Muscles of the Upper Limb PDF

LOCOMOTORE MUSCLE OF THE UPPER LIMB: +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | MUSCLE | ORIGIN | INSERTION | FUNCTION | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Serratus | Anterolateral | M...

LOCOMOTORE MUSCLE OF THE UPPER LIMB: +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | MUSCLE | ORIGIN | INSERTION | FUNCTION | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Serratus | Anterolateral | Medial border | Abduction and | | anterior | aspect of the | of the scapula | upward rotation | | | thorax from 1' | | of the scapula | | | to 9' ribs | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Trapezius | Occipital bone | 3rd epistle | Upper: | | | and spinous | part of the | elevation and | | | process, from | clavicle, | upper rotation | | | last cervical | acromion and | of the scapula | | | C7, to last | spine of the | | | | thoracic C17 | scapula | Lower: downward | | | | | rotation and | | | | | adduction of | | | | | the scapula | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Rhomboid major | Ligamentum | Medial border | Downward | | and minor | nuchae and on | of the scapula | rotation, | | | the spinous | | adduction and | | | processes of | | elevation of | | | the two lower | | the scapula | | | cervical | | | | | vertebral | | | | | bodies and the | | | | | upper four | | | | | thoracic | | | | | vertebral | | | | | bodies | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Pectoralis | Anterior part | Coracoid | Depression and | | Minor | of the 2' to | process of the | vertical tilt | | | the 5' | scapula | of the scapula | | | | | and elevation | | | | | of 2'-3'-4'-5' | | | | | ribs | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Levator | Transverse | Upper middle | Elevation and | | Scapulae | process of the | border of the | downward | | | cervical spine | scapula | rotation of the | | | | | scapula, | | | | | lateral flexion | | | | | and lateral | | | | | extension of | | | | | the spine | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Deltoid | Distal end of | Deltoid | **Anterior and | | | the clavicle, | tuberosity of | middle part:** | | | acromion and | the humerus | flexion of the | | | from the spine | | glenohumeral | | | of the scapula | | joint | | | | | | | | | | **Posterior:** | | | | | extension and | | | | | flexion of the | | | | | glenohumeral | | | | | joint | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Supraspinatus | Supraspinatus | Anterior part | abduction of | | | fossa | of the greater | glenohumeral | | | | tubercle of the | joint in the | | | | humerus | first degree | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Infraspinatus | Infraspinous | Greater | External | | | fossa | tubercle of the | rotation of | | | | humerus into | glenohumeral | | | | its middle | joint | | | | facet | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Teres minor | Lateral border | Posterior | External | | | of the scapula | inferior part | rotation of | | | | of the greater | glenohumeral | | | | tubercle of the | joint | | | | humerus into | | | | | its lower | | | | | posterior facet | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Subscapularis | Suprascapular | Lesser tubercle | Internal | | | fossa of the | of the humerus | rotation of the | | | scapula | | glenohumeral | | | | | joint | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Teres major | Lateral | Posterior side | Internal | | | posterior part | of proximal | rotation, | | | of the scapula | epiphysis of | abduction and | | | | the humerus | extension of | | | | | the | | | | | glenohumeral | | | | | joint. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Pectoralis | Proximal part | Greater | Abduction and | | Major | of the | tuberosity of | internal | | | clavicle, from | the humerus | rotation of the | | | the hole | | glenohumeral | | | lateral part of | | joint | | | the sternum and | | | | | the proximal | | | | | part of the | | | | | ribs (2' to 7') | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Latissimus | All the spinous | (Proximal to | Internal | | dorsi | process of the | teres major) | rotation, | | | thoracic | Into the crest | abduction and | | | vertebrae, from | of the lesser | extension of | | | T6 down to the | tubercle of the | the | | | sacrum and | humerus | glenohumeral | | | posterior | | joint as well | | | portion of the | | as the scapular | | | ilium | | depression | | | | | (**even if | | | | | there is no | | | | | insertion in | | | | | the scapula)** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ MUSCLE OF THE FOREARM: FLEXOR MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION -------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of the humerus and partially from coronoid process Lateral surface of radius btw proximal and intermediate part of the radius Pronates the forearm Flexor carpi radialis Medial epicondyle of the humerus Proximal part of 2' metacarpal bone Flexion and abduction of the wrist Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of the humerus Fuses with flexor retinaculum and the palmar aponeurosis (membrane that covers the hole palmar side of the hand) Flexion of the wrist and tenses the palmar aponeurosis Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial epicondyle of the humerus Ulnar side Flexion of the wrist Flexor digitorum superficialis Medial epicondyle of the humerus and mid shaft of the ulna Middle phalanges of the four digit Flexion of the interphalangeal joint btw the proximal and middle phalanges Flexor digitorum profundus Distal medial epicondyle of the humerus Distal phalanx of the four digit except the thumb Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint Flexor pollicis longus Midshaft of the radius and intermediate part of the interosseous membrane Distal phalanx of the thumb Flexes the interphalangeal joint of the thumb **(also help flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint)** Pronator Quandratus Connect anterior distal part of the ulna and anterior distal part of the radius Help interosseous membrane to stabilize ulna and radius together EXTENSOR MUSCLE MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION -------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Brachioradialis Proximally of lateral epicondyle Distal part of lateral radius Flexion of the forearm Extensor carpi radialis longus Superior part of lateral epicondyle Dorsal aspect of 2' metacarpal bone (on the radial side) Extension and abduction of the wrist **(also first clenching of the hand)** Extensor carpi radialis brevis superior part of lateral epicondyle Base of 3' metacarpal bone Extension and abduction of the wrist joint Extensor digiti minimi Lateral epicondyle of humerus Distal phalanx of the 5' digit extension of the distal interphalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle of the humerus Distal phalanges of the four digit Extension of the 5' finger at the level of interphalangeal joint and metacarpophalangeal joint Extensor carpi ulnaris Lateral epicondyle of humerus Base of 5' metacarpal bone Extensio and abduction of the wrist Supinator Lateral epicondyle of humerus Proximal part of the radius Supination of the forearm and rotates radius during supination Extensor indicis Posterior surface of the distal third of ulna Distal phalanx of the 2' digit Extension at the interphalangeal joints and metacarpophalageal joints **(enables independent extension of the second finger)** Abducrtor pollicis longus Posterior side of the ulna Base of the 1' metacarpal bone Abduction and extension of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Extensor pollicis longus Mid-shaft posterior side of ulna and interosseous membrane Dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx of the thumb Extensio of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb extensor pollici brevis Posterior side of the ulna and interosseous membrane Base of proximal phalanx Extension of metacarpophalangeal joint, btw first metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx of the thumb MUSCLE OF THE HAND **THENAR**: Abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, adducrtor pollicis (proximal and distal). **HYPOTHENAR**: Palmaris brevis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi. **LUMBRICAL**: (origin on the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, the insertion is on the proximal phalanx), 1' and 2' unipennate lumbrical muscles, 3' and 4' bipinnate lumbrical muscles. FLEXOR OF THE HIP JOINT +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | MUSCLE | ORIGIN | INSERTION | FUNCTION | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Pectineous | Superior ramus | Distally to | Abduct and flex | | | of the pubis | lesser | the thigh | | | | trochanter on | | | | | the | | | | | trochanteric | | | | | line | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Psoas major | From transverse | Lesser | Flexor of the | | | processes (from | trochanter of | hip joint | | | last dorsal | the femur | | | | vertebra to | | | | | last lumbar | | | | | vertebra | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Psoas minor | Last dorsal | Pectineal line | Flexor of the | | | vertebrae | | hip joint | | | T-12-L1 and | | | | | intervertebral | | | | | disc | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Iliacus | Iliac fossa | Lesser | Flexor of the | | | | trochanter of | hip joint | | | | the femur | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Sartorius | Anterior | Proximal medial | Flexion, | | | superior iliac | anterior side | abduction and | | | crest | of the tibia | lateral | | | | (PES Anserinus) | rotation of the | | | | | hip. | | | | | | | | | | Flexion and | | | | | internal | | | | | rotation of the | | | | | knee when the | | | | | knee is flexed | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ EXTENSOR OF THE KNEE JOINT MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------- ----------------------------------- Quadriceps femurs is composed of four part Extend the leg and the knee joint Rectus femoris Anterior inferior iliac spine Vastus lateralis Greater trochanter Vastus medialis Interochanteric line Vastus intermedius Anterolateral mid-shaft of the femur ALL TOGETHER FORM THE QUADRICEPS TENDON PATELLA MUSCLE OF THE MEDIAL THIGH +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | MUSCLE | ORIGIN | INSERTION | FUNCTION | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Adductor brevis | Body and | Proximal medial | Adductor of the | | | inferior ramus | side of the | thigh | | | of the pubis | femur | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Adductor longus | Body of the | Proximal medial | Adduct the | | | pubis inferior | side of the | thigh and | | | to the pubic | femur | flexes the | | | crest | | thigh to some | | | | | extent | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Adductor Magnus | Inferior ramus | Adductor part: | Adduct of the | | | of the pubis | medial side of | thigh and a bit | | | and also on the | mid-shaft of | of flexion | | | ischial | the femur | | | | tuberosity | | | | | | Hamstring part: | | | | | medial coronary | | | | | of the femur | | | | | (adductor | | | | | tubercle of the | | | | | femur) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Gracilis muscle | body and | Close to | Flexion of the | | | inferior ramus | sartorius on | knee and | | | of the pubis | the proximal | rotation of the | | | | medial side of | leg when the | | | | the tibia (Pes | knee is flexed | | | | anserinus area) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Obturator | Abductor | Trochanteric | Laterally | | externus | foramen | fossa of the | rotates the hip | | | | femur (closer | and stabilize | | | | to greater | the head of the | | | | trochanter) | femur inside | | | | | the acetabulum | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ MUSCLE OF THE GLUTEAL REGION SUPERFICIAL LAYER MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION ---------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gluteus maximus Posterior part of the ilium Distal surface of greater trochanter Extension of the hip joint and extension of the trunk. Lateral rotation of the hip Gluteus medius Posterior part of iliac crest Greater trochanter of the femur Abductor and extensor but also stabilize the pelvis Gluteus minimus External surface of the ilium Greater trochanter of the femur Abduction, extension and stabilizes the pelvis Tensor fasciae latte Anterior superior iliac spine Proximal lateral side of the tibia Abduction and medial rotation of the hip, and **help gluteus** to stabilize the pelvis DEEP LAYER OF GLUTEAL REGION (they are covered from the gluteus Maximus) called also external rotator muscle of the hip (rotator of the thigh by abduction) MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION -------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Piriformis Anterior surface of the sacrum Greater trochanter of the femur Rotates hip, help abduction of the thigh and stabilizes head of femur in the acetabulum Obturator internus Pelvic surface of the obturator foramen Greater trochanter of the femur Rotation of the thigh by abduction (**same function of the piriformis**) Superior Gemelli Ischial spine Greater trochanter of the femur Laterally rotates and extend the hip joint and abduct the flexed thigh, stabilize femoral head in acetabulum Inferior Gemelli Ischial tuberosity Greater trochanter of the femur Laterally rotates and extend the hip joint and abduct the flexed thigh, stabilize femoral head in the acetabulum Quadratus femoris Ischiatic tuberosity Posterior part of the intertrochanteric line Laterally rotates the hip joint and stabilize the femoral heading the acetabulum EXTENSOR OF THE HIP AND FLEXOR OF THE KNEE MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Semitendinosus From ischial tuberosity Proximal medial part of the tibia Extensor of the hip and Flexor oh the leg Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Proximal posterior part of the tibia Extension of the hip, Flexion of the knee, Medial rotation of the knee and Extension of the trunk Biceps Femoris (Long head) Ischial tuberosity Head of the fibula Extensor of the hip, Flexor of the knee, Lateral rotation of the knee and Extensor of the trunk Biceps Femoris (Short head) Posterior part of the mid-shaft of the femur Head of the fibula Extensor of then hip, Flexor of the knee, Lateral rotation of the knee and Extensor of the trunk EXTENSOR MUSCLE OF THE KNEE MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION ----------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rectus femoris Anterior inferior iliac spine Level of tibia tuberosity Extensor of the knee and Flexor of the hip Vastus lateralis Lateral surface of the femur Tibial tuberosity Extensor of the knee Vastus medialis Medial side of the femur Tibial tuberosity Extensor of the knee Vastus intermedius Anterior and lateral part of femur Tibial tuberosity Extensor of the knee Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity PES anserinus (medial surface of the superior part of tibia) Extends the thigh, Flexes and Rotates the leg medially when the knee is flexed Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Proximal posterior part of the tibia (pes anserinus) Extend the thigh, Flexes and Rotates the leg medially when the knee is flexed Long head (biceps femoris) Ischial tuberosity Lateral side of the head of the fibula Flexion of the knee, medial rotation of the knee and adduction of the thigh Short head (biceps femoris) Posterior lateral part of the femur Lateral side of the head of the fibula Gracilis Body and inferior ramus of the pubis Proximal part of medial surface of the tibia (pes anserinus) Flexion of the knee, Medial rotation of the knee and adduction of the thigh Sartorius Anterior superior iliac spine Pes anserinus Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of the hip joint and flexion and slight medial rotation of the knee joint Gastrocnemius (2 parts) Posterior part of femoral condyle (medial and lateral) Achilles tendon Flexion of the knee and plantar flexion of foot and ankle Popliteus Lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur Proximal posterior part of the proximal tibia Medial rotation of the knee ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | MUSCLE | ORIGIN | INSERTION | FUNCTION | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Tibialis | Lateral tibias | Medial | Dorsiflexion of | | anterior | plateau | cuneiform and | the ankle. | | | | base of the 1' | | | | | metacarpal bone | Inversion | | | | | **(adduction + | | | | | supination)** | | | | | of the foot | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Extensor | Lateral condyle | Middle and | Extension at | | digitorum | of the tibia | distal phalanx | the level of | | longum | | of the lateral | the | | | | 4 digit | interphalangeal | | | | | joints, help | | | | | dorsiflexion of | | | | | the ankle and | | | | | pronation of | | | | | the foot | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Extensor | Interosseous | Distal phalanx | Extension of | | hallucis longus | membrane and | of the hallux | the hallux and | | | middle part of | | help | | | the anterior | | Dorsiflexion of | | | surface of the | | the ankle | | | fibula | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Fibularis or | Distal third | Dorsal part of | Help | | peroneus | part of the | the base of the | Dorsiflexion of | | tertius muscle | fibula | 5' metatarsal | the ankle and | | | | bone | Eversion | | | | | **(pronation + | | | | | abduction)** of | | | | | the foot | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fibularis longus Distal part of the head of the fibula Plantar side of the base of the 1' metacarpal bone and medial cuneiform Eversion **(pronation+abduction)** of the foot and a weak Plantarflexes the ankle Fibularis brevis Lateral side of the third distal part of the fibula Dorsal base of the 5' metatarsal bone Eversion **(pronation+abduction)** of the foot and weak plantar flexion of the ankle POSTERIOR MUSCLE COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG Is divided in superficial ad deep layer, these two layers are divided by a transverse intermuscular septum. SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE OF THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lateral head of Gastrocnemius Posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle Fuse with the other head to form the calcanea tendon, inserted in posterior calcaneus and is part of the Achille tendon Plantarflexion of the ankle, raises heel during walking, flexes leg at the knee point Medial head of Gastrocnemius Posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle Fuse with the other head and form the calcanea tendon, inserted in posterior calcaneus and is part of the Achille tendon Plantarflexion of the ankle, raises the hell during walking, flexes leg at the knee point Soleus Posterior aspect of the head and the posterior proximal part of the fibula With the Gastrocnemius it forms the Achille tendon Plantarflexion of the ankle and stabilize the leg Plantaris Posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle Posterior surface of the calcaneus (via calcanea tendon) Assist the gastrocnemius in the plantarflexion of the knee DEEP MUSCLE OF THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION ------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Popliteus Lateral posterior femoral condyle and lateral meniscus Posterior medial surface of the tibia Flexes the knee (weakly) and medially rotates the leg Flexor hallucis longus Posterior aspect of the fibula and interosseous membrane Base of the distal phalanx of the hallux Flex the hallux and the metatarsusphalangeal joint at the level of the interphalangeal joint Flexor digitorum longus Posterior aspect of the medial tibia Distal base of the four phalanges Flexes the four digit Tibialis posterior Proximal interosseous membrane Its tendon reaches the tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, cuboid and calcaneus bones, also the base of 2'-3'-4' metatarsals Plantarflexion of the ankle and can invert the foot (combination of supination and adduction DORSAL MUSCLE OF THE FOOT MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ Extensor digitorum brevis Superolateral surface of the calcaneus Divides in three muscle that reach middle phalanx of the 2'-3'-4' digit Extension of the three digit where they insert Extensor Hallucis brevis Superolateral surface of the calcaneus Dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanges (1') Extension of the Hallucis PLANTAR MUSCLE OF THE FOOT MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Flexor hallucis brevis Plantar side of the medial cuneiform bone Proximal phalanx of the hallux Flexion of the Hallux, can also provide adduction and abduction Abductor hallucis Plantar side of the calcaneus Distal part of the metatarsal bone and proximal medial part of the proximal phalanx Abduction of the hallucis Adductor Hallucis Plantar side of 2'-3' metatarsal bone and distal side of 3'-4'-5' Distal part of the metatarsal bone of the hallux Adduction of the hallux Flexor digitorum brevis Plantar side of the calcaneus Middle phalanx (2'-3'-4'-5') Flexion of prox interf joint and metatarsal-phalangeal joint Flexor digiti minimi 5' digiti proximal plantare side of metatarsal bone 5' digit proximal side of the proximal phalange Flexion 5' finger Abductor digiti minimi Plantar side of the calcaneus Lateral proximal side of the proximal phalanx abduction and flexion of the 5' digit Lumbrical muscle Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Proximal medial side of the 4 proximal medial phalange Flexion of the four digit at the level of the metatarsal-phalangeal joint and then extension of the interphalangeal joint (this is possible cause they originate from a tendon) MUSCLE OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DIVIDED IN **EXTRINSIC** (ACT NOT ONLY ON THE SPINE) AND **INTRINSIC** (HAVE ORIGIN AND INSERTION WITHIN THE SPINE) EXTRINSIC: DIVIDE IN SUPERFICIAL AND INTERMEDIATE SUPERFICIAL LAYER: MUSCLE ------------------ -- -- -- Trapezium Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae Rhomboids INTERMEDIATE LAYER: MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Serratus posterior anterior (superior) From C7 to T3 Posterior part of ribs 2' to 5' Assisting inspiration by elevating ribs, assist rotation and extension of the trunk Serratus posterior anterior (inferior) Spinous process of T11 to L2 Posterior part of ribs 9' to 12' Assisting inspiration by elevating the ribs, assist rotation and extension of the trunk Splenius capitis Ligamentum nuchae and spinous process C7-T3; T3-T6 Mastoid process of the temporal lobe and posterior part of occipital bone If work together they can extend the head and the neck Splenius cervicis Ligamentum nuchae and spinous process C7-T3; T3-T6 Transverse process from C1 to C3 Lateral flexion of the neck and ipsilateral rotation Erector spinae: Iliocostalis muscle Posterior part of iliac crest Cervical spine and also transverse process of the vertebral arches Lateral flexion and extension of the spine Erector spinae: longissimus muscle Posterior part of iliac crest Transverse process of the vertebral arches and also at the level of the thorax Lateral flexion and extension of the spine Erector spinae: Spinalis muscle posterior part of iliac crest Spinous process of the cervical region Extension and lateral flexion of the cranium DEEP LAYER **(ACT ON THE TRANSVERSE PROCESSES)** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | MUSCLE | ORIGIN | INSERTION | FUNCTION | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Semispinalis | Transverse | Occipital bone | Extension and | | | process from C4 | and spinous | contralateral | | | to T12 | process in | rotation | | | | thoracic and | | | | | cervical | | | | | regions | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Multifidus | Wide parts off | Spinous process | Extends the | | muscle | the spine | | trunk and | | | (sacrum-ilium-l | | perform | | | umbar- | | contralateral | | | thoracic and | | rotation | | | cervical) | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Rotatores | Transverse | Junction of | **Brevis:** | | brevis and | process | lamina and | Connects two | | longus | | transverse | close vertebral | | | | process or | arches | | | | spinous process | | | | | of vertebra | **Longus:** | | | | | connect one | | | | | vertebral arch | | | | | to vertebral | | | | | arch of two | | | | | segment above | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Interspinales | Superior part | Spinous process | extension of | | muscle | of the spinous | | vertebral | | | process (at the | | column | | | level of the | | | | | lumbar and | | | | | cervical spine) | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Intertransversa | Transverse | Transverse | Lateral flexion | | rii | process on the | process on the | and (act | | muscle | cervical and | cervical and | unilaterally) | | | lumbar spine | lumbar spine | stabilize the | | | | | column | | | | | (bilaterally) | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Levatores | Transverse | Posterior part | Elevation of | | costar muscle | processes from | of the ribs | the ribs and | | | C7 to T11 | | help lateral | | | | | flexion of the | | | | | column | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+