Parasites of Monkeys PDF

Parasites of MONKEYS Nematodes: Oesophagostomum spp. Pterygodermatities spp. Spiruriden Filarien Anoplocephala spp. Echinococcus spp. Protozoa: Entamoeba spp. Balantidium coli Arthropoden: Pneumonyssus spp. Sarcoptes scabiei  Nematodes:...

Parasites of MONKEYS Nematodes: Oesophagostomum spp. Pterygodermatities spp. Spiruriden Filarien Anoplocephala spp. Echinococcus spp. Protozoa: Entamoeba spp. Balantidium coli Arthropoden: Pneumonyssus spp. Sarcoptes scabiei  Nematodes: Parasites of MONKEYS Oesophagostomum spp. Infection: oral with L3 Prepatency: ca. 3 months Occurrence: Gorillas Chimpanzees ZOONOSE Large intestine (colon, caecum) Bursa nematode Adults have a relatively large mouth capsule with a leaf crown  Nematodes: Parasites of MONKEYS Oesophagostomum spp. Pathogensis: histotrophic Phase: L3 migrate into the intestinal wall of the colon and caecum Moult to L4 in the mucosa and submucosa (up to 2 months) à Induction of 1-20 mm nodules L4 return to lumen Necrosis and scarring of the moulting places Clinical scenario: In case of massive infection: diarrhea (with mucus and blood), anorexia Diagnosis: Flotation Strongyle-type eggs NOTE: Oesophagostomum eggs cannot be differentiated from other Strongyle-type eggs! Therapy: Pro- and Benzimidazole and Macrocyclic lactones (Avermectine, Milbemycine) Nematodes: Parasites of MONKEYS Pterygodermatities spp. Common german cockroaches are obligate intermediate hosts of that Treatment outcome and follow up: cockroaches collected from 7 different locations around tamarins housing 30 alive cockroaches were frozen at -20° C for 2 h prior to homogenization L3 of Pterygodermatites spp. identified from cockroaches living in same housing where 2 of the animals died L3 presented prominent cross-striated lateral alae which extend until near the anus, and a sharply pointed tail L3 larvae well-developed buccal capsule with denticles prominent cross-striated lateral alae which extend until near the anus sharply pointed tail Nematodes: Parasites of MONKEYS Pterygodermatities spp. Control regular anthelmintic treatments (every 6-8 weeks) regular coprological screenings were implemented necropsy of dead animals à awareness to nematode infections à histology of intestine and pancreas routinely cockroach control was improved, but complete elimination was not possible Discussion control – integrated measures! regular faecal screening of all primates in the zoo for spirurid eggs biannual prophylaxis with e.g. mebendazole (40 mg/Kg) rigorous cockroach extermination program (Montali et al., 1983) in this case: treatment with ivermectin and continuous control programs of cockroaches significantly reduce tamarins exposure to these parasites Nematodes: Parasites of MONKEYS Anoplocephala spp. Prosthenorchis spp. Macracanthorhynchus spp. dangerous parasites for New World monkeys (but also in great apes) Intestinal parasites (+++ small intestine, + large intestine) No mouth opening nor intestinal system consist of complex syncytium Nutrition: food intake takes place via the body wall at the front end: ejectable proboscis with hook Anchoring deep in the mucosa possible intestinal perforation fatal peritonitis heteroxen obligatory in monkey, especially cockroaches (are often found in monkey houses and are very palatable to eat) Diagnose: Sedimentation, Eggs contain hook-bearing larva (=Acanthus) Protozoa: Balantidium coli Parasites of MONKEYS Occurrence: Worldwide Apes ZOONOSE (pigs) Infection: oral with cysts Stages: 1) Cysts (resistant) Viable up to 3 d in contaminated water Cysts excreted with faeces can survive for several weeks in a humid environment 2) Trophozoites (vegetative) Pathogenesis: Infection is limited to the intestinal lumen (usually) BUT, under favorable conditions*, Balantidium can migrate into the mucosa of the caecum, colon and rectum Haemorrhagia, ulcers, necrosis often deaths Nutritional mistakes, Stress, bacterial intestinal infections, ect Diagnosis: Cysts are relatively common in faecal samples, but this usually does not correlate with the severity of the clinical disease. In severe diarrhea, mostly trophozoites are found Therapy: Nitroimidazole Clinical signs: watery diarrhea, requent recurrences or reinfections infection can spread epidemically in the ape group Protozoa: Parasites of MONKEYS Entamoeba spp. Occurrence: Orangutans, Chimpanzees Small apes = Gibbons ZOONOSE Infection: oral with cysts Stages: 1: Cysts (resistant) 2: Trophozoites (vegetative) Non-invasive: Trophozoites colonize only the mucous membrane Inflammation of mucous membrane and GI symptoms Invasive: Trophozoites penetrate the intestine wall and spread into the body (e.g. liver, lungs, brain) Inflammation, abscesses (usually not in smaller apes) Protozoa: Parasites of MONKEYS Entamoeba spp. Diagnosis: Detection of cysts in faeces (SAF) Detection of trophozoites in body- temperature faeces NOTE: E. histolytica cysts cannot be microscopically differentiated from E. dispar cysts (apathogene species)! Therapy: Nitroimidazole Pathogenese: Invasion of E. histolytica trophozoites into the intestinal mucosa Intestinal ulceras, necrotizing enteritis Dispersion into the body Inflammation occurs in many organs Organs particularly affected: liver > lungs > brain Abscess formation (liver), inflammation In smaller monkeys, amoebae usually penetrate only as far as the mucosa. Arthropoden: Parasites of MONKEYS Sarcoptes scabiei ZOONOSE (Human scabies) round body, short hind legs, blunt mouth cone long, unarticulated pretarsus Transmission by contact first 4-5 weeks p. i. : Exantheme, severe itching, Uneasiness etc, Skin thickening, Wrinkling Allergy induced by mite antigens Diagnosis: Mite detection in the deep (!) scrapping, KOH Therapy: peroral with ivermectin ??? Sarcoptic mange in monkeys can be more frequent in areas with high wildlife-human interactions! Euryxenous parasite