NCM 113 CHN Module 6 PDF

NCM 113: CHN urbanization or solutions such as polio eradication capacity. However, not all the benefits of this and ma...

NCM 113: CHN urbanization or solutions such as polio eradication capacity. However, not all the benefits of this and many others growth have reached the most vulnerable groups, T A R R A D A N I E L L A D. A L B A Y I BSN 3 - C Global health is viewed in different ways, as the and the health system remains fragmented. Institute of Medicine- USA (1997) defined it as Achievements have not been even, and challenges health problems, issues and concerns that remains. Inequities persist between regions, rich transcends national boundaries, which may be and poor, and different population groups. MODULE 6: CURRENT TRENDS IN PUBLIC influenced by circumstances or experiences in Many Filipinos continue to die and suffer from HEALTH: GLOBAL AND NATIONAL other countries, and which are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions. illnesses. Many people lack enough knowledge to make informed decisions about their own health. Current definition of global health by Koplan et al. Rapid economic development, urbanization, HEALTH TRENDS, ISSUES, AND CONCERNS stated it as an area for study, research and escalating climate change, and widening exposure HIV/AIDS practice that places a priority on improving health to diseases and pathogens in an increasingly NCD and achieving health equity for all people global world increase the risk associated with CD worldwide. disasters, environment threats and emerging and Climate Change Moreover, Kickbush define global health as, “those re-emerging infections. Mental Health & Mental Health Disorders health issues that transcend national boundaries Immunizations & vaccines and governments and call for actions on the global FIELD HEALTH SERVICE INFORMATION SYSTEM Alcohol & tobacco abuse & addiction forces that determine the health of people. (FHSIS) Malaria & other vector-borne disease Global health initiatives consider both medical and Tuberculosis (MDR →XDR) non-medical disciplines, such as epidemiology, Drug Use and Abuse sociology, economic disparities, public policy, HEALTH INDICATORS COVID 19 Pandemic environmental factors, cultural studies, etc. Crude Death Rate Indicates the number of deaths occurring during 10 threats to global health (World Health Organization, 2019) GLOBAL AND NATIONAL HEALTH SITUATIONS the year, per 1,000 population estimated at 1. Air pollution and climate change midyear (UFMR) World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as 2. Non-communicable diseases UFMR a state of complete physical, mental and social 3. Global influenza pandemic The probability of a child born in a specific year or well-being and not merely the absence of disease 4. Fragile and vulnerable settings period dying before reaching the age of five, or infirmity. 5. Antimicrobial resistance expressed per 1,000 livebirths. The health of all peoples is fundamental to the 6. Ebola and other high threat pathogens attainment of peace and security and is 7. Weak primary health care Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) dependent on the fullest cooperation of individuals 8. Vaccine hesitancy Number of deaths per 1,000 live births under one and States. Governments have a responsibility for 9. Dengue year of age. the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled 10. HIV only by the provision of adequate health and social Perinatal Deaths measures. National Health Refers to the number of stillbirths and deaths in the In the recent years, the Philippines made first week of life (early neonatal mortality). Global Health significant investments and advances in health. Refers to the global health issue that concerns Filipinos have been living longer and healthier due Neonatal Deaths (NT Deaths) many countries or is affected by transnational to the rapid economic growth and strong country determinants, such as climate change, A L B A Y, T. D. | B S N 3 - C  Deaths among live births during the first 28 MISSION: to strenghten the health care system by increasing Acceptability, Appropriateness of health completed days of life. opportunities and supporting the conditions wherein people services will manage their own health care. 2. Community Participation Maternal Mortality Rate 3. Self-reliance Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days Core Strategy: Partnership and empowerment towards Self- 4. Partnership between the community and the of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the Reliance health agencies in the provision of quality of life. duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause 5. Recognition of interrelationship between the health related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its Objectives of Primary Health Care and development management but not from accidental or incidental Improvement in the level of health care of the 6. Social Mobilization cause. community 7. Decentralization Favorable population growth structure Crude Birth Rate Reduction in the prevalence of preventable, Four Cornerstone/Pillars of PHC Is the number of live births occurring among the communicable and other disease. 1. Active Community Participation population of a given geographical area during a Reduction in morbidity and mortality rates 2. Intra and Inter-sectoral Linkages given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of especially among infants and children. 3. Use of Appropriate Technology the given geographical area during the same year. Extension of essential health services with priority 4. Support mechanism made available given to the under served sectors. Morbidity Rate Improvement in Basic Sanitation Primary Health Workers: The proportion of patients with a disease during a Development of the capability of the community The higher the level the more qualified the health given year per population. aimed at self reliance. personnel and the more sophisticated the health equipment Mortality Rate Components/Elements of PHC Concept : Teamwork Is related to the number of deaths caused by the Education for health health event under investigation in a defined Locally endemic disease treatment and control Two Levels of Primary Health Workers population during a specified interval. Expanded Program on Immunization 1. Village/BHW’s – trained community health Maternal and Child Health Nursing workers, health auxilliary volunteers, traditional Healthcare Delivery System Essential Drugs and Herbal Plants birth attendants, healers. Totality of all policies, infrastructures, facilities, Nutritional Health Services 2. Intermediatte Level – professional group which equipment, products, human resources and Treatment of Communicable and Non - include the Public Health Nurse, Rural Sanitary services that address the health needs problem communicable diseases Inspector and midwives. and concern of all people. Sanitation of the environment Dental Health ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES HERBAL MEDICINES PRIMARY HEALTH CARE Access to hospitals Lagundi -Vitex Negundo Essential health care made universally accessible Mental Health treat cough, colds and fever. It is also used as a to individuals and families in the community by relief for asthma & pharyngitis, rheumatism, means acceptable to them. Principles of Primary Health Care dyspepsia, boils, and diarrhea. 1. 4 A's GOAL: Health for all Filipinos and health in the hands of the Accessibility, Ulasimang Bato - Peperonia pellucida people by the year 2020. Availability effective in fighting arthritis and gout. The leaves Affordability can be eaten fresh as salad or like tea. For the A L B A Y, T. D. | B S N 3 - C  decoction, boil a cup of clean chopped leaves in 2 A. FILIPINO CULTURE Helping others and Gratitude cups of water. Boil for 15 to 20 minutes. Strain, let Filipinos get along with different kinds of people. B. FILIPINO CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS cool and drink a cup after meals (3 times day). They can easily adjust to any situation and are C. FILIPINO VALUES, TRAITS AND BELIEFS flexible. This trait fosters cooperation, good and Bawang - Allium Sativum helpful deeds. mainly reduces cholesterol in the blood and helps Family Solidarity When their neighbors are in trouble, they will help control blood pressure. In sociology, solidarity is defined as the willingness them in whatever they can. They also do not let of individuals to serve and promote the collective their family members go through hard times alone, Bayabas - Psidium Guajava interests of a group or of society.Any time you instead, they help each other. an antiseptic to disinfect wounds also, it can be express support for a group or the people in it, This trait shows a sense of duty and responsibility. used as a mouth wash to treat tooth decay and you're showing solidarity with them. Filipinos know how to repay other people. When gum infection. The word is used most often to describe a sense of someone helped us, we return the favors with unity with a political group, a group of striking goodness. Yerba Buena - Mentha Cordifolia workers, or people who have been deprived of an analgesic to relive body aches and pain. It can their rights in some way. Respect be taken internally as a decoction or externally by One of the precious things Filipinos have is that pounding the leaves and applied directly on the Value they are respectful. Young, youth, people in all ages afflicted area. Is vital to the socialization skills of an individual can know how to show respect and courtesy. be developed and nurtured in the family, school Some ways to show them are the use of “Po at Sambong - Blumea Balsanifera and environment. Opo”, “Pagmamano” or putting the back of an a diuretic which helps in the excretion of urinary Values may include obtaining knowledge, wisdom elder’s hand on your forehead, and calling our stones and for edema. and necessary skills, using them in your home and older siblings or elders Ate or Kuya. living out the values you acquired within the Ampalaya - Mamordica Charantia family. Independence effective in the treatment of diabetes (diabetes Individual grows and develop focus is placed mellitus), hemorrhoids, coughs, burns and scalds, Communication heavily on promoting independence and and being studied for anti- cancer properties. Filipinos will try to express their opinions and ideas separation from the family unit. This growth and diplomatically and with humility to avoid focus on ‘leaving the nest’ is often signified with Niyog-Niyogan - Quisqualis Indica appearing arrogant. The tone of voice varies children maturing, moving out and severing any elimination of intestinal worms, particularly the widely by language, dialect and region. financial dependence on their parents. Ascaris and Trichina. When speaking to those who are older or of higher On the other hand, this move to independence also status, Filipinos tend to use the polite forms of means that offspring are not compelled to support Tsaang-Gubat - Carmona Resuta speech. At the end of phrases, sentences or or provide any assistance to their family. This may effective in treating intestinal motility and also questions, they will say ‘po’ to demonstrate this of course change as family members start to age used as a mouth wash since the leaves of this respect for hierarchy. and require assistance, whether it is slight financial shrub has high fluoride content. For example, when conversing with an elder or support or a move into a facility. someone of higher status, one will say ‘salamat po’ Akapulko - Cassia Alata (‘thank you po’) Service treat tinea infections, insect bites, ringworms, One of the most popular qualities Filipinos have is eczema, scabies and itchiness. that they are very hospitable. A L B A Y, T. D. | B S N 3 - C  When there are visitors at home, they will do a lot of customs and traditions for the home and family feast of the Black Nazarene on January 9 or the preparations for good entertainment and that is based on religious beliefs. Feast of the Santo Niño de Cebú on the third accommodation so that they will feel at home and During the morning, it is also customary for Filipino Sunday of January. enjoy the stay. When there is an occasion at home, people to open their east window. In one’s article, Archbishop Cruz told in his there are a lot of food and you can expect to have This is said to bring God’s grace inside the house Christmas message that "the essence of Christmas take-outs (pabalot) after. through the sun. is God made flesh, God who has come among us" It is also very important to make sure that there are in an act of love "that joins humankind to the Living Trust statues of Jesus or Mary in the house. God through our Lord Jesus Christ". For many Trust is the belief and confidence in the integrity, Filipinos, the true essence of Christmas for is not reliability and fairness of a person or organization Bayanihan gift giving but sharing this special holy day with and an essential human value that quantifies and It is the spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve family. defines our interdependence in relationships with a particular objective. A famous example of this is others. the neighbors carrying a hut or house to a new Fiestas Truth – factual, not relying on perception. location. Fiestas in the Philippines are held to celebrate a Reliable – consistency, walking the talk, People nowadays use it to describe an outpouring patron saint. It is part and parcel of Filipino culture accountability. of community spirit-as people give their all to the through good times and bad times, it must go on. Understanding – fueled by empathy. common good, without expecting recognition or The biggest and most elaborate festival of all is Sincerity – coming from the heart as an example personal gain. Christmas, a season celebrated with all the pomp of true caring about another person. and pageantry where the whole country breaks out Time – developed over a series of moments with Supersitition in celebrations that can begin long before proven reliability. In the Philippines, superstitious beliefs have grown December. throughout the country. These beliefs have come For individual Filipinos, fiestas can be a way of FILIPINO FAMILY CULTURE AND TRADITION from the different sayings and beliefs of our supplicating the heavens or to make amends for A custom is a commonly accepted manner of ancestors that aim to prevent danger from past wrongs. It is a way to celebrate their blessings, behaving or doing something in a particular happening or to make a person refrain from doing commemorate their past and observe solemn society, place or time. something in particular. religious rituals. Celebrations may take the form of A tradition is the transmission of customs or beliefs These beliefs are part of our culture, for one derives music, dancing, feasting, beauty contests, balls, from generation to generation. their beliefs from the influences of what their processions, sports challenges or a host of other The Filipino family are very traditional people. They customs, traditions and culture have dictated to events. believe in many different kinds of customs and explain certain phenomena or to scare people. Spanish influence is evident in the elaborate follow lots of various traditions. Some are practiced primarily because Filipinos masks, makeup, headdresses and costumes worn The Filipino people are known to have close family believe that there is nothing to lose if they will by the revelers; outfits which often take months of ties. This is why you may notice that the people in a comply with these beliefs. preparation. vicinity most of the time know each other. Actually, they are likely related to each other. Whether short Christmas Living with Parents or long and distant, the Filipino family will choose to Christmas in the Philippines is considered as one of Filipinos highly value the presence of family more live close to each other. the biggest holidays in the archipelago. We earned than anything. The Filipino people are very religious as well. the distinction of celebrating the world’s longest Adult children living with their parents are another Therefore, there are quite a lot of Filipino culture, Christmas season with Christmas carols heard as Filipino traditional that make them exceptional. early as September and lasting until Epiphany, the A L B A Y, T. D. | B S N 3 - C  Unlike in the United States where children leave the basketballs, coffee and tea, magazines, home after finishing high school or college, many shampoo/conditioner, soap, body lotion, etc. Attention to Detail Filipinos continue living with parents until they get It is the ability to accomplish/complete a task while married. demonstrating a concern for all the areas involved, Eating with Hands (Kamayan) MODULE 7: POSITIVE QUALITIES AND no matter how small. This means monitoring and checking work or information in the level of care In addition to the use of the fork and spoon, eating VALUES OF A COMMUNITY HEALTH that you apply to the task. with your hands or kamayan is another common Filipino tradition. NURSE Problem Solving Skills For many Filipinos, kamayan gives full taste to the Problem solving is the act of defining a problem; food instead of using utensils. determining the cause of the problem; identifying, A. Personal attributes of community health nurse Gather a small portion of meat or fish and a prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; bite-sized portion of rice on your plate. Then use all and implementing a solution. Communication Skills your fingers to gather the food into a small Are a basic foundation for any career. mountain or mound. Pick up the little mound and Physical Endurance Communication skills are the abilities you use put it in your mouth using your thumb to gently The ability to withstand hardship or adversity when giving and receiving different kinds of push the food in. especially the ability to sustain a prolonged information that involve listening, speaking, Filipinos usually eat rice that has a slightly sticky stressful effort for the duration activity, the act of observing and empathizing. consistency so making the little mounds is easier enduring or suffering from many hardships. than if you were to use a jasmine or basmati rice. Interpersonal Skills Of course, this method of eating doesn't work with Hardworking Are the behaviors and tactics a person uses to soup/stew or noodles and other kinds of food but One of the qualities of good nurses is willingness to interact with others effectively. Those with good for your basic plate of rice, meat/fish and put in the hard work it takes to meet their goals. interpersonal skills are strong verbal and vegetables it works quite well! Next time you make Hard work would mean spending long hours to non-verbal communicators and are often dinner try eating kamayan. complete work without any shortcuts. considered to be “good with people”. Hard work is the only key to achieving it; it teaches Bayanihan Boxes us discipline, dedication and determination. Flexibility Some Filipinos leave the Philippines to live and work Is someone that is flexible can change easily and abroad. A balikbayan box is a box of items sent by Knowledgeable adapt to different conditions and circumstances the balikbayan to their family in the Philippines. The Is someone with intelligence and shows a clear as they occur. box can be sent or it can be brought by the sender understanding of many different facts about a An adaptable person has flexible personality. when they themselves return to the Philippines. particular subject. Some psychologists consider Balikbayan boxes come in all different sizes and acquired knowledge as an important component Emotional Stability dimensions from bulilit (small) to extra large. of intelligence, particularly in adult life. Emotional stability is a desirable trait. It means you It can be filled with almost anything but it is usually can withstand difficult situations, handle adversity, filled with items that cannot be found in the Curious and remain productive and capable throughout. Philippines or items that may be too expensive for The term basically connotes an active desire to Emotional stability enables the person to develop a the average person to buy in the Philippines. learn or to know. balanced way of perceiving the problems of life. Common items found in balikbayan boxes include: Curious describes someone who is eager to find Nursing is a stressful job where traumatic situations clothes, shoes, chocolate, nuts, vitamins, out answers and to explore and learn. are common. A L B A Y, T. D. | B S N 3 - C  INTEGRITY: Autonomy Optimistic Respecting the dignity and moral wholeness of Is the right to self determination. Professional It means being positive attitude, cheerful and every person without conditions or limitation. practice reflects autonomy when the nurse confident about the future and who believes and Is acting in accordance with an appropriate code respects patient’s right to make decisions about expect things with favorable results. of ethics and accepted standards of practice. their health care. Integrity is reflected in professional practice when Compassionate the nurse is honest in provides care based on an Human dignity Is a positive response and desire to help with an ethical framework that is accepted within the Is respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of inner motivation to lessen or prevent suffering of profession. individual and populations. In professional practice others. human dignity is reflected when the nurse values Compassion is about putting aside judgment and DIVERSITY: and respects all patients and colleagues. refusing to turn away from challenging situations. Affirming the uniqueness of and differences among persons, ideas, values,and ethnicities. Integrity Empathetic Is acting in accordance with an appropriate code Emphatic is something that is said or done with EXCELLENCE: of ethics and accepted standards of practice. strong emotion or action. Co-creating and implementing transformative Integrity is reflected in professional practice when Strongly expressive using emphasis in speech or strategies with daring ingenuity. the nurse is honest and provides care based on action. very impressive or significant; the emphatic ethical framework that is accepted within the beauty of sunset. PROFESSIONAL VALUES profession. Nurses’ professional values are acquired during Even-Tempered socialization into nursing from the code of ethics, Social Justice Is someone who is not quickly angered or prone to nursing experiences, teachers and peers. Is upholding moral, legal, and humanistic mood swings or wild emotion; but who instead principles. This value is reflected in professional remains calm. Watson(1981 pp.20-21)outlined four important values of practice when the nurse works to ensure equal nursing treatment under the law and equal access to CORE VALUES 1. Strong commitment to service quality health care. CARING: 2. Belief in the dignity and worth of each person Promoting health, healing, and hope in response to 3. Commitment to education Professional Competencies in Nursing the human condition. 4. Professional autonomy Professional competency in nurses is defined as a A culture of caring, as a fundamental part of the combination of skills, knowledge, attitudes, values nursing profession, characterizes our concern and and abilities that bring about effective or high consideration for the whole person, our performance in occupational and professional commitment to the common good,and our Essential Nursing Values and Behaviors positions. outreach to those who are vulnerable. All organizational activities are managed in a Altruism 1. Patient-centered care participative and person-centered way, Is concern for the welfare and well-being of others. Focuses on the patient and the demonstrating an ability to understand the needs In professional practice, altruism is reflected by the individual's particular health care needs. of others and a commitment to act always in the nurse’s concern for the welfare of the patients, Patient-centered care is associated with best interests of all stakeholders. other nurses, and other health care providers a higher rate of patient satisfaction, adherence to suggested lifestyle A L B A Y, T. D. | B S N 3 - C  changes better and outcomes prescribed and treatment, more MODULE 8: HEALTH RELATED Entrepreneurial activities creating local public goods for a community to have a comparative cost-effective care. ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES advantage over the absolute market-oriented Patient-centered care is about treating a activities. person receiving healthcare with dignity Entrepreneurs can boost economic growth by Health entrepreneurship and respect and involving them in all introducing innovative health technologies. Is about creating value in digital health products or decisions about their health. Increasing challenges from entrepreneurs can be services, care-delivery innovation or new business more competitive. processes, services or platforms.... These 2. Teamwork and collaboration Health entrepreneurship is about creating value in innovations have the potential to cut costs as they Both teamwork and collaboration involve health care delivery services and health care improve quality. a group of people working together to products innovation. complete a shared goal. In addition, providing access to goods and services Why is entrepreneurship important in healthcare? Those collaborating work together as for residents, entrepreneurs provide new jobs and Technology is changing modern healthcare. equals, usually without a leader, to come income opportunities and quality of life that make Entrepreneurial-minded healthcare professionals up with ideas or make decisions communities desirable places to live. are applying predictive data and analytical tools to together to complete a goal. anticipate healthcare needs in a community, ensure care is adequate and necessary, and make COMMUNITY-BASED ENTREPRENEURSHIP 3. Evidence-based practice People, in general, are faced with issues related to statistical predictions about the care that will be Is a conscientious, problem-solving poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, poor health care required next. approach to clinical practice that systems, etc. These are problems that cannot be incorporates the best evidence from tackled individually but can be better solved Health related entrepreneurial activities well-designed studies, patient values through group efforts. It is described as the ability to create new ventures and preferences, and a clinician's from new existing concepts, ideas and visions. expertise in making decisions about a A. Community-based Projects Entrepreneurial activity is the enterprising human patient's care. A community project is a term applied to any action through the creation or expansion of economic activity. There has been significant community-based project. 4. Quality Improvement This covers a wide variety of different areas within entrepreneurial response to the changes in the Refers to the combined and unceasing a community or a group of networking entities. scientific and social underpinnings of health care efforts of everybody in an institution to Projects can cover almost anything, including the services delivery in the community. make every process, better, elimination most obvious section of health concern and or reduction of rework, waste, and losses welfare of community. Entrepreneurial activity includes: in the care process. Clean and green /clean up drive projects - one Manufacturing Quality improvement aims to create day activities, coordinate for the garbage truck Processing efficiencies and address the needs of recycling programs. Selling distributing or advertising of goods or clients. Community gardening - in our area before we services for profit (including contracting with In healthcare, the main purpose of had this kind of projects we provide the soil for private corporations for eldercare services) quality improvement is to improve them to use for planting gulays etc , backyard Each Cultural values, shared resources, linkages, outcomes. there are gulays plantation because the 4p's there and mutual trust work for the community, nurtured through close personal relations for the functioning are required as well to have this to plant gulay in of economic activities. their backyard A L B A Y, T. D. | B S N 3 - C  Blood drive - active fraternities in the community Training - brgy officials they coordinate with tesda Advantages and Disadvantages of CBE’s or other agency for that matter 1. The conventional processes of entrepreneurship Livelihood projects= TESDA cooking, sewing and economic development do not seem to attract investments in depressed areas. B. Wellness Clinics 2. Entrepreneurs are known to significantly impact Wellness clinics are a hallmark of one-stop local economies through the creation of jobs and shopping centers for health. It is an establishment linkages to the global economy. that offers health services for the body and mind. 3. Structure produces a diversity of stakeholders Ex: National center for mental health, DRUG result in comparative advantage as it enhances rehabilitation the capacity of grassroots organizations for Wellness centers usually offer skin care services collective action,as well as the sustainability and and body services such as fitness, personal ability to grow through local development efforts" training and nutrition consultation. Some of these innovative health facilities focus on specific diseases or ailments, while others concentrate on enhancing inner beauty as well as outer beauty and providing information about health and prevention of illness. Ex. Maternity lying in clinic, physical therapy and rehabilitation, BELO clinics Centers that Offer Specific Health and Wellness Services medical weight loss nutrition programs acupuncture and alternative medicine skin care, offering various facials, laser skin treatment surgical or non-surgical skin and body treatment Gyms, spas, and massage parlors Wellness Centers Run By Physicians The last type of wellness center is more of a clinic or medical practice Sometimes, wellness center can refer to a practice run by a group of physicians or medical specialists Some examples of the types of doctors and medical health professionals that you might find running a wellness center include psychiatrists, drug rehabilitation specialists, physical therapists, primary care physicians, and more. A L B A Y, T. D. | B S N 3 - C