULATAO, PALAGAR, ZEPEDA) 1. In a spray dryer, what component atomizes the liquid? A) Condenser B) Atomizer C) Cyclone separator D) Evaporator 2. Which variable is manipulated to regulate the drying rate in a spray dryer? A) Droplet size B) Heating temperature C) Ambient humidity D) Refrigerant flow rate 3. How does the double pipe heat exchanger operate? A) Using alternating current flow B) Through thermal energy transfer across concentric pipes C) By evaporating liquids into gas D) Atomizing hot fluids 4. What impact does ambient temperature have on an ice plant’s operation? A) It can increase freezing time B) It stabilizes brine flow C) It controls ice thickness D) It reduces compressor load 5. What does the atomizer do in the spray drying process? A) Increases brine efficiency B) Converts liquid into fine droplets C) Measures product temperature D) Filters the drying air Answers: B, B, B, B, A REPORTING 2: INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL: INDUSTRIAL LEVEL MEASUREMENT (ALBAYALDE, BULATAO, MENESES, PALAGAR, ZEPEDA) 1. Which type of liquid level measurement uses a direct reading method and is often economical? A) Sight glass B) Capacitance C) Time of Flight D) U-tube Manometer 2. Magnetic reed switches operate by: A) Changing electrical resistance B) Being influenced by a magnetic field C) Absorbing radiation D) Altering liquid capacitance  3. What method involves measuring the pressure needed to maintain a constant air flow at the bottom of a liquid column? A) Bubbler tube system B) Hydrostatic pressure C) Conductance method D) Radar level measurement 4. A U-tube manometer is commonly used for: A) Measuring temperature changes B) Comparing pressure differences C) Continuous liquid level monitoring D) Determining dielectric constants 5. Time of Flight methods are primarily used in: A) Electrical conductivity sensing B) Ultrasonic and radar measurements C) Manual dipstick level gauges D) Magnetic reed switches 6. Which technology is suitable for measuring levels in hazardous environments without physical contact? A) Ultrasonic sensors B) Mercury level switches C) Diaphragm switches D) Radiation detection 7. Photoelectric level detectors work by: A) Using a beam of light to detect liquid levels B) Measuring buoyant force C) Emitting microwaves D) Detecting gamma radiation 8. In capacitance level measurement, the key factor affecting readings is: A) Dielectric constant differences B) Water salinity C) Distance to sensor D) Mercury content 9. How does a tilt switch detect levels in bulk solids? A) By mercury pool tilting with solid levels B) Using a radar frequency shift C) Absorbing sound waves D) Emitting microwaves 10. What is the most suitable method for measuring liquid level in a high-pressure, hot, and hazardous environment? A) Radar/Microwave detection B) Float gauge C) Magnetic reed switch D) Sonic level measurement Answers: A, B, A, B, B, A, A, A, A, A