Pest of Ginger PDF

# Pest of zinger ## GINGER (Zingiber officinale) - Ginger is a plant with leafy stems and yellowish green flowers - The ginger spice comes from the roots of the plant - Ginger is native to warmer parts of Asia, such as China, Japan, and India, but now is grown in parts of South American and Africa...

# Pest of zinger ## GINGER (Zingiber officinale) - Ginger is a plant with leafy stems and yellowish green flowers - The ginger spice comes from the roots of the plant - Ginger is native to warmer parts of Asia, such as China, Japan, and India, but now is grown in parts of South American and Africa. - It is also now grown in the Middle East to use as medicine and with food - Ginger is commonly used to treat various types of 'stomach problems', including motion sickness, morning sickness, colic, upset stomach, gas, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), nausea, nausea caused by cancer treatment. ## INSECT PEST OF GINGER - WHITE GRUB - SHOOT BORER ## GINGER WHITE GRUB ### SYSTEMETIC CLASSIFICATION | Classification | | | - | - | | Kingdom | Animalia | | Phylum | Arthropoda | | Class | Insecta | | Order | Coleoptera | | Family | Scarabaeidea | | Genus | Holotrichia | | Species | longipennis | ### IDENTIFICATION - **Eggs:** - Freshly laid eggs are oval, white, about 3 mm long and 2 mm wide. - After 3-4 days, eggs become spherical and smooth and are about 2 mm in diameter. - Mature eggs are brownish-black with a diameter of about 4 mm. - **Larva:** - Larvae are creamy white in colour, C-shaped (Scarabaeiform) and vary in size depending on age and species. - They grow from about 2-3 mm in length when young to 20-40mm when mature, depending on species. - They have prominent brown heads and large, dark brown jaws (i.e. mandibles), 5-segmented antennae, three pairs of spiny legs and abdomens with a shiny tip. - **Pupae:** - Pupae are white to yellowish in the early stages, and gradually become brown. - They pupate in the soil and range from 1.5 to 3cm in length and are typically about 1.5 cm wide. - **Adults:** - Adults differ considerably in size, shape and colour depending on species. - Antennae are 10-segmented. - Adults are broad, robust looking beetles with thick elytra (wing cases) and pronotum (plate-like covering of front segment of the thorax). - In some species these structures are brightly coloured, even metallic green, and/or patterned, in other species they are plain brown to black. ## HOST PLANT:- - White grubs feed on the roots of corn, ginger, timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, sorghum, soybean, strawberry, potato, barley, oat, wheat, rye, bean, turnip, and to a lesser degree, other cultivated crops. ## DISTRIBUTION:- - More than 200 species of white grubs are found throughout North America. - Populations of most grub species tend to be highest in older plantings of sod, or in soils high in decomposing organic matter. ## NATURE AND DAMAGE: - - Root grubs occasionally feed on tender rhizomes, roots and base of pseudostems causing yellowing and wilting of shoots. - The grubs make large holes in rhizomes and reduce market value of produce - Damage by white grubs is usually most severe when corn is planted following sod. - In this case, root feeding can be so severe that plants may grow no taller than 30 to 60 cm (1 or 2 feet). - If the root system is badly damaged, injured plants will eventually die and can be easily pulled from the ground. - Even light infestations usually result in increased lodging and reduce yield ## LIFE CYCLE - **EGG:-** - Eggs are deposited singly in weedy fields or grasslands several centimeters below the soil surface. - The time taken for eggs to hatch varies considerably from about 6 days to over 50 days. - **LARVAE:-** - Larvae undergo three stages (instars). - Larvae may also undergo diapause (a period of dormancy triggered by climatic conditions such as dry seasons) prior to pupation. - Wet soil conditions during diapause will cause high larval mortality by promoting fungal and bacterial infections. - **PUPA :-** - Pupal development takes 30-40 days. - Most species of white grub complete their lifecycle in one year; however, one of the most damaging species Phyllophaga implicita can take up to three years to complete its lifecycle. - **ADULT:-** - Adult emerge from pupae in the soil in response to the start of the rainy season or soil disturbance (e.g. ploughing). - Adults typically emerge at dusk and are active night fliers. - Adults commonly feed in trees, but return to grasslands and cultivated fields to lay eggs following mating. - Female adults can continue to lay eggs for over 100 days. - Up to 60 eggs can be laid at a time. ## MANAGEMENT ### CULTURAL CONTROL:- - Crop rotation is an effective control method of grubs if maize is rotated with resistant or less susceptible crops deep-rooted legumes such as alfalfa, cowpea, and pigeon peas. - Ensuring proper drainage in the field since grubs prefer moist soil, especially with decaying organic matter - female beetles prefer to lay eggs on moist-decaying organic matter. - Reducing or pruning trees that attract adults bordering the crop. - Heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer which can kill first instar larvae. ### BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:- - Spores of the pathogens Bacillus popilliae, B. lentimorbus and Metarhizium anisopliae can be used to inoculate the soil. - Parasitic wasps including Tiphia species, Myzinum species and Pelecinus polyturator, as well as the parasitic fly Pyrgota unda have been used as biological control agents. - Nematodes such as species of Steinernema can also be effective against white grubs. ### CHEMICAL CONTROL:- - Chemical control is rarely necessary for white grubs. - Chemical treatment on grubs must be done when they are young as older larvae are more robust and larvae move to a greater depth as they develop. - If insecticides must be applied then the following treatments have shown to have some control of white grubs: - Aldicarb granules – a systemic insecticide; - Carbofuran granules - a systemic insecticide; - Chlorpyriphos – a contact insecticide; - Ethoprophos granules – a contact insecticide; - Fipronil - a contact insecticide; - Imidachloprid – a systemic insecticide with reasonable soil mobility; - Isofenphos- a systemic insecticide with reasonable soil mobility - Application of contact insecticides to the foliage of the trees where adult beetles swarm.