UTS Midterms - Understanding The Self PDF

Tab 1 GNED 08 - UNDERSTANDING THE SELF ALERA | MIDTERMS | 1ST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER could not provide him answers to THE SELF FROM VARIOUS questions that interested him. PHILOSOPHICAL PERPSECTIVES...

Tab 1 GNED 08 - UNDERSTANDING THE SELF ALERA | MIDTERMS | 1ST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER could not provide him answers to THE SELF FROM VARIOUS questions that interested him. PHILOSOPHICAL PERPSECTIVES St. Augustine’s View of Human Nature Greeks – chose to seek natural 1. God as the source of all reality and explanations to events and phenomena truth. around him instead of seeking for 2. The sinfulness of man. supernatural explanations from the gods as The role of LOVE what was passed down through the 1. Love of physical objects leads to the sin generations. of greed. SOCRATES 2. Love for other people is not lasting and excessive love for them is the sin of He was the first philosopher who ever jealousy. engage in a systematic questioning 3. Love for the self leads to the sin of pride. about the self. 4. Love for God is the supreme virtue and “THE SOCRATIC METHOD” only through loving God can man find real ○ In using this method, the questioner should be skilled at happiness. detecting misconceptions and at revealing them by asking RENE DESCARTES the right questions. When the Delphi Oracle named Father of Modern Philosophy Socrates the wisest of all men, he Mind and Body Dulaism became confused. He conceived of the human person PLATO as having a body and mind. Socrates did not write anything but INTUITION DEDUCTION Plato wrote more than twenty dialogues with Socrates as The ability to The power to discover protagonist in most of them. apprehend the what is known by THREE COMPONENTS OF THE SOUL direction of certain progressing in an 1. REASON truths. orderly way from what Rational and is the motivation for is already known. goodness and truth. 2. SPIRITED He thought that the only thing that Non -rational and is the will or the one cannot doubt is the existence of drive toward action. “Neutral” the self. 3. APPETITIVE “ Cogito ergo sum”/“I think therefore Irrational and lean towards the I am.” - To doubt is to think. desire for pleasures of the body. The cognitive aspect of human nature is his basis for existence of In his magnum opus, “The self Republic” he emphasized that justice in the human person can only The Mind-Body Problem be attained if the 3 parts of the soul In Descartes’ view, the body is nothing else are working harmoniously with one but a machine that is attached to the mind. another. “Allergory of Cave” what people in the cave see are only shadows of reality which they believe are real things and represents knowledge ST AUGUSTINE Initially rejected Christianity for it seemed to him then that Christianity 1 GNED 08 - UNDERSTANDING THE SELF ALERA | MIDTERMS | 1ST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER JOHN LOCKE To Hume, the mind receives materials Locke believed that knowledge from the senses and calls it ‘perceptions’ results from ideas produced a “posteriori” or by objects that were experienced. IMPRESSION INTUITION Men can only attain Recollections of these SENSATION REFLECTION knowledge by impressions. experiencing Objects are The mind “looks” at the.Immediate experienced objects that were sensations of through senses experienced to external reality. discover relationships These are more that may exists vivid than the ideas between them. it produces. Ideas are not innate but rather the Instead of ‘the soul’; Hume turned it mind at birth is a ‘TABULA RASA’ ‘to self’. He said that man does really (blank state) - The idea that people have an idea of the so-called self are born with a blank mind and that because ideas rely on impressions their experiences shape who they and people have no sense are. impression of a self. THREE LAWS ACCORDING TO LOCKE IMMANUEL KANT LAW OF Where actions that are Contrary to what the empiricists OPINION praiseworthy are called believed; Kant argued that the mind ‘virtues’ and those that is not just a passive receiver of are not are called sense experience but rather actively participating in knowing CIVIL LAW Where right actions are the objects it experiences. enforced by people in Along with the different apparatuses authority. of the mind goes the “self” Without the self, one cannot DIVINE LAW Set by God on the organize the different impressions actions of man. that one gets in relation to his Eternally true and the existence. one law that man It is also the seat of knowledge should always follow. acquisition for all human persons. SIGMUND FREUD malibog DAVID HUME An empiricist who believes that one can only know what comes from the STRUCTURES OF MIND senses and experiences. ID It demands immediate Men can only attain knowledge by “Pleasure satisfaction and is not experiencing. Principle” hindered by societal The school of thought that espouses expectations. the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed or EGO Mediates between the experienced. “Reality impulses of the id and principle” the restraints of the superego. Becomes the 2 GNED 08 - UNDERSTANDING THE SELF ALERA | MIDTERMS | 1ST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER decision-making or executive branch of THE SELF FROM PERSPECTIVE OF personality. SOCIOLOGY SUPEREGO The last structure to SOCIOLOGY “Moralistic develop and is primarily It aims to discover the ways by Principle” dependent on learning which the social surrounding/ the difference between environment influences people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior. right and wrong. Represents the moral GEORGE HERBERT MEAD and ideal aspects of personality. SOCIAL BEHAVIORISM The power of the environment in shaping human behavior. GILBERT RYLE The self cannot be separated from the society. For Ryle, what truly matters is the behavior that a person manifests in Stages which the person undergoes in the course of his day-to-day life. his development: He solved the mind-body dichotomy that has been running for a long time PREPARATORY Children’s behavior is in the history of thought. STAGE primarily based on Ryle suggests that the “self” is imitation not an entity one can locate and analyze but simply the convenient name that people use to refer to Newborn - 3 yrs old all the behaviors that people make. PLAY STAGE Through communication, social PATRICIA AND PAUL CHURCHLAND relationships are formed. Children begin Man’s brain is responsible for the to “role play” and identity known as the self. The pretend to be other biochemical properties of the brain people. according to this philosophy of neuroscience is really responsible 4 - 7 yrs old for man’s thoughts, feelings and behavior. GAME STAGE The child now has the NEUROPHILOSOPY ability to respond not The mind is just the brain just to one but several members of his social MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY environment. Says that mind and body are so 8 - 9 yrs old intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another. He asserted that mind and body STAGES OF SELF FORMATION: bifurcation is a futile endeavor and an invalid problem. One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied experience. One’s body is his opening toward his “The self is not present at birth but existence to the world. begins as a central character in a child’s world.” 3 GNED 08 - UNDERSTANDING THE SELF ALERA | MIDTERMS | 1ST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER George Mead explained that the ERVING GOFFMAN person’s capacity to see through others implies that the self is IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT composed of two parts – the “I” self People early in their social the “Me” self. interactions learned to slant their presentation of themselves in order I SELF ME SELF to create preferred appearances and satisfy particular people. When the person When the person takes DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH initiates or performs the role of the other, In Goffman’s observation of people a social action, the the self functions as an in everyday interactions, he sees self functions as a object. similarities of real social interaction subject. to a theatrical presentation. FACE-WORK (subject to subject) (subject to object) Face -saving measures are resorted to the maintenance of a proper CHARLES COOLEY image of the self in frustrating or embarrassing situations. In his written work, Human Nature and the Social Order, he discussed the formation of the self through THE SELF FROM PERSPECTIVE OF interaction. ANTHROPOLOGY People learn who they are through ANTHROPOLOGY their social interaction with other This field includes man’s people. physical/biological characteristics, his social relationships and the LOOKING-GLASS SELF influences of his culture from the The view of the self is also significantly dawn of civilization up to the influenced by the impression and perception present. of others. A field of the social sciences that focuses on the study of man. The process of developing self has 3 phases: FOUR SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY People imagine how they present themselves to others. ARCHEOLOGY The study of the ancient and recent People imagine how others evaluate them. human past through material remains. People develop some sort of feeling about The study of the ancient and recent themselves as a result of those impressions. human past through Archaeologists’ focus is the past and how it may have contributed to the present ways I am not what I think I am of how people conduct their daily lives.material remains. Archaeologists discovered the most I am not what YOU think I am important aspect of human nature, which is survival. I am what I think YOU think I am BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY The study of the past and present evolution of the human species and is especially concerned with understanding the causes of present human diversity. 4 GNED 08 - UNDERSTANDING THE SELF ALERA | MIDTERMS | 1ST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER LINGUISTICS Culture may manifest itself in people in the following Explores how language shapes ways: communication and how language and modes of communication SYMBOLS Culture may manifest change over time. itself in people in the Studies the role of language in the following wayswords, social lives of individuals and gestures, pictures, or communities objects that may have a Linguistic anthropologists’ interest focuses on using language as a recognized/accepted means to discover a group’s manner meaning in a particular of social interaction and his culture worldview. English is the universal language HEROES persons from the past or present who have CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY characteristics that are important in a culture. The study of human cultures, their beliefs, practices, values, ideas, technologies, economies and other RITUALS activities (may be domains of social and cognitive religious or social) organization. participated in by a Culture is a group of people’s way group of people for the of life. It includes their behaviors, fulfilment of desired beliefs, values and symbols that they objectives and are accept (usually unconsciously) that considered to be are socially transmitted through communication and imitation from socially essential. generation to generation. VALUES considered to be the THEORY OF CULTURAL DETERMINISM core of every culture, A belief that the culture in which we are which involve human raised determines who we are at emotional tendencies/preferences and behavioral levels. towards good or bad, right and wrong. POSITIVE NEGATIVE IMPLICATION IMPLICATION Human beings can People have no control be shaped/formed over what they learn. to have the kind of They blindly accept the life they prefer it learning their cultures further means that exposed them to. there is no limit Human beings are placed on the seen as helpless and human ability to be do only what their or to do whatever culture instructs them they set their minds to do. and hearts into. THEORY OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM The ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s own culture. 5