MIL First QRT Reviewer - Nature of Communication PDF

MIL FIRST QRT REVIEWER 2. Interpersonal = communication between people. Lesson 1: Nature of Communication 3. Small Group = communication that...

MIL FIRST QRT REVIEWER 2. Interpersonal = communication between people. Lesson 1: Nature of Communication 3. Small Group = communication that involves 3 or more people. What is Communication? 4. Public = occurs in a large context - Is a process of transferring or exchange usually with one person speaking. of information through a common 5. Mass = reaches many people in system. different times and places. According to Harold Laswell (1948) an easy way Mass Communication to describe communication is to answer the Media following: - Channels of communication. a) Who? - Can target small, larger, or diverse b) Says What? audiences. c) In which channel? d) To whom? Mass Media Elements of Communication - Designed to reach a large audience. - Major online platforms. 1. Sender - encoder 2. Message A. Sender 3. Channel - Economic entities. 4. Receiver - decoder - Manned by professionals. 5. Feedback - Work within legal and governmental 6. Noise - interference during frameworks of regulation. communication. - Facilitate the transmission of certain Decoding - analyzing and interpreting. messages embodying certain world Encoding - inputting. views. Purpose of Communication B. Messages - Differ from medium to medium. 1. To inform. - Are not simple reflections of the world. 2. To persuade. - -Are not often aimed at target audiences. 3. To entertain. - Are often rich and open to interpretation. Problems in Communication - Are subject to political, cultural, and legal constraints. 1. Sender may frame the message confusingly. C. Receivers 2. Inappropriate choice of medium. - Are commodities sold to advertising 3. Interference. agencies. 4. Overload. - Have demographic characteristics. 5. Receiver may not be able to understand - Are active consumers. the message. - Make meaning of messages according to Levels of Communication preexisting values, attitudes, and experiences. 1. Intrapersonal = communication within - Often relate to what they see, hear, or oneself. watch.  D. Social Context Several Types of Media - Its own models of media operation and 1. Print Media = any media that is printed. regulation. - Diverse national traditions, languages, 2. Broadcast Media = television and radio. and audiences. 3. Digital Media = AKA New Media. Mobile E. Feedback phones and internet. - Can be one way or two ways, depending 4. Entertainment Media = video games on the media that is being utilized. and videos. Criticisms About Mass Media What is Literacy? 1. Promotes shallow values. - The basic skills of reading, (w)riting, and 2. Often misinform people. (a)rithmetic. 3. Encourage people to consume so much What is Functional Literacy? that the environment is threatened. 4. People are being bombarded by too - The abilities to read, write, and perform much information. arithmetic computations to carry out practical activities and tasks. Disinformation - deceiving information. Misinformation - false information. What is Media Literacy? - The knowledge, skills, and values that Lesson 2: Media Literacy enables a person to critically understand What is Media? media and actively participate in it. - Instrument, means, substance or Seven Fundamental Elements of Media institution. Literacy by Silverblatt - Information carried. 1. Awareness of the impact of Media. Categories of Media 2. Understanding of the process of mass communication. A. Presentational Media 3. Strategies for analyzing and discussing - Communicator media messages. - Real time and in person 4. Understanding of media content as a text - Uses voice, body, and face. that provides insight to our culture. B. Representational Media 5. Ability to enjoy, understand, and - Recordings of presentational media. appreciate media content. - The work of communication. 6. Understanding ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners. C. Mechanical Media 7. Development of appropriate and effective - Uses technology to help present or production skills. represent information such as the internet. Questions to Ponder in Media Technology Literacy - Who created the Media? - Responsibly use appropriate technology - What propaganda was used to attract my to communicate, solve problems, access, attention? manage, integrate, and create - How will other people understand this information. message differently from me? Technologically Literate Exhibits - Are there any realities hidden from this message? 1. Creativity and innovation. Characteristics of a Media Literate Person 2. Communication and collaboration. 3. Research and information fluency. 1. Well, informed about media coverage 4. Critical thinking, problem solving, and issues. decision making. 2. Aware of daily contact with the Media 5. Digital citizenship. and their influence on lifestyles, 6. Technology operations and concepts. attitudes, and values. 3. Effectively interprets media. Factors to Become a Media Information 4. Develops sensitivity to media content Literate trends as a means of learning about A. Clarifying goals and motivations for culture. seeking information. 5. Remains abreast of ownership, B. Acquiring more skills in discerning, financially, and regulatory issues that appreciating, and filtering information. have an impact on media industries. Lesson 4: Evolution of Media 6. Considers the role of the media in decision making. A. Pre-Historic Information Age - Only those at the top had practical Lesson 3: Media, Information, and access. Technology Literacy Cave Paintings Information Literacy - Chauvet Cave in Southern France. - Careful retrieval and selection of - Earliest evidence of prehistoric media. information. - Based on speculations rather than interpretations. Elements of Information Papyrus 1. Define information needs. 2. Locate information. - Egypt, Nile River 3. Assess information. - Epigraphy = study of inscriptions or 4. Organize the information. writing. 5. Make ethical use of information. - Hieroglyphs → Proto Sinaitic Script → 6. Communicate information. Papyrus 7. Use ICT skills for processing Clay Tablets information. - Mesopotamia - The material used for writing. - Cuneiform Script was the writing system - Most important recorded clay tablet is the - Faster dissemination of communication. Hammurabi's Legal Code with a total of - Most common messages sent was 282 laws. "SOS". - Preserved by leaving it under the sun or - First message sent was "Wat Hath God air. Wrought" Acta Diurna Telephone - Rome - Alexander Graham Bell - World's first newspaper. - Communication using voice. - Julius Caesar initiated the Acta Diurna. Printing Press Dibao - Gutenberg Printing Press was invented - Also known as "palace reports" or by Johannes Gutenberg. "imperial bulletins". - For mass production of books. - China C. Electronic Age Codex - Invention of transistor. - East Asia, such as China and Japan. - Long distance communication became - To make or duplicate patterns. more efficient. Television B. Pre-Industrial Period - Focuses on mass production, - Invented by Philo Farnsworth. broadcasting, rise of nation state, power, Mainframe Computer medicine, and running water. - Utilized by companies and military to London Gazette transmit more data. - Oldest surviving newspaper in English. OHP and LCD Projectors - Original name is Oxford Gazette. - Published during the Great Plague on D. Information Age London. - 1900's to present. - Instant and faster communication. First Typewriter - Creation of social networks. - Sholes and Glidden Typewriter - The development of the Global Satellite - Samuel Soule, Carlos Glidden, and transmission and broadcasting in some Christopher Latham Sholes. ways realized the dream of Marshall - Similar layout to modern keyboards. McLuhan. - Women were mostly "Typists". - Superhighways of information = Global - All keys in the typewriter are all capital Intelligent Community. letters. Lesson 5: Roles and Functions of Commercial Motion Picture Media to Democracy - Films that are short and has no audio. Media in Democracy Telegraph - Derived from the Greek word - Utilization of Morse Code. “Demokratia” which was coined from - Intended to reach long distances. Demos (people) and Kratos (rule). - Invented by Samuel Morse. - Means rule by the people.  - media satisfies the requirements of 9. An essential factor of the democratic democracy process and one of the guarantors of free - provides citizens with sufficient basis and fair elections. for assessing public affairs thus to form 10. An advocate and social actor in its own opinions. right while respecting pluralistic values. Fundamental Principles Traditional Media's Limitations Paves the 1. Sovereignty of the People - power is in Way for New Media the hands of the people 2. Free Exchange of Ideas - New Media especially the internet failed to realize democratic transformation. Decisions made by the people in the voting booths are based on the information made Media Scholars and Commentators Argue available to them. That information is provided That: primarily by the news media (Altschull, 1994). - Glut of information limits effective use. - Cacophony of voices impedes serious Two-Fold Functions of Media discussion. - inform the citizenry - Many encounter difficulties in using - act as a "watch dog" and critically the internet. evaluate information. - New media tend to be used mainly by the small minority that is already politically How Media Can Be Seen as a Platform for interested and involved. Democratic Debate - It has been turned as 1. Channel of information to educate another propaganda machine by political citizens. organizations. 2. Disseminator of stories ideas and information. Lesson 6: Introduction of Information 3. Corrective to the "natural asymmetry of Literacy information” (Islam 2002, 1) between Information Needs governors and competing private agents. - Need of Information. 4. Facilitator of informed debate between - Uses gratification theory - Blumler and diverse social actors, encouraging the Katz. resolution of dispute by democratic means. Five Categories of Needs by Katz, Gurevitch, 5. A means by which a community learns Haas (1977) about itself and builds a sense of 1. Cognitive Needs - acquiring community, and which shapes the information, knowledge, and understanding of values, customs, and understanding. traditions. 2. Affective Needs - media is used as 6. A vehicle for cultural expression substitute for real emotional and and cultural cohesion within and between interpersonal interaction. nations. 3. Personal Needs or Personal 7. A watchdog of government in all its forms Identity Needs - learns behavior and to promote transparency. values in media. 8. A tool to enhance economic efficiency.  4. Social Integrative Needs - Lesson 7: Typology of Information Interacting with family and friends. 5. Diversion or Entertainment Needs - Factual Vs Analytical media is used to get away from - Factual = is based on evidence and deals with facts. everyday problems. - Analytical = is the interpretation of factual information. Information Literacy - Identify, evaluate, and use information in the most ethical and efficient Subjective Vs Objective way (Wilson et al 2011 p139). Recognize - Subjective = is from one point of view information needs. only. - Objective = is unbiased information from Seven Pillars of Information Literacy multiple viewpoints. A. IDENTIFY Current Vs Historical - Ability of a person to identify personal or - Current = is most up to date information professional need of Information. - Historical = is helpful in providing insights and comparison of events that B. SCOPE provides a global perspective for a topic. - Evaluate knowledge and detect breaches in terms of information Scholarly Is Popular - Scholarly is written by experts, written C. PLAN for experts, containing in depth analysis - Ability of a person to construct strategies of a topic. in locating information and data is - Popular is written by publication's staff developed. writers, written for a general audience, containing a review of an event or D. GATHER research project. - Ability to locate and access data or - Scholarly uses technical language and information that they need is developed. includes a list of sources. The person who can gather information - Popular is understandable by a lay understands that information and data person that rarely includes sources. either from digital or printed resources are organized. Stable Vs Unstable - Has it been around for a long time? E. EVALUATE - Is it routinely updated? - Ability to review the research process - Are print versions of an online document and to compare and evaluate the available? gathered information and data. Types of Information F. MANAGE - Ability to organize information 1. Primary Information professionally and ethically is elaborated. - original firsthand information. Credits and academic integrity. - has not been interpreted. - information may need to be constructed G. PRESENT with raw data. - Ability to apply the knowledge gained, to - published or unpublished. present the results of a research, to synthesize new and old information and 2. Secondary Information data to create new knowledge and to - may interpret summarize primary source. disseminate information and data in a - written by someone other than the variety of ways. original author.  3. Tertiary Information Prohibition of discrimination on the basis - includes both primary and secondary. of race, ethnicity, religion, and other - last to be published. characteristics. - provide access to materials on specific Respect for privacy topics. Prohibition of bribes and other benefits The need to respect universal values and Lesson 8: Ethical Use of Information the diversity of cultures The need to promote human rights, Information is a two-edged sword. peace, social progress, and democracy To underscore that information and the media are meant to promote the D. Ethics in Advertisement individual’s and society’s welfare, ethical Advertisements should NOT: principles govern the ownership, access, Undermine the public’s regard for use, reproduction, and storage of government, law, and duly constituted information. authority. Exploit or tend to promote physical, A. These ethical principles are embodied verbal, or psychological violence or the in documents such as: use of deadly weapons. Code of Ethics of the Press Disparage, ridicule, or attack any natural Guidelines for journalists and information person or groups of persons especially professionals on the basis of gender, social or Principle of journalism ethics in news economic class, religion, and race or gathering and processing nationality. Code of ethics of information Should not depict the actual act of professionals such as librarians and drinking alcohol beverages or smoking archivists tobacco products. Code of ethics of communication professionals such as advertisers and public relations practitioners Lesson 9: Types of Media Principles of intellectual property rights Media B. Ethics in Journalism freedom of the - It is the platform in which an information press and speech includes: can be publicized through different forms. free access to all sources of information the right to investigate stories that are of Three Major Types of Media interest to the public the right to protect the identity and 1. Print Media confidentiality of one’s sources - traditional form of media. the right to publish stories without fear of - paper based, published in old fashion punishment way. Freedoms are certainly NOT - Ex: books, newsletter, newspaper, ABSOLUTE. magazines, journal, brochure. C. The principles most frequently found 2. Broadcast Media in these codes are: - most used medium for entertainment and Truthfulness of information leisure. Clarity of information - most expedient medium to transfer and Defense of the public’s rights transmit information to a wide audience Responsibility in forming public opinion - Ex: Radio, Television, Film (Silent Standards of gathering and presenting Film). information Respecting the integrity of sources Radio was inspired by the telegraph. B. Library Sources Telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse, - From Latin word "Liber" means "book" Charles Wheatstone, and William Fothergill - In Greek and Roman languages, library Cooke. is termed as "bibliotheca" that is transformed into "bibliothèque". Radio Telegraph = Invented by Guglielmo Marconi. Reaches farther places. - collection of books or group of collections of books organized in such a way there is Transatlantic = reaches long distances from easy access of resources used for America to Europe. leisure, research, and study. Television was invented by Philo Farnsworth. Types Of Libraries It started in Bolinao Pangasinan. First TV station was BEC (Bolinao Electronics Corporation). 1. Academic - uses as source of Judge Antonio Quirino bought BEC and information for researchers and other turned it to DZAQ-TV (First official TV station). academic papers. 2. Public - localized libraries that cater to First Technicolor Film - Walt Disney's small communities, towns, districts, and Flowers & Trees. cities. 3. School - serves the studentry from First Philippine Film - Dalagang Bukid by kindergarten to high school. Jose Nepomuceno during World War II 4. Special - specialized environment that 3. Digital Media/New Media includes a collection pertaining to the - means of communication using digital specific needs of the sector, industry or technologies such as the internet. field. Lesson 10: Media Information C. Internet Sources Sources - most popular information resource form. - preferred choice against traditional A. Indigenous Sources sources such as libraries and other - unique to one's culture or society. media. - these are forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and Criteria In Dealing with Information circulated by indigenous people around the globe as vehicles of communication. a) Authorship b) Type of website Characteristics c) Plagiarism check - They are unique, and they mirror the goodluck on your exams! – anica