Materials Technology for Sustainable Construction PDF

Materials technology for sustainable construction General info  MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION (6 UCF-60 hours)  Irene Bavasso ([email protected]) OFFICE HOURS Rieti Campus: on Wednesday after each lecture Rome Campus and Online: by appointment ...

Materials technology for sustainable construction General info  MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION (6 UCF-60 hours)  Irene Bavasso ([email protected]) OFFICE HOURS Rieti Campus: on Wednesday after each lecture Rome Campus and Online: by appointment  Lectures: Wednesday from 10:30 – 13:30 and from 14:00 – 16:00  Textbooks:  W.D. Callister - Materials science and engineering  W.F. Smith, J. Hashemi – Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Objectives This course consists of lectures on some classes of traditional materials (metals, ceramics, polymers and composites) and an introduction to the general concepts of sustainability and the discussion of sustainable building materials. A virtual classroom (entitled Materials technology for sustainable construction_22/23) will be used as a repository of all necessary materials. To join the Virtual classroom, please, send a request via email to the teacher. A Gmail or an institutional account is needed. Objectives This course consists of lectures on some classes of traditional materials (metals, ceramics, polymers and composites) and an introduction to the general concepts of sustainability and the discussion of sustainable building materials. A virtual classroom (entitled Materials technology for sustainable construction_22/23) will be used as a repository of all necessary materials. To join the Virtual classroom, please, send a request via email to the teacher. A Gmail or an institutional account is needed. EXAM DATES (In presence): January 15th, February 19th, June 24th, July 23rd and September 9th Attend regularly What can you do? Study every day Ask for help Materials technology for sustainable construction Introduction  Introduction (Chapter 1) Issues To Address What is materials science and engineering? Why are materials important? Why is it important for engineers to understand materials?  Introduction (Chapter 1) Issues To Address What is materials science and engineering? Why are materials important? Why is it important for engineers to understand materials? Materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials (i.e., why materials have their properties). Materials engineering involves, on the basis of these structure– property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. The role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials and/or to develop techniques for processing materials  Introduction (Chapter 1) Issues To Address What is materials science and engineering? Why are materials important? Why is it important for engineers to understand materials? Without them our existence would be much like that of our Stone Age ancestors Materials drive advancements in our What is today’s material age? society o Silicon (Electronic Materials) Age? o Stone Age o Nanomaterials Age? o Bronze Age o Polymer Age? o Iron Age  Introduction (Chapter 1) Issues To Address What is materials science and engineering? Why are materials important? Why is it important for engineers to understand materials?  Products/devices/components that engineers design are all made of materials  To select appropriate materials and processing techniques for specific applications engineers must o have knowledge of material properties and o understand the structure-property relationships  Introduction (Chapter 1) The central paradigm of materials science and engineering Conversion steps (or unit operation) for the manufacture of raw materials / Processing final products. Processing (e.g., cooling rate of steel from high temperature) affects structure (microstructure) Structure Arrangement of the internal component of a material  Subatomic structure  Atomic struture (10-10 m) Properties  Nanostructure (10-9 m)  Microstructure (10-6 m)  Macrostructure (10-3 m) Performances Micrographs adapted from (a) Figure 11.19; (b) Figure 10.34; (c) Figure 11.34; and (d) Figure 11.21, Callister & Rethwisch 6e. (Figures 11.19 & 11.34 copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation. Figure 10.34 courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation. Figure 11.21 courtesy of United States Steel Corporation.)  Introduction (Chapter 1) The central paradigm of materials science and engineering Conversion steps (or unit operation) for the manufacture of raw materials / Processing final products. Processing (e.g., cooling rate of steel from high temperature) affects structure (microstructure) Structure Arrangement of the internal component of a material Properties Performances  Introduction (Chapter 1) Processing  Mechanical (strength, elastic modulus, resistance to fracture, ductility, resilience)  Electrical (electrical conductivity)  Thermal (heat capacity, thermal conductivity) Structure  Magnetic (magnetization)  Optical (reflectivity)  Deteriorative (corrosion) Properties How a material responses to a specific stimulus Performances  Introduction (Chapter 1) Processing Conversion steps (or unit operation) for the manufacture of raw materials / final products Structure Arrangement of the internal component of a material Properties How a material responses to a specific stimulus Performances How a material works during its in-service application Introduction (Chapter 1) How select the best material? Processing Structure Properties Properties required Deterioration during service Cost Performances How a material works during its in-service application  Introduction (Chapter 1) Classification of materials Metals and alloys Ceramics Polymers This classification is based on the atomic bonding forces and chemical composition Young’s Tensile Density modulus strength  Introduction (Chapter 1) Classification of materials Metals and alloys Metals are composed of one or more metallic elements (e.g., iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) in relatively small amounts. Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner and are relatively dense in comparison to the ceramics and polymers. These materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture) and are resistant to fracture. Are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat thanks to large numbers of nonlocalized electrons This classification is based on the atomic bonding forces and chemical composition Young’s Tensile Density modulus strength  Introduction (Chapter 1) Classification of materials Ceramics Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. Ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong (stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the metals). They are typically very hard but have extreme brittleness (lack of ductility) and are highly susceptible to fracture. This classification is based on the atomic bonding forces and chemical composition Young’s Tensile Density modulus strength  Introduction (Chapter 1) Classification of materials Polymers Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (i.e., O, N, and Si). They have very large molecular structure and have low densities. Their mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to those of the metallic and ceramic materials because they are not as stiff or strong. They are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily formed into complex shapes. In addition, they are relatively inert chemically but their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures limits their use. This classification is based on the atomic bonding forces and chemical composition Young’s Tensile Density modulus strength  Introduction (Chapter 1) Classification of materials Metals and alloys Ceramics Polymers  High density  High-Medium density  Low density  Strong, ductile  Strong, brittle  Weak, ductile  High  Low thermal/electrical  Low thermal/electrical thermal/electrical conductivity conductivity conductivity  Opaque or transparent  Opaque, translucent,  Opaque transparent Composites: materials consisting of the combination of different materials to achieve a new material with a combination of properties that are not present in the single ones  A composite, is a multiphase artificially made material. Many composites presents two phases one termed matrix Introduction which is a continuous phase and surrounds the other phases. The second phase is called dispersed phase.  Introduction (Chapter 1) Three additional important engineering material families: Elastomers—polymeric materials that display rubbery-like behavior (high degrees of elastic deformation) Natural materials—those that occur in nature; for example, wood, leather, and cork Foams—typically polymeric materials that have high porosities (contain a large volume fraction of small pores), which are often used for cushions and packaging  Introduction (Chapter 1) Advanced materials Semiconductors: have electrical properties that are intermediate between metals and ceramics and are extremely sensitive to the presence of low concentration of atoms in a very small spatial region. Biomaterials: are nonliving materials that are implanted into the body. They must be biocompatible. Smart Materials: these materials are able to sense changes in their environment and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners (change shape, position, mechanical characteristics,..), Nanomaterials: (metallic, polymeric, ceramic, composite and electronic) with a characteristic length scale (