Nanotechnology: Applications & Concepts PDF

NANOTECHNOLOGY ITS APPLICATION What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology refers to: science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale. Nano; Greek for Dwarf or small 1 nanometer (nm) = billionth of a meter () Size of the Nanoscale: ○ A sheet of paper: 100,000 nm thick ○...

NANOTECHNOLOGY ITS APPLICATION What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology refers to: science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale. Nano; Greek for Dwarf or small 1 nanometer (nm) = billionth of a meter () Size of the Nanoscale: ○ A sheet of paper: 100,000 nm thick ○ A strand of human DNA: 2.5 meters in diameter ○ 1 inch: 25,400,000 nm ○ A strand of human hair: 80,000 – 100,000 nm How small is nano-small? NANOSCIENCE The study and application of structures and materials that have dimensions at the nano scale level The study of nanomaterials and their properties, and the understanding of how these materials, at the molecular level, provide novel properties and physical, chemical and biological phenomena that have been successfully used in innovative ways in a wide range of industries. NANOSCIENCE  When structures of materials are made small enough (at nanoscale ranges), they take on interesting and useful PROPERTIES (physical and chemical):  Strength  Weight/mass  Control of light spectrum  Chemical reactivity  Boiling/melting point  color  opaque materials become transparent insoluble substances become soluble color of gold can be changed to violet, red and more NANOTECHNOLOGY The science and technology of objects at the nanoscale level, the properties of which differ significantly from that of their constituent material at the macroscopic or even microscopic scale. It is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses understanding and control of matter at about 1- 100 nm, leading to development of innovative and revolutionary applications. It covers all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter on NANOTECHNOLOGY It also involves DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION, PRODUCTION, and APPLICATION of structures, devices, and systems by controlling SHAPES and SIZES at the nanometer scale It is CONVERGENT. It brings TOGETHER various fields of science through its innovations, such as DNA silicon chips, converging with semiconductor science (inorganic chemistry) and biology, with applications in the medical industry. It is ENABLING. It provides the platform and the NANOTECHNOLOGY NANOMATERIALS Materials used to create displays that have better color, lower energy consumption and longer service life. Chemical substances or materials that are manufactured and used at a very small scale (1-100 nm) Developed to exhibit novel characteristics compared to the same material without nanoscale features: increased strength, chemical reactivity or conductivity NANOMATERIALS Carbon nanotubes, Diamond, Quantum dots, Fullerenes, Graphite, Graphene, Graphene oxide, Dendrimers, Liposomes, DNA, Titanium oxide, Silver and Iron oxide NANOMATERIALS NANO SOURCES Naturally occurring ○ Volcanic Ash ○ Forest fires ○ Ocean spray ○ Fine sand ○ Dust Incidental or Anthropogenic ○ Produced as a consequence of human activities Combustion Process ○ Engineered / Manufactured / Industrial ○ Intentionally produced for a SPECIFIC purpose NANODEVICE A device with at least one overall dimension in the nanoscale, or comprising one or more nanoscale components essential to its operation ○ Photonic, plasmonic and metamaterial devices ○ Electron and nuclear spin devices ○ Energy harvesting systems (photonic) ○ Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) ○ Microfluidics and Microsystems ○ Low dimensional nanostructures ○ Topological insulator electric and photonic systems In medicine, nanoparticles that are created for the purpose of interacting with cells and tissues and carrying out very specific tasks (e.g., imaging tools - miniature cameras) IMPORTANCE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY To improve existing industrial processes, materials and applications by scaling them down to the nanoscale in order to ultimately fully exploit the unique quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale To improve existing products by creating smaller components and better performance materials, all at a lower cost Nanotech products become: ○ Lighter ○ Stronger ○ Faster ○ Smaller ○ More durable and efficient Antecedents of Nanotechnology The ideas & concepts behind nanoscience & nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology on December 29, 1959, long before the term nanotechnology was used. Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. Over a decade later, in his explorations of ultra-precision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology. Antecedents of Nanotechnology The microscopes needed to see things at the nanoscale were invented relatively recently in the early 1980s. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM) that could "see" individual atoms that modern nanotechnology began. Scientist had the right tools; the age of nanotechnology was born. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) A type of microscope used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level Developed in 1981 by inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer Can distinguish features smaller than 0.1nm with a 0.01 nm (10 pm) depth resolution Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) A type of scanning probe microscope invented in 1982 by scientists working in IBM and first used experimentally in 1986 Its functioning is enabled by three of its major working principles: ○ Surface sensing ○ Detection ○ imaging Measure properties (primary role): ○ Magnetism ○ Height ○ friction TIMELINE Approaches to Nanotechnology Top-down Approach ○ Bulk materials are broken down into smaller and smaller particles , Norio Taniguchi. Bottom-up Approach ○ Nanoparticles are built up an atom/ molecule at a time, Richard Feynman. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL ROBOTICS Nano-robotics, although having many applications in other areas, have the most useful and variety of uses in medical fields. Potential applications include early diagnosis and targeted drug delivery for cancer, biomedical instrumentation, surgery, pharmacokinetics, monitoring of diabetes, and health care. Future medical nanotechnology expected to employ nanorobots injected into the patient to perform treatment on a cellular level. NANOMATERIALS IN MEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICALS Drug Delivery and Disease Treatment ○ Potential to revolutionize the cancer treatment ○ Nanocrystals can be effective agents for selective targeting and destruction of cancer cells Small particle size Surface functionalization is possible Unique properties (magnetic, optical) Imaging and Diagnostics ○ Nanoplex Biomarker Detection Silica-coated Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) – active metal nanoparticles allow robust, ultrasensitive, highly multiplexed biomarker quantitation in any biological matrix, including blood NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COSMETICS Sunscreen ○ UVB exposure – sunburn and carcinoma ○ UVA exposure – melanoma and premature aging ○ Nanoscale TiO2 and ZnO particles provide broad- spectrum UV protection in a transparent formulation NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DEFENSE & SECURITY Body Armor ○ Improved body armor is a major focus for military nanotechnology research. Several different technologies have been explored, some of which will be operational in just a few years’ time: Iron nanoparticles in inert oil which hardens on stimulation with an electrical pulse (Magnetorheological Fluid) SiO2 nanoparticles in a liquid polymer which hardens on ballistic impact (Shear Thickening Fluid) MAJOR IMPACTS TO SOCIETY: POSITIVE IMPACTS Nanotech products will be smaller, cheaper, lighter, more functional and easier to use, requires less energy and fewer raw materials to manufacture Increase in manufacturing production of products at significantly reduced costs Allows for more accurate and fast delivery of services Molecular Scale Manufacturing’ ensures that very little raw materials is wasted. Better performance of products compared to those made with conventional materials MAJOR IMPACTS TO SOCIETY: NEGATIVE IMPACTS TOXICITY risks to human health and the environment (associated with 1st –generation nanomaterials) Pulmonary diseases due to inhalation of airborne particles and nanofibers ○ Carbon nanotubes are as harmful as asbestos when inhaled in sufficient amounts When toxic wastes from nanoparticles are flushed into our waters, our water resources become endangered SOCIAL ISSUES AND CONCERN: HEALTH ISSUES The cost of nanodevices and nanosurgery tools and the unknown technical capacity of these devices and tools The effect on the relationship between physician and patient The effect on the HEALTH SYSTEM SOCIAL ISSUES AND CONCERN: SOCIETAL ISSUES The effect on developing countries Getting the roles of the process cycle of nanotechnology The change in the need for raw materials The effect on laborers Undetermined employee security Unprescribed dangers resulting from nanoproducts The effect on managerial issues SOCIAL ISSUES AND CONCERN: FUTURISTIC ISSUES Enlarging expectations and unsubstantial estimations Clinical applications of nanotechnological processes The problem of confidentiality The problem of equality The problem of definition of being a human