Oceanography PDF - MARBIO 250

Oceanography Monday, September 30, 2024 9:32 AM Bonds Hydrogen has partial positive Oxygen has partial negative Bonds between two water molecules = hydrogen bond Bonds between oxygen + hydrogen = covalent bond Hydrogen bonds = weak Hydration of ion - dipole - ion int...

Oceanography Monday, September 30, 2024 9:32 AM Bonds Hydrogen has partial positive Oxygen has partial negative Bonds between two water molecules = hydrogen bond Bonds between oxygen + hydrogen = covalent bond Hydrogen bonds = weak Hydration of ion - dipole - ion interaction How does the dipole-ion interaction break the ionic bond (NaCl)? ○ Sheer amount of water molecules Ice is less dense than water because hydrogen bonds cause molecules to be pushed further apart Water has higher heat capacity ○ Needs more energy to change the temperature ○ Air has a lower heat capacity, makes it easier to change temp. Higher levels of salinity when ice is formed ○ Only water molecules in ice, salt left in water Changes in salinity effects density of water Source of Heat Endotherms - animals that produce its own heat (ex. Mammal) Ectotherms - Animal that gains heat from environment (ex. Reptiles) Variance in Internal Temp. Homeotherms - animals that have constant body temp (deep sea where ocean temp stays the same) Poikilotherms - animals whose temp. varies considerably Organisms get larger = volume increases much faster than surface area Ocean water movement Waves + surface currents = wind Tsunami = plate movement, release of energy Tides = Moon (mainly) and sun Deep currents = density, temperature Water transport ○ Waves - net transport of 0 ○ Currents - movement of water, horizontal Causes of waves Surface current ○ Pattern of winds (ex. Trade winds) Tide ○ Side moon is closest on has high tide ▪ Spring tide - moon and sun align ○ Force of gravitation exerted by moon/sun on earth ○ Centrifugal forces made by revolutions of earth/moon/sun around common mass Hemisphere ○ North - deflected right ○ South - deflected left Ekman transport is result of Coriolis First element in flow chart should always be sun ○ Decomposer, zooplankton, carnivorous, planktivorous, phytoplankton, carnivorous Photosynthesis equation: ○ 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Decomposers use cellular respiration ○ Organic matter + O2 -> H2O + CO2 + simple chemicals Phytoplankton use chlorophyll to capture sunlight MARBIO 250 Page 1  ○ Phytoplankton use chlorophyll to capture sunlight Thermohaline circulation As things get colder, density increases ○ Ice forms, salinity increases Moves oxygen, nutrients, large amounts of water, heat Global warming ○ Deep sea nutrients will not rise up ▪ Less nutrients ○ Less oxygen ○ Europe will be colder ▪ No heat from equator gets moved to europe Tectonic Plates Pressure increases as you get closer to core ○ Motion will decrease due to pressure Geostatic pressure - stress/pressure exerted by overlying rock above formation of interest Oceanic plate is subducted to high pressure ○ Volcanic arc MARBIO 250 Page 2 Sensory Biology Friday, November 15, 2024 9:31 AM Sensory Biology Photoreception - senses light, visual cues (eye) Magnetoreception - detects magnetic field (Ampullae of Lorenzini) Chemoreception - chemical stimuli, taste and smell (taste buds, olfaction) Electroreception - detects electrical currents (ampullae of lorenzini) Mechanoreception - pressure, touch, vibration (sensory hair cell, inner ear, lateral line) Sensory stimuli make it to the brain from sensory receptor with electrochemical signals Brain is most energetically demanding tissue Less primary production = less energy to use = animal needs to save energy Honing - returning to water w/ same chemical signature as to when they were hatched Dairy free chocolate pudding ○ Uses chemoreception MARBIO 250 Page 1 Macroalgae + Plants Monday, October 21, 2024 9:24 AM Main groups of macroalgae Brown - Phaeophyceae Red - rhodophyta Chlorophyta - green No stems, roots, leaves Non-vascular ○ No tissues that send sugar throughout body Photosynthetic Single-celled colonies Not in animal, plant, fungi kingdom Color of Ocean Absorbs all wavelength except for blue light Chlorophyll a not inefficient at moderate depths 500nm wavelength needed to absorb Light can't penetrate past 100 meters MARBIO 250 Page 1  Breathing + Reproduction Wednesday, November 20, 2024 9:31 AM Hatching Anadromous - salmon ○ Born in freshwater, goes to sea, goes back to freshwater Catadromous - eels ○ Born in sea, goes to freshwater, goes back to sea Breathing Counter current more efficient than co-current Gills are very thin In freshwater, fish can lose ions with bigger surface area If low oxygen, they need greater ATPase activity Reproduction Asexual ○ Less energy ○ Low gamete production ○ Less progenitor ○ Absence of mating ○ Low genetic variation ○ Only mutations ○ Heritable traits passed Sexual ○ More energy ○ High gamete ○ More progenitor ○ Presence of mating ○ High genetic variation ○ Crossing over, mutations, independent assortment of chromosomes, random fertilization ○ Independent assortment - homologous chromosomes randomly line up, resulting in each gamete having a diff. combination of chromosomes ○ Heritable traits passed ○ Broadcast spawning will have high genetic variability ○ Meiosis creates haploids Evolution ○ Migration ○ Gene drift ○ Mutation ○ Natural selection Parthenogenesis - embryo develops from unfertilized eggs ○ Doesn't need male partner MARBIO 250 Page 1