MSE Finals PDF

Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 1. Corrosion Destructive electrochemical attack on metals. 2. Oxidation Loss of electrons from a metal atom. 3. Reduction Gain of electro...

Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 1. Corrosion Destructive electrochemical attack on metals. 2. Oxidation Loss of electrons from a metal atom. 3. Reduction Gain of electrons by a species. 4. Galvanic Couple Two metals connected in electrolyte causing corro- sion. 5. Standard Half-Cell Reference electrode for comparing metal half-cells. 6. Standard Hydrogen Reference electrode using hydrogen gas at 1 atm. Electrode 7. Electrode Potential Voltage indicating tendency to oxidize or reduce. 8. Electrochemical Processes governing oxidation and reduction reac- Mechanism tions. 9. Corrosion Prevention Strategies to mitigate material degradation. 10. Metal Oxidation Rate Speed at which metals corrode in environments. 11. Corrosion Penetration Rate of material loss due to corrosion, mpy or Rate (CPR) mm/yr. 12. Nernst Equation Calculates cell potential considering concentration and temperature. 13. EMF Series Ranks metals by their electromotive force. 14. Galvanic Series Ranks metals by reactivity in seawater. 15. Current Density Current per unit area affecting corrosion rate. 16. Overvoltage (·) Displacement of electrode potential from equilibri- um. 17. Spontaneity of Reac- Reaction occurs if overall potential difference is pos- tion itive. 1 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 18. Active Polarization High Hz concentration near electrode, no diffusion limit. 19. Destructive Attack Unintentional damage to metals, often electrochem- ical. 20. Corrosion Rates Measure of how quickly materials degrade. 21. Electrodeposition Process where metal ions are reduced and deposit- ed. 22. Half-Cell Potentials Indicate equilibrium conditions, not actual corrosion rates. 23. Reactivity Tendency of metals to undergo oxidation. 24. Weight Loss Material loss measured over time due to corrosion. 25. Density Mass per unit volume of a material. 26. Surface Area Exposed area of a material affecting corrosion. 27. Electrochemical Re- Reactions involving transfer of electrons. actions 28. Faraday Constant 96,500 C/mol, relates charge to moles of electrons. 29. Concentration Polar- Diffusion of Hz ions limits the reaction rate. ization 30. Passivity Metals become inert due to protective oxide film. 31. Uniform Corrosion Electrochemical corrosion occurs uniformly on sur- faces. 32. Galvanic Corrosion Corrosion occurs between electrically coupled dis- similar metals. 33. Pitting Corrosion Localized corrosion forms small pits or holes. 2 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 34. Crevice Corrosion Corrosion in stagnant areas with lower ion concen- tration. 35. Intergranular Corro- Corrosion along grain boundaries of alloys. sion 36. Selective Leaching One element preferentially removed from solid solu- tion alloys. 37. Erosion-Corrosion Corrosion from chemical attack and mechanical abrasion. 38. Stress Corrosion Cracking due to tensile stress and corrosive envi- Cracking ronment. 39. Hydrogen Embrittle- Reduction in ductility from atomic hydrogen penetra- ment tion. 40. Cathodic Protection Prevention technique converting metal into a cath- ode. 41. Galvanic Protection Uses sacrificial anode to protect metal. 42. Impressed Current External DC source supplies electrons for protec- tion. 43. Pilling-Bedworth Ra- Determines protective nature of oxide film. tio 44. P-B Ratio < 1 Porous oxide film, unprotective. 45. P-B Ratio = 1 Stable and protective oxide film. 46. P-B Ratio > 1 Dense and protective oxide film. 47. Corrosion of Ceramic Ceramics resist corrosion due to stable structure. Materials 48. Ozone-induced Chain Ozone reacts with double bonds, causing degrada- Scission tion. 3 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 49. Weathering Degradation of materials due to outdoor exposure. 50. Thermal Degradation Molecular chain scission at elevated temperatures. 51. Water Absorption Polymer resilience against decomposition influ- enced by bonds. 52. Thermal Stability Resistance to degradation from thermal effects. 53. Environmental Effects Factors influencing corrosion rates include temper- ature. 54. Fluid Velocity Increased velocity typically raises corrosion rates. 55. Corrosive Concentra- Higher concentration can increase or decrease cor- tion rosion. 56. Ferrous Metals Metals containing iron, prone to corrosion. 57. Non-Ferrous Metals Metals without iron, resistant to rust. 58. Electromotive Force Voltage measure indicating oxidation tendencies. (EMF) 59. Low-Carbon Steel Contains less than 0.25 wt.% carbon. 60. Medium-Carbon Steel Contains 0.25-0.60 wt.% carbon. 61. High-Carbon Steel Contains 0.60-1.4 wt.% carbon, very strong. 62. High-Strength Stronger than low-carbon steels, more corrosion-re- Low-Alloy Steel sistant. 63. Tool Steels High-carbon alloys for cutting and shaping materi- als. 64. Stainless Steels Corrosion-resistant, with at least 11 wt.% chromium. 65. Heating Treatment Process to enhance metal properties through heat. 66. 4 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 Mechanical Proper- Characteristics like strength, ductility, and tough- ties ness. 67. Deteriorative Process Degradation of materials due to environmental fac- tors. 68. Carbon Concentra- Influences mechanical properties of steel. tion 69. Voltage Measurement Indicates driving force for electrochemical reactions. 70. Malleability Ability to be shaped without breaking. 71. Fusibility Ability to be melted and shaped. 72. Environmental Impact Effects of surroundings on material integrity. 73. Preventive Measures Strategies to mitigate material degradation. 74. Mechanical Strength Resistance to deformation under applied forces. 75. Corrosion Resistance Enhanced by nickel and molybdenum additions. 76. Martensitic Stainless Heat treatable with martensite as prime microcon- Steels stituent. 77. Ferritic Stainless Composed of ±- ferrite (BCC) phase, magnetic. Steels 78. Austenitic Stainless Non-magnetic, high corrosion resistance, widely Steels produced. 79. Cathodic Metals Less reactive, include noble metals like gold. 80. Anodic Metals More reactive, include base metals like zinc. 81. Gray Iron Weak and brittle in tension, strong in compression. 82. Ductile Iron Nodular graphite improves strength and ductility. 83. White Iron Hard, brittle; carbon exists as cementite. 5 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 84. Malleable Iron Decomposes cementite, forms graphite clusters. 85. Compacted Graphite Graphite has worm-like shape, enhanced proper- Iron ties. 86. Corrosion Rate For- CPR = W/(Á AtK), units in mpy or mm/yr. mula 87. Beryllium Coppers Heat-treatable, high strength, used in aerospace. 88. Brasses Copper-zinc alloys, commonly used in applications. 89. Bronzes Copper with tin, aluminum, or nickel. 90. Overvoltage Measured in volts, affects reaction rates. 91. Aluminum Alloys Used in aircraft parts and automotive components. 92. Ductility Ability to be easily formed, like aluminum foil. 93. Melting Temperature Aluminum's melting point is 660°C. 94. Principal Alloying Ele- Includes copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, ments zinc. 95. Cast Alloys Aluminum alloys formed by pouring into molds. 96. Wrought Alloys Aluminum alloys shaped by mechanical processes. 97. Magnesium Alloys Lightweight, used in aerospace and missile applica- tions. 98. Corrosion Process One element removed, impairing mechanical prop- erties. 99. Titanium Properties Low density (4.5 g/cm³), high melting point (1668°C). 100. Tensile Strength Titanium alloys can reach 1400 MPa at room tem- perature. 6 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 101. Refractory Metals Withstand high temperatures (2468°C to 3410°C). 102. Noble Metals Expensive metals with oxidation resistance proper- ties. 103. Ceramics Compounds resistant to corrosion, stable structure. 104. Chain Scission Molecular chains severed by ozone, causing degra- dation. 105. Lead and Tin Alloys Mechanically weak, low melting points, corro- sion-resistant. 106. Unalloyed Zinc Soft, low melting temperature, corrosion-suscepti- ble. 107. Zirconium Alloys Excellent mechanical properties, corrosion-resis- tant. 108. Oxide Film Protective layer formed during oxidation processes. 109. Corrosion Mecha- Involve chemical dissolution, different from metals. nisms 110. Mechanical Abrasion Erodes protective films, exposing bare metal. 111. Chemical Agents Oxygen and ozone accelerate rubber degradation. 112. Forming Operations Processes changing metal shape through plastic deformation. 113. Forging Mechanically deforming hot metal with blows or squeezing. 114. Closed Die Forging Force applied to die halves for metal deformation. 115. Open Die Forging Uses simple dies for large workpieces. 116. Rolling Metal passage between rolls reduces thickness. 7 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 117. Cold Rolling Produces high-quality sheet and foil surfaces. 118. Extrusion Forcing metal through a die to shape it. 119. Drawing Pulling metal through a tapered die to elongate. 120. Casting Pouring molten metal into a mold to solidify. 121. Sand Casting Common method using sand molds for casting. 122. Die Casting Forcing liquid metal into molds under pressure. 123. Lost Foam Casting Vaporizes foam pattern to create a mold. 124. Continuous Casting Solidifying molten metal into large ingots continu- ously. 125. Powder Metallurgy Compacting metal powder and heat treating it. 126. Welding Joining metals through metallurgical bonding. 127. Heat Treatment Process to enhance material properties and strength. 128. Annealing Heating and slowly cooling to relieve stresses. 129. Normalizing Refines grains, heating above critical temperature. 130. Hardening Heating and rapid cooling to increase hardness. 131. Ageing Enhancing yield strength through particle distribu- tion. 132. Stress Relieving Reduces internal stresses in metal components. 133. Tempering Heating quenched steel to reduce brittleness. 134. Case Hardening Surface hardening to improve wear resistance. 135. Carburizing Increasing carbon content on steel surface. 8 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 136. Cyaniding Hardening low carbon steel in cyanide bath. 137. Nitriding Diffusing nitrogen into steel surface at high temper- atures. 138. Traditional Ceramics Includes pottery, one of the oldest technologies. 139. Earthenware Low-fired pottery, porous and coarse. 140. Stoneware High-fired pottery, non-porous and durable. 141. Porcelain Fine china made from kaolin and minerals. 142. Polarization Change in potential due to current flow. 143. Sintering Firing ceramic components to fuse them together. 144. Advanced Ceramics Ceramics based on oxides or non-oxides. 145. Vitrification Process of turning materials into glass-like state. 146. Glaze Finely ground glass coating on ceramics. 147. Cement Systems Materials used in construction, can be ceram- ic-based. 148. Electromotive Force Voltage generated by a galvanic cell. (emf) 149. Half-Cell Electrode in electrochemical cell contributing to re- actions. 150. Standard Electrode Measure of voltage for half-reactions in cells. Potentials 151. Bioceramics Materials like alumina and zirconia for medical im- plants. 152. Ceramic Bonding Interactions between atoms in ceramic materials. 153. Occurs when cell potential (”V) is positive. 9 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 Spontaneous Reac- tion 154. Covalent Bonding Sharing of electron pairs between nonmetals. 155. Ionic Bonding Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. 156. Metallic Bonds Bonding with free-moving electrons in metals. 157. Ionic Crystals Close-packed structure of anions with cations. 158. Cations Positively charged metallic ions. 159. Anions Negatively charged nonmetallic ions. 160. Half-cell Potentials Equilibrium conditions for corrosion analysis. 161. Corrosion Rate (CPR) Rate of material loss due to corrosion. 162. Weight Loss Formula W = Á ×A × K × t. 163. Coordination Number Number of surrounding atoms or ions. 164. Protective Oxide Film Thin layer that reduces metal reactivity. 165. Electrochemical Cor- Corrosion from ion concentration differences. rosion 166. Grain Boundary Cor- Corrosion along the boundaries of grains. rosion 167. Sensitization Heating stainless steels causing corrosion suscep- tibility. 168. Diffusion Limitation Mass transport limits reaction rates. 169. Activation Energy Energy needed to initiate a reaction. Barrier 170. Chemical Attack Corrosion due to chemical reactions with materials. 10 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 171. Transgranular Cracks Cracks that pass through the grains. 172. Intergranular Frac- Fractures occurring along grain boundaries. tures 173. Corrosion Prevention Supplies electrons to convert metal into cathode. Technique 174. Generalized Reaction Oxidation rate influenced by oxide and metal vol- umes. 175. Pilling-Bedworth Determines protective nature of oxide film. (P-B) Ratio 176. Ionic Character Percentage of ionic bonding in materials. 177. Microstructure Influ- Ceramics' properties depend on their microstruc- ence ture. 178. Polycrystalline Ce- Made of multiple crystal grains. ramics 179. Monocrystalline Ce- Consist of a single three-dimensional crystal. ramics 180. Ceramic Fabrication Processes to create ceramic materials. 181. Glass Forming Heating raw materials to produce glass. 182. Hydroplastic Forming Extrusion technique for ceramic mass shaping. 183. Slip Casting Clay mixture poured into porous mold. 184. Drying and Firing Processes to strengthen unfired ceramic pieces. 185. Powder Pressing Compaction of powders into geometric forms. 186. Tape Casting Process for creating advanced ceramic substrates. 187. Types of Polarization Two categories affecting electrochemical reactions. 11 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 188. Material Degradation Interactions impairing material properties over time. 189. Natural Polymers Biological materials like proteins and cellulose. 190. Synthetic Polymers Man-made materials with superior properties. 191. Hydrocarbon Mole- Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon atoms. cules 192. Unsaturated Hydro- Molecules with double/triple bonds allowing addi- carbons tional attachments. 193. Saturated Hydrocar- Molecules with only single bonds, no new attach- bons ments possible. 194. Anode Electrode where oxidation occurs, metal loses elec- trons. 195. Cathode Electrode where reduction occurs, metal gains elec- trons. 196. Electrochemical Po- Voltage indicating driving force for electrochemical tential reactions. 197. Monomer Small molecule that forms a polymer chain. 198. Repeat Unit Structural entity repeated in a polymer chain. 199. Homopolymer Polymer made from identical repeating units. 200. Copolymers Polymers composed of two or more different units. 201. Bifunctional Monomer with two active bonds for polymerization. Monomer 202. Trifunctional Monomer with three active bonds forming networks. Monomer 203. Molecular Weight Average mass of polymer chains, affects properties. 12 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 204. Molecular Mass Mass of a molecule, often used interchangeably. 205. Activation Energy Energy barrier limiting the slowest reaction step. 206. Corrosion Prevention Techniques like coatings and inhibitors to reduce Strategies corrosion. 207. Molecular Shape Arrangement of atoms in a molecule affecting prop- erties. 208. Chain Length Distrib- Variation in lengths of polymer chains during syn- ution thesis. 209. Electrochemical Re- Reaction involving transfer of electrons between action species. 210. Hz ions Protons essential for electrochemical reactions at electrodes. 211. Depletion zone Region near electrode with reduced Hz ion concen- tration. 212. Corrosion rates Influenced by fluid velocity, temperature, and con- centration. 213. Stereoisomerism Same atom order, different spatial arrangement. 214. Isotactic configura- Zigzag pattern of carbon chain atoms. tion 215. Vulcanization Crosslinking process in rubber to enhance elasticity. 216. Thermoplastic Poly- Polymers that can be remolded upon heating. mer 217. Thermosetting Poly- Polymers that cannot be remolded after curing. mer 218. Oxide film Thin layer protecting metals from further corrosion. 219. Sacrificial Anode More reactive metal protecting less reactive metal. 13 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 220. Hydrogen embrittle- Reduction in ductility from hydrogen penetration. ment 221. Crosslinked Polymers Polymers with chains joined by covalent bonds. 222. Branched Polymers Polymers with side chains attached to main chain. 223. Linear Polymers Polymers with straight chain structures. 224. Mechanical properties Characteristics like strength and ductility of materi- als. 225. Ozone (Oƒ) Accelerates degradation of vulcanized rubbers. 226. Thermoplastics Soft materials shaped by heat and pressure. 227. Examples of Thermo- Polyethylene, polystyrene, PET, PVC. plastics 228. Thermosets Materials with strong covalent crosslinks preventing softening. 229. Examples of Ther- Vulcanized rubbers, epoxies, phenolics, polyester mosets resins. 230. Random Copolymer Two units randomly dispersed in the chain. 231. Alternating Copoly- Two units alternate positions in the chain. mer 232. Block Copolymer Identical units clustered in blocks along the chain. 233. Graft Copolymer Homopolymer branches grafted onto different main chains. 234. Polymer Crystallinity Ordered packing of molecular chains in polymers. 235. Semicrystalline Poly- Contain crystalline regions interspersed with amor- mers phous regions. 14 / 15  Materials Science and Engineering Finals Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5pa86 236. Lamellae Thin platelets formed by polymer single crystals. 237. Spherulites Polymer structures equivalent to grains in metals. 238. Stress-Strain Behav- Classifies polymers as brittle, plastic, or elastic. ior 239. Viscoelastic Deforma- Intermediate behavior between elastic and viscous tion materials. 240. Relaxation Modulus Time-dependent modulus of elasticity in polymers. 241. Fracture Strength Low relative strength compared to metals and ce- ramics. 242. Crazing Localized deformation regions leading to increased ductility. 243. Elastic Deformation Molecules elongate in stress direction in semicrys- talline polymers. 244. Crystallization Transformation of liquid phase into ordered struc- tures. 245. Melting Solid polymer transforms into a viscous liquid. 246. Polymer Types Includes plastics like polyethylene and polypropy- lene. 247. Polymerization Synthesis of polymers via addition or condensation. 15 / 15