Muscle Length & Strength Tests PDF

CL20 MUSCLE LENGTH AND STRENGTH TEST Make the paragraph below into multiple choice questions WITH ANSWERS Length: Stretching the muscle Strength: Performing the Actions of the muscle Muscle Length Testing Purpose: Muscle length testing is used to assess for limitations of ROM (shortened muscles) and...

CL20 MUSCLE LENGTH AND STRENGTH TEST Make the paragraph below into multiple choice questions WITH ANSWERS Length: Stretching the muscle Strength: Performing the Actions of the muscle Muscle Length Testing Purpose: Muscle length testing is used to assess for limitations of ROM (shortened muscles) and excessive movement (hypermobility/lengthened muscles), ultimately, we are assessing flexibility During muscle length testing, the origin and insertion of a muscle are moved away from each other by elongating the muscle and by brining the muscle into the opposite direction of its action Muscle length assessment is performed when a muscle is passively elongated over its joints. The results is usually limited ROM, but may show hypermobility as well. Muscle Strength Testing Purpose: Muscle strength testing is used to determine the client’s ability to contract a muscle or muscle groups voluntarily (only if unable to isolate). It tests the nerve motor nerve supply to the muscles and their ability to sustain contraction. Performed at mid-range by applying an isometric contraction which is strong, static while the client performs a voluntary contraction Resistance is held for 5-10 seconds and repeated 3x to ensure accuracy of results obtained. Must be performed bilaterally for comparison. Uses of Muscle Strength Testing: To establish a basis for muscle reduction and exercises (aid in the development, of treatment plans and treatment goals) To determine how functional clients can be To determine the clients needs for supportive apparatuses. o As RMT’s, we would refer out to the appropriate professional if we suspect a client is in need of a device. To assist in confirming a clinical impression To determine a client’s prognosis Grade: 5+ Value: Normal (100%) Movement: Complete ROM against gravity with maximal resistance Grade: 4 Value: Good (75%) Movement: Complete ROM against gravity with moderate resistance Grade: 3+ Value: Fair + Movement: Complete ROM against gravity with minimal resistance Grade: 3 Value: Fair (50%) Movement: Complete ROM against gravity Grade: 3Value: Fair Movement: Some but not complete ROM against gravity Grade: 2+ Value: Poor + Movement: Initiates motion against gravity Grade: 2 Value: Poor (25%) Movement: Complete ROM with gravity eliminated Grade: 2Value: Poor Movement: Initiates motion if gravity is eliminated Grade: 1 Value: Trace Movement: Evidence of slight contractility but no joint motion Grade: 0 Value: Zero Movement: No contraction palpated Muscle strength is defined and measured using a grading system which uses numbers that are associated with a criteria related to ROM and resistance. A contraction that is strong and pain free indicates no lesion of the contractile unit or nervous tissue supplying the contractile unit A contraction that is strong and painful indicates a local lesion of the muscle or tendon, either 1st or 2nd degree muscle strain A contraction that is weak and pain free indicates a rupture of a muscle or its tendon or involvement of the peripheral nerve or nerve root supplying that muscle. 3rd degree muscle strains are often masked by surrounding muscles working overtime to produce the same movement as the ruptured muscle/tendon A contraction that is weak and painful indicates a severe lesion around the joint such as a fracture Upper Fiber Traps O: external occipital protuberance (EOP); medial side of superior nuchal line; nuchal ligament; SPs of C7-T12 I: lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromion; spine of scapula A: stabilization of scapula; elevation scapula; upward rotation of scapula (upper fibers); downward rotation of scapula (lower fibers); retraction (adduction) of scapula; lateral flexion of head (unilateral); extension of head (bilateral) N: spinal accessory (CN XI-11), ventral rami of C2-C4 Sternocleidomastoid O: sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial 1/3 of clavicle I: mastoid process of temporal bone; lateral 1/2 of superior nuchal line A: rotates to side opposite of contraction; laterally flexes to contracted side; bilaterally flexes neck N: motor: spinal accessory (XI-11 cranial); sensory: ventral rami of C2,(C3) Posterior Scalenes O: TP of C5-C7 (posterior tubercles) I: 2nd rib A: lateral flexion of neck; elevation of 2nd rib (if cervical vertebrae are fixed) N: cervical spinal nerves (ventral rami C6-C8) Supraspinatus O: supraspinous fossa of scapula; muscle fascia I: greater tubercle of humerus (superior facet) A: abduction of arm; stabilizes glenohumeral joint N: suprascapular nerve (C5, C6) Teres Minor O: superior lateral border of scapula I: greater tubercle of humerus (inferior facet) A: lateral rotation of arm; stabilizes glenohumeral joint; adduction of arm (weak) N: axillary nerve (C5, C6) Levator Scapula O: TP of C1-C4 I: superior medial border of scapula A: elevation of scapula; extension & lateral flexion of neck N: dorsal scapular nerve (C3, C4, C5) Pectoralis Minor O: ribs 3-5 (anterior lateral portion) I: coracoid process of scapula (medial aspect) A: stabilizes scapula for arm movements depresses & downwardly rotates scapula assists in scapular protraction from a retracted position elevates ribs 3-5 N: medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) Brachioradialis O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus I: styloid process of radius (lateral side) A: flexion of forearm (at elbow); pronation of forearm when supinated; supination of forearm when pronated N: radial nerve (C5, C6) Extensor Carpi radialis longus O: lower lateral supracondylar ridge (below brachioradialis) I: base of 2nd metacarpal A: extension of hand at wrist; radially deviation (abduction) of hand at wrist; flexion & supination of forearm at elbow (weak action) N: radial nerve (C5, C6) Extensor Carpi radialis brevis O: lateral epicondyle via common extensor tendon I: base of 3rd metacarpal A: extension of hand at wrist; radial deviation (abduction) of hand at wrist; flexion of forearm at elbow joint (weak action) N: radial nerve (C7, C8) Extensor digitorum O: lateral epicondyle of humerus (via common extensor tendon) I: phalanges #2-5 (dorsal expansion hood) A: extension of fingers #2-5 (at MCP, PIP & DIP joints); extension of hand at wrist; extension of forearm at elbow (weak) N: radial nerve (C7, C8) Extensor Carpi Ulnaris O: humeral head: lateral epicondyle (via common extensor tendon); ulnar head: posterior shaft of ulna I: base of 5th metacarpal (posterior side) A: ulnar deviation of hand at wrist; extension of hand at wrist; extension of forearm at elbow (weak action) N: radial nerve (C6, C7, C8) Quadratus Lumborum O: posterior iliac crest & iliolumbar ligament I: 12th rib (inferior border) & TPs of L1-L4 A: elevation of pelvis; lateral flexion of trunk; depression of 12th rib N: lumbar plexus (T12-L3) 💗💗💗💗 Vastus Medialis O: medial lip of linea aspera (intertrochanteric line) I: tibial tuberosity (via common quadriceps tendon & patellar ligament) A: extension of leg (at knee joint) N: femoral nerve (L2 ,L3, L4) Rectus Femoris O: anterior head: anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS); posterior head: just superior to rim of acetabulum (supra-acetabular groove) I: tibial tuberosity (via common quadriceps tendon & patellar ligament) A: extension of leg (at knee joint); flexion of thigh (at hip joint) N: femoral nerve (L2 ,L3, L4) Adductor Magnus O: anterior head (adductor part): inferior pubic ramus & ischial ramus; posterior head (hamstring part): ischial tuberosity I: anterior head: linea aspera; posterior head: adductor tubercle of femur (above medial epicondyle) A: adduction & extension of thigh (at hip joint); laterally rotation of thigh (anterior head) N: anterior head: obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4); posterior head: sciatic nerve, tibial division (L4, L5) Biceps Femoris O: long head: ischial tuberosity; short head: lateral lip of linea aspera I: head of fibula (occasionally to lateral tibial condyle) A: flexion at knee (both long & short head); extension of thigh at hip joint (long head); laterally rotation of leg when the knee is flexed N: long head: sciatic nerve, tibial division (L5, S1, S2); short head: sciatic nerve, common peroneal division (S1, S2) Gluteus Maximus O: posterior iliac crest, sacrum & coccyx & sacrotuberous ligament I: iliotibial band (ITB) & gluteal tuberosity of femur A: extension of thigh (at hip); lateral rotation of thigh; upper fibers assist abduction of thigh, lower fiber assist in adduction; posterior pelvic tilt (at hip joint); fibers of IT band stabilize a fully extended knee N: inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2) Gastrocnemius O: medial head: above medial condyle of femur (posterior surface); lateral head: above lateral condyle of femur (posterior surface) I: calcaneus (via calcaneal or Achilles tendon) A: plantar flexion of foot; knee flexion (when not weight bearing); inversion of foot (weak) N: tibial nerve (S1, S2) Tibialis Anterior O: anterior proximal tibia (lateral tibial condyle, proximal 2/3 of anterolateral surface of tibia & interosseous membrane) I: medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal (medial & plantar surfaces) A: dorsiflexion of foot at ankle; inverts of foot (at tarsal joints) N: deep peroneal (fibular) nerve (L4, L5, S1) Middle Fiber Traps O: external occipital protuberance (EOP); medial side of superior nuchal line; nuchal ligament; SPs of C7-T12 I: lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromion; spine of scapula A: stabilization of scapula; elevation scapula; upward rotation of scapula (upper fibers); downward rotation of scapula (lower fibers); retraction (adduction) of scapula; lateral flexion of head (unilateral); extension of head (bilateral) N: spinal accessory (CN XI-11), ventral rami of C2-C4 Anterior Scalenes O: TP of C3-C6 (anterior tubercles) I: 1st rib (scalene tubercle) A: flexion & lateral flexion of neck; rotation of neck (weakly); elevation of 1st rib (if neck is stabilized) N: cervical spinal nerves (ventral rami C3-C6) Splenius Capitis O: TPs of C7-T6 & articular process of C4-C6 (medial part of semispinalis) I: occipital bone (considered to be the medial part of semispinalis) A: bilateral: extension of the spine & head (maintenance of erect posture); unilateral: lateral flexion & rotation to same side of the spine & head; opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization N: dorsal rami of spinal nerves Infraspinatus O: infraspinous fossa; inferior portion of spine of scapula I: greater tubercle of humerus (middle facet) A: lateral rotation of arm; stabilizes glenohumeral joint N: suprascapular nerve (C5, 6) Latissimus Dorsi O: SP T7-L5; thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest; posterior sacrum, ribs 9-12; inferior angle of scapula (occasionally) I: medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus A: adduction, medial rotation & extension of humerus; anterior pelvic tilt, elevation of pelvis; depression of scapula; downward rotation of scapula N: thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8) Biceps Brachii O: long head: supraglenoid tubercle & glenohumeral labrum short head: coracoid process of scapula I: radial tuberosity; bicipital aponeurosis A: flexion & supination of forearm; flexion of arm at shoulder; stabilization of anterior aspect of shoulder; abduction of arm at shoulder (long head), adduction of arm at shoulder (short head) N: musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6) Triceps Brachii O: long head: infraglenoid tubercle & neck of scapula; lateral head: upper half of posterior surface of shaft of humerus (above radial groove) medial (deep) head: posterior shaft of humerus (distal to radial groove) I: olecranon process of ulna A: extension of forearm at elbow (prime mover); adduction & extension of arm (long head only) N: radial nerve (C6, C7, C8) Flexor Carpi radialis O: medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon I: base of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals A: flexion of hand at wrist; radially deviation (abduction) of wrist; flexion & pronate of forearm (weak action) N: median nerve (C6, C7) Flexor palmaris longus O: medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon I: flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis A: flexion of hand at wrist N: median nerve (C7,C8) Flexor Carpi Ulnaris O: humeral head: medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon; ulnar head: medial aspect of olecranon & proximal 2/3 of posterior ulna I: pisiform & hamate bones (via pisohamate ligament); base of 5th metacarpal (via pisometacarpal ligament) A: flexion of hand at wrist; ulnar deviation (adduction) of wrist; elbow flexion (weak action); stabilizes wrist to permit powerful thumb motion N: ulnar nerve (C7, C8) Rectus Abdominis O: pubic crest & pubic symphysis I: costal cartilage of ribs #5-7 & xyphoid process A: flexion of trunk (at spinal joints); posterior pelvic tilt (at spinal joints); compression/stabilization of abdomen N: intercostal nerves (T5-T12) Transverse Abdominis O: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia & lower costal cartilage I: abdominal aponeurosis (rectus sheath) A: compression/stabilization of abdomen N: intercostal nerves (T7-L1) External Obliques O: anterior 1/2 of iliac crest, inguinal ligament, public tubercle/crest, & abdominal aponeurosis (rectus sheath) I: inferior border of ribs #5-12 A: flexion, lateral flexion & contralateral rotation of trunk (at spinal joints); posterior pelvic tilt (at spinal joints); compression/stabilization of abdomen N: intercostal nerves (T7-T12) Internal Obliques O: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia I: ribs #10-12 & abdominal aponeurosis (rectus sheath) A: flexion, lateral flexion & ipsilateral rotation of trunk (at spinal joints); posterior tilt of pelvis (at lumbosacral joints); compression/stabilization of abdomen N: intercostal nerves (T7-L1) Diaphragm O: vertebral: crura from bodies of L1, 2 (left), L1-3 (right); costal part: medial & lateral arcuate ligaments, inner aspect of lower six ribs; sternal: two slips from post aspect of xiphoid I: central tendon of diaphragm (dome of diaphragm) A: inspiration (increases thoracic cavity volume); assists in raising intra-abdominal pressure (valsalva maneuver) N: phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5) Iliacus O: inner surface of upper iliac fossa & sacral ala I: lesser trochanter of femur (via iliopsoas tendon) A: flexion & lateral rotation of thigh (at hip); anterior pelvic tilt N: femoral nerve (L2, L3) Psoas Major O: TPs of L1-L5, vertebral bodies of T12-L5 & intervening intervertebral discs I: lesser trochanter of femur (via iliopsoas tendon) A: flexion & lateral rotation of thigh (at hip); flexion & lateral flexion of trunk (at spinal joints); anterior pelvic tilt (at hip joint) N: lumbar plexus ventral rami (L1, L2, L3) Vastus Lateralis O: lateral lip of linea aspera (also intertrochanteric line & lateral intermuscular septum) I: tibial tuberosity (via common quadriceps tendon & patellar ligament) A: extension of leg (at knee joint) N: femoral nerve (L2 ,L3, L4) Adductor Brevis O: body & inferior ramus of pubis I: medial lip of linea aspera (superior 1/3 of femur) A: adduction & flexion of thigh (at hip joint); lateral rotation of thigh N: obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) Pectineus O: pectineal line of pubis (superior pubic ramus) I: pectineal line of femur; (just below lesser trochanter on posterior aspect of femur) A: adduction & flexion of thigh (at hip joint) N: femoral nerve (L2, L3) or obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) or both Tensor Fascia Lata O: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) & anterior aspect of iliac crest I: iliotibial band (below greater trochanter) A: flexion, abduction & medial rotation of thigh (at hip joint); tenses iliotibial band to support femur on tibia during standing N: superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) Semimembranosis O: ischial tuberosity I: posterior medial aspect of medial tibial condyle A: flexion of leg (at knee joint); extension of thigh (at hip joint); medial rotation of tibia (with knee flexed) N: sciatic nerve, tibial division (L5, S1, S2) Gluteus Medius O: outer ilium (between anterior & posterior gluteal lines) I: greater trochanter (superior & lateral surface) A: abduction of thigh (at hip joint); flexion & medial rotation of thigh (anterior fibers); lateral rotation & extension of thigh (posterior fibers); stabilizes pelvis & prevents free limb from sagging during gait N: superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) Soleus O: soleal line of tibia & proximal 1/3 of fibula I: calcaneus (via calcaneal or Achilles tendon) A: plantar flexion of foot; inversion of foot (weak) N: tibial nerve (S1, S2) Plantaris O: distal posterolateral femur (above lateral head of gastrocnemius) I: calcaneus (via calcaneal or Achilles tendon) A: plantar flexion of foot; knee flexion N: tibial nerve (S1, S2) Popliteus O: lateral femoral condyle I: proximal posterior tibia (medial side above soleal line) A: unlocks knee (from extended position); lateral rotation of femur on tibia or medial rotation tibia on femur; flexion of knee (weak) N: tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1) Extensor Hallucis longus O: anterior middle 1/3 of fibula & interosseous membrane I: dorsal surface big toe (base of distal phalanx) A: extension of big toe at MTP; dorsiflexion & inversion of foot N: deep peroneal (fibular) nerve (L4, L5, S1) Extensor digitorum longus O: proximal 2/3 of fibula, interosseous membrane, lateral condyle of tibia (anterior surfaces) I: dorsal surface of toes #2-5 (via dorsal expansion to middle & distal phalanges) A: extension of toes #2-5 (at MTP & IP joints); dorsiflexion & eversion of foot N: deep peroneal (fibular) nerve (L4, L5, S1) Flexor digitorum longus O: posterior middle 1/3 of tibia I: base of distal phalanges #2-#5 (plantar surface) A: flexion of 2nd-5th toes; plantar flexion & inversion of foot (weak) N: tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2) Flexor Hallucis longus O: posterior inferior 2/3 of fibula & interosseous membrane I: distal phalanx of big toe (plantar surface) A: flexion of big toe (hallux); plantar flexion & inversion of foot (weak) N: tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2) Extensor digitorum Brevis O: upper anterolateral calcaneus I: middle & distal phalanges of toes #2-#4 (via EDL & extensor expansion) A: extension of toes #2-#5 N: deep peroneal (fibular) nerve (L5, S1) Extensor Hallucis Brevis O: upper anterolateral calcaneus I: distal phalanges of big toe (via EHL & extensor expansion) A: extension of big toe at MTP; dorsiflexion & inversion of foot N: deep peroneal (fibular) nerve (L5, S1) Lumbricals (foot) O: Flexor digitorum longus (1st: medial aspect of tendon to 2nd toe; 2nd-4th: two heads between tendons in which they lie) I: tendon of extensor digitorum longus & extensor expansion (on the dorsal medial side) A: extension of toes 2-5 (at PIP & DIP joints); flexion of toes 2-5 (at MTP joints) N: 1st lumbrical: medial plantar nerve (S1, S2, S3); 2nd-4th lumbricals: lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2, S3) Dorsal interossei (foot) O: from both metatarsals between which they lie I: base of proximal phalanx closest to axis of foot (2nd ray) A: abduction of toes 2-4 (at MTP); flexion toes 2-4 (at MTP) N: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Plantar interossei (foot) O: medial aspect of 3rd-5th metatarsals (each muscle has a single head) I: medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of same ray (of 3rd-5th rays) A: adduction of toes 3-5 (at PIP & DIP joints); flexion of toes 3-5 (at MTP joints), extension of toes 3-5 (at PIP & DIP joints) N: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3 Lower Fiber Traps O: external occipital protuberance (EOP); medial side of superior nuchal line; nuchal ligament; SPs of C7-T12 I: lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromion; spine of scapula A: stabilization of scapula; elevation scapula; upward rotation of scapula (upper fibers); downward rotation of scapula (lower fibers); retraction (adduction) of scapula; lateral flexion of head (unilateral); extension of head (bilateral) N: spinal accessory (CN XI-11), ventral rami of C2-C4 Middle Scalenes O: TP C2-C7 (posterior tubercle) I: 1st rib (behind anterior scalene) A: flexion & lateral flexion of neck; elevation of 1st rib (if cervical vertebrae are fixed) N: cervical spinal nerves (ventral rami C3-C8) Splenius Cervicis O: SPs of T3-T6 I: TP of C1-C3 (posterior tubercles) A: bilateral contraction: extension of head & neck; unilateral contraction: rotation & lateral flexion of head & neck to ipsilateral side N: cervical spinal nerve (dorsal rami) Teres Major O: inferior, lateral border of scapula I: medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus (just medial to insertion of latissimus dorsi) A: medial rotation of arm; adduction of arm; extension of arm from a flexed position; upward scapular rotation N: lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6, C7) Subscapularis O: subscapular fossa of scapula I: lesser tubercle of humerus A: medial rotation of arm; stabilizes glenohumeral joint N: upper & lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6) Pectoralis Major O: medial 1/2 of clavicle, anterior manubrium & body of sternum, cartilaginous attachments of upper 6 ribs, external abdominal oblique aponeurosis I: lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus (crest of the greater tubercle) A: adduction of arm (at shoulder joint) medial rotation of arm flexion of arm (clavicular portion) horizontal adduction of arm N: medial & lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1) Brachialis O: anterior distal 1/2 of humerus I: ulnar tuberosity; coronoid process of ulna A: elbow flexion (prime mover) N: musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7) Coracobrachialis O: coracoid process of scapula I: medial shaft of humerus (middle 1/3) A: flexion & adduction of arm N: musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7) Pronator Teres O: humeral head: medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna I: lateral radius at middle of shaft (pronator tuberosity) A: pronation of forearm; flexion of elbow (weak action) N: median nerve (C6, C7) Pronator Quadratus O: anterior distal ulna (distal 1/4) I: anterior distal radius (distal 1/4) A: pronation of forearm N: median nerve (C7, C8) Supinator O: lateral epicondyle of humerus & supinator crest of ulna I: proximal 1/3 of radius A: supination of forearm (at proximal radioulnar joint) N: radial nerve (C6, C7) Piriformis O: anterior sacrum (occasionally sacrotuberous ligament) I: greater trochanter (superiomedial surface) A: lateral rotation of thigh (at hip joint); abduction of flexed thigh N: nerve to piriformis (L5, S1, S2) Superior Gemellus O: ischial spine I: greater trochanter (medial surface) A: lateral rotation of femur; abduction of thigh when hip is flexed N: nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2) Obturator internus O: internal aspect of obturator foramen & obturator membrane I: greater trochanter (medial aspect) A: lateral rotation of femur; abduction of thigh when hip is flexed N: nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2) Inferior Gemellus O: ischial tuberosity (superior aspect) I: greater trochanter (medial surface & intertrochanteric crest) A: lateral rotation of femur; abduction of thigh when hip is flexed N: nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1) Quadratus Femoris O: ischial tuberosity (lateral aspect) I: intertrochanteric crest of femur A: lateral rotation of thigh (at hip joint); adduction of thigh (weak) N: nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1) Anconeus O: lateral epicondyle of humerus I: posterior ulna (lateral olecranon extending to lateral part of ulna) A: extension of forearm at elbow; supports elbow when in full extension N: radial nerve (C6, C7, C8) Vastus Intermedius O: anterior lateral surface of femur I: tibial tuberosity (via common quadriceps tendon & patellar ligament) A: extension of leg (at knee joint) N: femoral nerve (L2 ,L3, L4) Adductor Longus O: anterior surface of pubis (just inferior to pubic tubercle) I: medial lip of linea aspera (middle 1/3 of femur) A: adduction & flexion of thigh (at hip joint); lateral rotation thigh N: obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) Sartorius O: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) I: proximal anteromedial tibia (pes anserine) A: flexion, abduction & lateral rotation of thigh (at hip joint); flexion of leg (at knee joint); anterior pelvic tilt N: femoral nerve (L2, L3) Semitendinosis O: ischial tuberosity I: proximal anteromedial tibia (pes anserine) A: flexion of leg (at knee joint); extension of thigh (at hip joint); medial rotation of tibia (with knee flexed) N: sciatic nerve, tibial division (L5, S1, S2) Gluteus Minimus O: outer ilium (between anterior & inferior gluteal lines) I: greater trochanter (anterior surface) A: abduction of thigh (at hip joint); medial rotation & flexion of thigh (anterior fibers); lateral rotation & extension (posterior fibers); stabilizes pelvis & prevents free limb from dropping during gait N: superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) Fibularis Longus- (Peroneals) O: head & proximal lateral shaft of fibula I: medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal (plantar surfaces) A: eversion of foot; plantar flexion of foot N: superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve (L5, S1) Fibularis brevis- (Peroneals) O: distal lateral 1/2 of fibula I: base of 5th metatarsal (lateral aspect) A: eversion of foot; plantar flexion of foot N: superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve (L5, S1) Longus Coli O: lower anterior vertebral bodies & TP of C3-T3 I: anterior vertebral bodies & TP C1-C6 A: flexion & lateral flexion of neck; rotation of neck N: cervical spinal nerves (ventral rami C2-C6) Splenius Capitis O: nuchal ligament (lower portion); SPs of C3-T4 I: mastoid process of temporal bone, occipital bone (superior nuchal line) A: bilateral contraction: extension of head & neck; unilateral contraction: rotation & lateral flexion of head & neck to ipsilateral side N: cervical spinal nerves (dorsal rami) Splenius Cervicis O: SPs of T3-T6 I: TP of C1-C3 (posterior tubercles) A: bilateral contraction: extension of head & neck; unilateral contraction: rotation & lateral flexion of head & neck to ipsilateral side N: cervical spinal nerve (dorsal rami) Semispinalis O: thoracis: TPs of T6-T10 cervicis: TPs of T1-T5 capitis: TPs of C7-T6 & articular process of C4-C6 I: thoracis: SPs of C6-T4 cervicis: SPs of C2-C5 capitis: occipital bone (between superior & inferior nuchal lines) A: bilateral: extension of head & neck; controls lateral flexion to side opposite contraction (eccentric for stability); maintains head posture N: spinal nerve (dorsal rami) Suboccipitals- Oblique Capitis inferior O: SP of axis (C2) I: TP of atlas (C1) A: rotation of head to ipsilateral side N: suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami C1) Suboccipitals- Oblique Capitis Superior O: TP of atlas (C1) I: between superior & inferior nuchal line of occiput A: bilateral: extension of head; unilateral: lateral flexion of head to ipsilateral side N: suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami C1) Deltoid O: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus A: abduction of arm; flexion & medial rotation (anterior part); extension & lateral rotation (posterior part) N: axillary nerve (C5, C6) Serratus Anterior O: ribs 1- 9 (outer surface) I: costal surface of medial border of scapula A: protract (abducts) scapula; upward rotation of scapula; stabilizes scapula N: long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7) Subclavius O: 1st rib (junction of costocartilage) I: middle 1/3 of clavicle (inferior surface) A: assists in stabilization of clavicle depression of clavicle elevation of 1st rib N: nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)