Oral Communication Finals PDF

ORAL COMMUNICATION (FINALS) covers how procedural formality and informality affects the development of topics in conversation Types of Speech Act...

ORAL COMMUNICATION (FINALS) covers how procedural formality and informality affects the development of topics in conversation Types of Speech Act 5. TOPIC SHIFTING Speech is done with purpose or intent. Listeners or receivers absorption may vary. In linguistics, a Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving from speech act is performative function. one topic to another. The proponents of Speech Act Theory: J.L. Austin and J.R. 6. REPAIR Searle refers to how speaker address the problems in speaking, LOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation The rawest act of speech. It only acts as the vessel where the message lies. 7. TERMINATION Known as an utterance act; in other words, this is the act of "saying something" in the full normal sense. refers to the conversation participants’ close- initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation ILLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT Communication Strategies That Speaker Commonly Resort To It is what the speaker actually meant when he/she When Communication Problems Arise said the message (speaker’s intention). Illocutionary acts are used to warn, congratulate, 1. Message Abandonment complain, predict, command, apologize, inquire, 2. Topic Avoidance explain, describe, request, bet and adjourn. 3. Circumlocution PERLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT 4. Approximation Utilized in bringing about certain consequences According to Martinich (1984), a perlocutionary act 5. All purpose words is performed by saying something, and not in saying 6. Word Coinage something. Persuading, angering, inciting, comforting, and 7. Usage of Non- Verbal inspiring are often perlocutionary acts, in contrast with locutionary and illocutionary acts which are 8. Literal Translation governed by conventions; perlocutionary is not 9. Foreignizing conventional but natural acts (Austin, 1995). 10. Code Switching Communicative Strategies 11. Appeal for Help Since engaging in conversation is also bound by implicit rules. Cohen (1990) states that strategies 12. Use of fillers/ hesitation must be used to start and maintain a conversation. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE 1. NOMINATION The first step in attaining successful and effective A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and communication is knowing its context. By simply productively establish a topic. having and obtaining accurate information about the scenario which includes the people involved (the 2. RESTRICTION audience), the time and place where it is to be conducted, and the kind of event to be attended, refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker you will surely have a meaningful and unforgettable 3. TURN TAKING communication encounter. pertains to the process by which people decide who takes INFORMATIVE/EXPOSITORY SPEECH the conversational floor ✓ Main objective: to inform the audience where the 4. TOPIC CONTROL speaker relays knowledge to an audience on a specific topic  ✓ When you deliver an informative or expository Written language tends to be more formal, so when speech, you are providing interesting and useful writing the speech, read aloud to make sure the information to your audience, so it is important to language is suitable make sure that the content is carefully researched, a written text meant as a speech can be delivered as planned, and organized. read or memorized PERSUASIVE SPEECH EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH ✓ Main objective: to convince people to change in diverse ways: the way they think, the way they act or Speaker has a short time to prepare and he/she do something, and the way they start doing typically delivers his/her speech with the help of something they are not used to doing. notes which shows an outline of the speech. ✓ It aims to change the attitude and beliefs of the Delivered by speakers who have expert knowledge listener on topics and issues and to incite the listener on the topic to do a recommended course of action. IMPROMPTU SPEECH ✓ He also tries to reinforce or change the audience's perspective, beliefs, values, or feelings about a Delivered on the spur of the moment particular subject. Speaker is given no formal preparation beforehand ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH Usually short and casual, should not be wordy or ✓ the listener is not obliged to remember the repetitive in an attempt to lengthen speech information nor follow the course of action PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING ✓ listener then only must sit back and enjoy the information received from the speaker Why write a Speech ? TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY - The process of writing a speech is as traditional as the other forms of communication. Speech Delivery - People still validate truth, confidence, and refers to the expression in words of your messages, significance of speech through the words uttered by ideas, thoughts, and feelings. the speaker thus the following are the Principles of There are four types accdg. to manner of delivery : Speech Writing that will help you furnish your hands read, memorized, extemporaneous, and impromptu in writing speeches. These speech types may also be classified accdg. to amount 1. ANALYZING WHO THE AUDIENCE ARE/ AUDIENCE PROFILE of preparation the very first note to take is getting to know who the Read and memorized : ample time to prepare intended spectators are. In this way, the speaker can assign personalized Extemporaneous and impromptu: least time or no ideas that can capture relevance in the audience’s time at all side. The following must also be put into READING FROM A MANUSCRIPT /READ SPEECH consideration: The speaker reads his/her speech from a manuscript a. know their age and educational background prepared by the speaker or somebody else ✓ If you think that you will speak before a professional commissioned to write it. audience, jargons or technical words must be MEMORIZED SPEECH considered otherwise neglect these for easier understanding. A memorized speech is delivered without the aid of prepared text or notes and is committed to memory. b. know their interest Speech is written in advance by the speaker or by ✓ The personal background shall also be known to the person commissioned to write it. capture ideas they might be more interested in. READ AND MEMORIZED SPEECH c. know what they already know Both are organized and written down word for word and useful for exactness of information.  ✓ To avoid repetition of what is already known, Limiting your main points to three allows you to investigate by subtly asking what they do not know better organize your speech. yet. A focused and well-organized speech is easy to 2. CHOOSING THE TOPIC comprehend and follow. In some cases/occasions, you are usually bothered Introduction- Set the tone for the speech, introduce the by the main thought of your speech be it at a topic, and get the audience’s set the tone for the speech. birthday party, wedding, or in any other encounter. The introduction must contain the prresenation of the One usually makes this a central consideration in the most important ideas. The main argument shall also be success of the overall speech itself. Primarily, the included to attract and pertain directly to the audience. audience intends to witness and listen to a speaker Body- This is otherwise known as the “Heart of the because they are curious about what a speaker Speech”. The arguments support the introduction to reveres to talk about. Often, this stage in speech provide details, facts or evidences. writing follows the following substeps: Conclusion- Punch line to sum-up your speech. All of the a. know the AUDIENCE- This refers to the spectators of the ending ideas must say something in support to the speech introduction. The farewell part shall embody the b. know the OCCASION- Make sure that the formality of reflective aspect of the speech. words is fit to the event. 5. LOGICAL ORGANIZATION/SPEECH PATTERNS c. know the PURPOSE- This refers whether you are there to For you to also achieve a powerful written speech, inform, persuade or entertain. the succession of your ideas must be considered. A d. know YOURSELF as the speaker- Internalize whether you successful speech is not only substantiated with facts are qualified to deliver the speech. but is presented logically in styles that are not superficial but thought well. A speaker may choose 3. SOURCING THE INFORMATION from styles of presenting data below: The credibility of sources and the reputation of the a. Chronological- This refers when the facts are more speaker is as important as the message that is being narrative and precedence of events take place in the end delivered in a speech. A speaker may choose to rely and time is a huge factor. purely on a dignified source to form his speech or may cite some of it only and relate them to his own b. Cause and Effect- This is used when a variable of the topic thoughts to further the speech. caused a result that took place because of a relationship. c. Comparison and Contrast- Discuss the ideas that are On social media, fake news is rampant. Although similar and different. everything can be accessed with the use of just the fingers in searching on the internet, one must d. Problem and Solution- This is used when you present carefully curate the maker of the ideas when issues first and remedies in the end. outsourced externally. The credibility of sources and 6. DURATION the reputation of the speaker is as important as the message that is being delivered in a speech. A It depends on the coverage of the set topic but the speaker may choose to rely purely on a dignified choice of gradual continuation of a speech must be source to form his speech or may cite some of it only long enough to fulfill your speech goals but short and relate them to his own thoughts to further the enough to hold your audience's attention. Some speech. Support your discussion up with a scientific speeches require speakers to finish within the and correct explanation. allotted time. Properly referencing your sources leads you to 7. WORD CHOICE acknowledge the original source you have used in your speech. Often in formal speeches, vulgar and informal words are not encouraged. The quality of words must be 4. OUTLINING AND ORGANIZING SPEECH CONTENT well-chosen. The topic, audience, and situation must also be put into consideration in choosing words Now that you know your audience, chose a topic, and cited such that they are colorful, precise, and definitive. credible sources, put in mind the RULE OF THREE: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion  The speaker must be conscious of the formality of ✓ Carry your tone or throw your voice as far as the the event. speech and the situation will require. ✓ Practice proper breath control. 8. GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS ✓ Identify your listeners and acknowledge your Run-on sentences, weak structures, syntactical audience. errors, punctuation errors are a few that fall under ✓ Develop a very positive attitude toward speaking to grammatically incorrect writings. In a speech, these an audience. must all be avoided to convey, without confusion, ✓ Cultivate a sense of participation with your listeners. the ideas the speaker intends to say. ✓ Always direct your thoughts towards the last row of Although the ideas and topic are novel and listeners ensuring that your message will reach interesting if they are not enunciated well, the them. listeners will grapple to grasp the meaning of the speech. 3. STAGE PRESENCE Run-on sentences occur when there are two capability of the speaker to command and connect distinguish ideas put in separate independent powerfully and realistically with impressive manner and style to its audience. clauses or sentences but are not joined by coordinating or subordinating conjuctions. Tips: Weak structure is when ideas are not explained in a clear format. ✓ Direct eye contact with your audience to show Lastly, syntactical errors are those whose words are interest in them. arranged poorly. ✓ The facial expression should be on the happy side. ✓ Hands should be relaxed. PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY ✓ Check your visual posture. ✓ Have an appositive attitude. HOW DO WE DEFINE AND DESCRIBE A GOOD DELIVERY OF ✓ Speak with an audible voice, good diction, SPEECH? pronunciation, and enunciation. - According to Clella Jaffe, delivery is the way you ✓ Deliver your speech with aplomb. perform your speech, this includes not only your words but also your nonverbal messages. 4. FACIAL EXPRESSION, GESTUREAND MOVEMENT the manner you speak, move, and look at the 1. Articulation audience It is related to pronunciation, which is the actual and Body movements range from large emotions such as correct way of saying words. posture, walking, and gesturing, to every small it is essential to have an understanding of how movement such as raising an eyebrow. speech sounds are produced. This knowledge will A. Emblems - gestures that stands for words and ideas enable a person to understand why there is a big difference as far as foreign accents are concerned. B. Illustrators - gestures that simply illustrate or add emphasis In addition, it will also help correct one’s on your words pronunciation problems and produce sounds correctly. C. Adaptors - used to alert the audience of your nervousness 5. RAPPORT WITH AUDIENCE 2. MODULATION having good vocal characteristics an effective speaker establishes relationship Loud and Soft speakers – people who are self-sufficient, Put your audience first resourceful, and dynamic. The key to rapport is getting to know as much as Loud and Slow speakers – people who are aggressive, possible about your audience before you start to competitive, and confident. preparing your speech or presentation. With limited time for your talk, there are always choices to be Soft and Fast speakers – people who are competitive, made, so the more you know, the better you can enthusiastic, and benevolent. tailor your technical content and examples to meet Guidelines in adjusting the volume and projection of your your audience’s needs and expectations. voice: Find opportunities to humor  Knowledge of your audience gives you the chance to Varying the pace and volume at which you speak can find opportunities for humor. It is one of the oldest add to the impact of your presentation. If you are rapport building techniques. We are warm to people telling a story about a fast-paced environment, pick who makes us laugh. It is also a way of showing that up your pace. If you are giving a piece of complex you are “one of them”. information, slow down and let people absorb it. If your voice matches your content, it will be more Allow for flexibility in your content engaging. Write a speech that will take approximately 80% of Give the audience time. the time you have been allocated, then, arrive early and talk to as many people as possible. In that way, If you say something funny, let everyone laugh and you may pick up stories, examples that you can refer enjoy the moment. If you have said something with to in your presentation. The ability to flex your strong emotion, give time for it to be absorbed. If speech in this way shows genuine responsiveness to you rush on to making your point next, you signal your audience which will be appreciated. that your needs are the most important. By pausing, you show you are there for them. First impression counts Have a strong ending. As a speaker, you are on show from the moment you start meeting your audience: walking into the Craft a clear, concise summary of your key message conference hotel, the boardroom at work, stepping to end on. You may have a call to action, which onto the podium. Dress appropriately and be in the should be specific so that people leave knowing right mental and physical state, which communicates exactly what they need to do. In that way, your ideas a positive attitude and energy to your audience. If will stay with them. you look as if you are interested and eager to speak to them, you are well on your way to establishing rapport. Have a strong opening If you are at a formal event, write the introduction you want the emcee to give. You want people to hear information that builds your credibility/authority with this particular audience. This is an essential part of rapport. If audience members feel that they are in good hands, they will relax and give attention. Next, find an opening that will grab the attention and engage your audience as quickly as possible. Manage the middle If you are giving a long talk, you need to maintain and peak the audience’s interest at key points in your speech. A humorous twist can do this. You can also build up your key arguments to shocking, or unexpectedly positive conclusions. Use stories for emotional connection Rapport depends on emotional connection and stories are a highly effective way to achieve this. “Make a point. Tell a story. Make a point,” is the public speaking mantra. Evidence shows that even if we grasp the facts, we are more likely to remember the story that illustrates it when we go back to our desks. Use your voice with variety.