Nursing Care of a School-Age Child PDF

HEALTH PROMOTION AMONG SCHOOL AGE DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES Mrs. Maria Victoria Sison-Coloma  School-Age Child (6-12 years old) This period begins with en- trance into the school environ- ment, which has a significant impact on development and relationship...

HEALTH PROMOTION AMONG SCHOOL AGE DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES Mrs. Maria Victoria Sison-Coloma  School-Age Child (6-12 years old) This period begins with en- trance into the school environ- ment, which has a significant impact on development and relationships. This is usually the first time that children are making truly independent judge-ment. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 2 BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT ❖ Height and weight growth assumes a slower but steady pace as compared with earlier years. Their annual average weight gain is approximately 3 to 5 lbs; the increase in height is 1 to 2 inches. ❖ By age 10 years, brain growth is complete, so fine motor coordination becomes more refined. At about this same time, adult vision level is achieved. ❖ Innocent heart murmurs may become apparent due to the extra blood crossing heart valves. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 3 ❖ Since all of the primary teeth are lost during this age span, middle childhood is sometimes known as the age of the loose tooth, and the early years of middle childhood as the ugly duckling stage, when the new secondary teeth appear to be much too large for the face. ❖ Maturation of the respiratory system leads to increased oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, which increases exertion ability and stamina. ❖ Maturity of the GI system is reflected in fewer stomach upsets, better maintenance of blood glucose level, and an increased stomach capacity. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 4 Growth and Developmental Milestones Age in Ability years 6 skip, jump, tumble, hop, ride bicycle, walk a straight line; first molars 7 central incisors; sexual differences seen in play; quiet play 8 improved coordination; playing w/ gang impor- tant; eyes fully developed 9 all activities done w/ gang; hero worship 10 more improved coordination; well mannered w/ adults 11 active but awkward; mixed sex activities 12 coordination improves; joins organizations CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 5 Prepubescence (2-year period that precedes puberty) ❖ The period that begins toward the end of middle childhood and ends with the thirteenth birthday. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 6 AGE BOYS GIRLS 9-11 - Weight gain - Breast bud 11-12 - Sparse pubic hair - Pubic hair along labia - growth of penis & testis - Sebaceous gland sec - Sebaceous gland secretion - Growth spurt increases 12-13 - Pubic hair across pubis - Pubic hair darker - Penis lengthens - Breasts enlarge - Linear growth spurt - Axillary hair - Breast enlargement - Menarche CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 7 PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Developing a Sense of Industry (vs Inferiority) ❖ It has been suggested that the individual’s funda- mental attitude toward work is established during middle childhood. ❖ School-age children are eager to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work. ❖ A sense of accomplishment also involved the ability to cooperate, to compete with others, and to cope effectively with people. ❖ Children need and want real achievement. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 8 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Concrete Operational Stage ❖ The rigid, egocentric outlook of the preschool years is re- placed by thought processes that allow children to see things from another’s point of view. ❖ They progress from making judgments based on what they see (perceptual thin- king) to making judgments based on what they reason (conceptual thinking). CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 9 ❖ Children can use concrete operational thought because they learn several new concepts, such as: 1. Decentering – the ability to project the self into other people’s situations. 2. Accommodation – the ability to adapt thought processes to fit what is perceived (understanding that there can be more than one reason for other people’s situations). 3. Conservation – the ability to appreciate that a change in shape does not necessarily mean a change in size. 4. Class inclusion – the ability to understand that objects can belong to more than one classification. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 10 MORAL DEVELOPMENT ❖ Although children of 6 or 7 years of age know the rules and behaviors expected of them, they do not understand the reasons behind them. ❖ Rewards and punishments guide their behavior; a “bad act” is one that breaks a rule or does harm. ❖ Older school-age children are able to judge an act by the intentions that prompted it rather than just by the consequences. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 11 SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT ❖ Children at this age think in very concrete terms but are avid learners and have a great desire to learn about God. ❖ School-age children begin to learn the difference between the natural and the supernatural but have difficulty understanding symbols. ❖ Although younger children expect their prayers to be answered, they begin to recognize that this does not always occur and become less concerned when prayers are not answered. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 12 PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Latency Period ❖ During this period, children elaborate on previously acquired traits and skills. ❖ Physical and psychic energy are channeled into acquisi- tion of knowledge and vigorous play. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 13 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ❖ One of the most important socializing agents in the life of the school-age child is the peer group. ❖ Valuable lessons are learned from daily interaction with age-mates. 1. They learn to appreciate the numerous and varied points of view that are represented in the peer group. 2. They become increasingly sensitive to the social norms and pressures of the peer group. 3. The interaction among peers leads to the formation of intimate friendship between same- sex peers. ❖ One of the outstanding characteristics of middle childhood is the formation of formalized groups or clubs. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 14 Play ❖ Not only does play involve increa- sed physical skill, intellectual abi- lity, and fantasy, but as children form groups and cliques, they begin to develop a sense of belonging to a team or club. ❖ School-age play is characterized by rules and rituals, team play, quiet games and activities, and ego mastery. Language Development ❖ Six-year-olds talk in full sentences, using language easily and with meaning. By 9 years of age, they use “swear” words to express anger or just show other children they are growing up. By 12, a sense of humor is apparent. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY AUGUST 2021 15