Network Architecture PDF

INTERNATIONAL & ACCESS FOUNDATION PROGRAMMES COMPUTER SCIENCE MODULE Semester I Part 7 Networks: Modern Digital Networks Mobile Networks © Nevan Bermingham  Security (Encryptio...

INTERNATIONAL & ACCESS FOUNDATION PROGRAMMES COMPUTER SCIENCE MODULE Semester I Part 7 Networks: Modern Digital Networks Mobile Networks © Nevan Bermingham  Security (Encryption) Data Authenticati Transmission on Reliable Modern Trusted Bound & Unbound Mobile Voice Traffic Networking Networ ks Secure Private Operating Messaging Systems Network Intelligence (Routing) GSM 5G: The Backbone of IoT Mobile Networks A mobile network (USA: cellular network) is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, Comprises of many fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones GSM GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile) Standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analogue cellular networks. The GSM standard originally described a digital & circuit switched network optimized Drivers for GSM Uncoordinated mix of technologies and protocols No interoperability of subscriber equipment Increasing complexity for equipment manufacturers Drivers for GSM This continental standard resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network larger than that in the United States and now adopted world wide Features of GSM  Spectrum efficiency Improved spectrum  Voice quality efficiency due to new technologies utilized such  Same voice quality in as efficient modulator and the coverage where demodulator, channel the signal strength is coding & Interleaving higher than threshold.  Security  Authentication, & Encryption  Roaming  SIM (subscriber  Open identity interfaces module) and IMSI.  Open air interface GSM  2.5G Packet Data (GPRS & EDGE) @ 64 kbps The Mobile Handset Evolution Voice Calls Only. Large Handset Cost. Large All Cost (Sparse Network Coverage) The Mobile Handset Evolution Voice Calls + SMS. Smaller. Cheaper. GSM Network Coverage. Better Voice Quality. The Mobile Handset Evolution Voice Calls & SMS & Data (GPRS). Mobile Web (WAP). MMS. Cameras. More Coverage. Mass adoption → Cheaper Calls The Mobile Handset Evolution HSDPA & WiFi. Mobile Operating Systems. Email. Social Networking. Apps. Status/Fashion Symbol.  Generations of Mobile Networks Explained.pdf 5G The Mobile Handset IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity Number. *#06# IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Temporary Data: Identity Number. Current Location. MSISDN: (Mobile Subscriber Cipher (Security) Integrated Services Digital Network Number) Data Temporary Your Mobile Subscriber Identity. Number The Base Stations The Base Stations Directional Angular Footprint (Not Parallel to Ground) Cells  The Base Stations UPLINK DOWNLINK 890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz 0 124 0 124 Cells GSM 900 & GSM 1800 Limited Frequency Range Solution? Frequency and Channel Re-use Frequency Re-Use Cells (K=7) 6 7 2 1 5 3 7 4 6 2 1 2 5 3 1 4 7 6 2 7 1 6 2 5 3 1 4 5 3 4 Cells (K=7) 6 7 2 1 5 3 7 4 6 2 1 2 5 3 1 4 7 6 2 7 1 6 2 5 3 1 4 5 3 4 Cells (K=7) Pico Cell Micro Cell Macro Cell Dense Urban Urban Sparsely Populated or Rural Cell Planning Rural Highway Suburb Town Cell Planning (Real World) GSM Topology Other Mobile Land Line Networks Networks  HLR (Home Location GSM Topology Register) 2G + 3G Large database Stores details of each SIM GSM services accessible to a subscriber Current roaming area Retrieves information from Base Stations Updates VLR (Visitor Location Resister) 4G networks = Home Subscriber Server (HSS). In 5G networks, Unified Database Management (UDM) performs these functions. Other Mobile Land Line Networks Networks  VLR (Visitor Location Register) Local cache for GSM Topology HLR Also stores IMSI of “visitors” not native to the network (roamers) Used to setup the call quickly Directly MSC (Mobile Switching connected to Centre) the each MSC Deliver Calls to Stores Subscribers (Routes Calls information like Around the Network) the Cell ID Uses VLR data to route (Location) - the calls network Route SMS to handset periodically from the SMSC sends Tracking Handles BSC to BSC Area Updates Handovers (TAUs), which Collect billing information tell connected devices to Other Mobile Land Line Networks share their Networks location. GSM Topology BSC (Base Station BTS Controllers) Controls for many Base BTS BTS Transceiver Stations (BTS’s) Allocates radio channels Handles handovers from BTS to BTS as mobile phone moves in that area. Other Mobile Land Line Networks Networks GSM Topology BTS BTS BTS BTS (Base Transceiver Stations ) Radio Base Station Handles the Wireless communication Transceiver Power Amplifier Antenna Other Mobile Land Line Networks Networks GSM Topology SMSC (Short Message Service Centre) Simple 160 character text ETSI standard for SMS is detailed in “GSM 03.40” Intended to allow user to replace pagers with GSM devices Extremely successful This was never expected or planned for Other Mobile Land Line Networks Networks Text Messaging (SMSC) Data Nodes GGS SGS General Packet Radio N Service Land Line Networks N Other Mobile Gateway GPRS Support Serving GPRS Support Networks Node (GGSN) Node (SGSN) Evolution (Generation Layers) Myths & Facts about Mobile Phones Mobile Phones can cause Petrol Station fires Mobile Phones cause cancer Mobile phones can unlock a car door with remotely operated spare key Mobile Phones must be turned off on planes as they affect navigation Networks know your location Networks know your location even when the phone is turned off Mobile Phones affect hospital Equipment Triangulation Using Mobile Phones Average monthly smartphone traffic worldwide from 2015 to 2026 Mobile Growth Mobile Growth Statistics: Statistics: Statistics: Correlation between Screen Size and Data Consumption The Mobile Industry Challenges Planning for many different terminal types The growth in applications (how to monetise these) Multiple Tariff Plans and Consumer Confusion Market Saturation VoIP: Skype & WhatsApp (Loss of voice revenue) LTE: Data demand driving network growth, Any Questions?