Oncologic Nursing PDF

AIDS ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME  Sharing infected drug use equipment such as needles.  Having sexual...

AIDS ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME  Sharing infected drug use equipment such as needles.  Having sexual relations with infected individuals disease now known as AIDS was first identified in (both male and female). 1981  Blood transmission  Maternal HIV an infectious disease that weakens the immune  Organ transplants system by targeting specific immune cells  Breastfeeding HIV- 1 is a retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS. HIV-2 is a retrovirus identified in 1986 in AIDS patients in West HIV is a retrovirus, meaning its genetic material Stage 0 indicates early HIV infection, inferred from is RNA instead of DNA. laboratory testing To reproduce, it uses an enzyme to convert its stages 1, 2, and 3 are based on the CD4+ T- RNA into DNA, which then integrates into the lymphocyte count DNA of host cells. Transmitted in body fluids (blood, seminal fluid, Healthy individuals have 500–1000 CD4+ cells vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, and breast milk per cubic millimeter of blood varies with every individual, but the average time is TARGETS: 8-10 years from the time a person is infected, and - T Lymphocytes - Monocytes some go much longer." - Dendritic cells - Brain microglia Despite HIV infection, the patient does not necessarily have AIDS STAGE 0: Primary Infection  occurs immediately after HIV infection CATEGORY MANIFESTATION  Detectable HIV RNA appears before the HIV-specific Asymptomatic antibodies are developed HIV-positive but do not exhibit symptoms of HIV infection  Window period A Have a CD4+ T-cell count ≥ 500 cells/µL  HIV replication is intense, with the virus rapidly multiplying Percentage of total lymphocytes ≥ in the body 29%. Mild lymphadenopathy is present  Develop flu-like symptoms (e.g., fever, fatigue, rash) that can last for 1 to 2 weeks. Symptomatic  CD4+ T cells are reduced during this stage. Show HIV-related symptoms that B are not severe enough  HIV establishes a latent reservoir in resting memory CD4+ Have a CD4+ T-cell count between T cells 200–499 cells/µL Percentage of total lymphocytes between 14% and 28% STAGE 1: Chronic HIV Infection  Amount of HIV in the blood stabilizes. AIDS  Can last for 8 to 10 years, with a gradual decline in CD4+ T cells over time Have a CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/µL Percentage of total lymphocytes <  Most individuals feel healthy and have no noticeable symptoms 14% Severe immune suppression C OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS: STAGE 2: Symptomatic HIV Infection - Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP),  CD4+ T-cell levels continue to fall Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis, Candidiasis (esophageal or  More noticeable symptoms like weight loss, persistent bronchial). fever, and recurrent infections. CANCERS:  The immune system becomes progressively less able to - Kaposi sarcoma, invasive cervical fight infections cancer STAGE 3: AIDS - Common in patients with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts