Canadian Healthcare System Review PDF

MIDTERM REVIEW What type of thinking best describes the CHC system? - Too broad, unable to say it is one singular thing, but systems thinking – an approach that petitions for a more in depth understanding of the connections, interrelationships, interdependencies, and behaviours...

MIDTERM REVIEW What type of thinking best describes the CHC system? - Too broad, unable to say it is one singular thing, but systems thinking – an approach that petitions for a more in depth understanding of the connections, interrelationships, interdependencies, and behaviours among the elements that make up health care processes and systems Why is the aging population a challenge for the CHC system? - As more Canadians retire, there will be higher government spending for pensions, a lower taxation base, and a shortage of workers in all sectors, including health care challenges to providing health care for older Canadians include physicians requiring more time to address multiple problems, the shortage of gerontologists, acute care hospital beds being taken up by patients waiting for long-term placement, and Canadians living longer with multiple health problems Within the British North America Act (1867), what structural power(s) was given to each province? - Each province had its own: representation in government, lawmaking body, and lieutenant governor The federal government was responsible to provide health services to which groups? - Establishment and maintenance of marine hospitals, care of aboriginal populations, and management of quarantine The BNAA determined provinces were responsible for what health services? - Establishing and managing hospitals, asylums, charities, and charitable institutions all other health-care-related responsibilities by default Where is the last surviving marine hospital located? - Douglastown, NB in Miramichi Who is the federal minister of health? - Mark Holland What year was the Canadian Department of Health Created? - 1919 Where was the first medical school in Canada established? - Montreal (it is McGill now) What Act legally banned most indigenous spiritual and health related rituals, ceremonies and practices until the 50s? - Indian act 1876 What volunteer organizations helped to meet Canadians health needs in the 18 th and 19th centuries? - The order of St. John (St. John ambulance now), the Canadian Red Cross Society, Victorian Order of Nurses (VON), and Children’s Aid Society Where was Canada’s first hospital established? In what year? - Quebec City, Hotel du Quebec – 1639 What financial support occurred post WWII to move towards a publicly funded health care system? - Wanted the security and equity of a publicly funded health care system rich could afford proper care; the poor could turn to charities - middle class was caught in between, medical discoveries were advancing healthcare, and a shift to hospital-based care - 1952 National Old Age Security, 1954 expanded to disability In what province was Medicare first introduced? - Saskatchewan Who is known as the father of Medicare? - Tommy Douglas What year did the Canada Health Act become law? - 1984 What is the primary goal of the Canada Health Act? - Primary goal is to provide equal prepaid and accessible healthcare to eligible Canadians Understand the 5 criteria and 2 conditions that make up the CHA? - Public administration, comprehensive coverage, universality, portability, accessibility - Information and recognition What 3 major reports were commissioned on the status of health care in Canada in the early 2000’s? - Mazankowski Report (2001), Kirby Report (2002), and Romanow Report (2002) What are the main objectives & responsibilities of Health Canada? - Responsible for helping Canadians maintain and improve their health it ensures and improve their health, it ensures that high-quality health services are accessible and works to reduce health risks, and works with the provinces and territories by managing funding and ensuring compliance with the CHA The WHO provides leadership in what 4 major areas? - Spearheads global research monitors and assesses health trends, recommends policies and actions regarding population health initiatives, gathers information and statistics on health matters at an international level In each province or territory what department or ministry manages health care? - Ministry or department of health that is assigned to managing care, oversee a variety of sub-divisions, branches, agencies, and programs that assume responsibilities for various matters and types of health care, and work with other service partners in the community - some government-funded, others etc. Does Canada have a national insurance plan? Why? - Do not have one - Universal health care implemented by 13 single player insurances plans each administered and operated by a province or territory – referred to as Medicare, the maintain bulk of responsibility for its delivery What 3 criteria must be met to be eligible for public health insurance? - All criteria must be met for a person to be eligible for provincial or territorial health insurance – Canadian citizenship or permanent resident status; - resident of the province or territory in which he or she is seeking health coverage; - physically resides in that jurisdiction for at least 5 months of the year (varies among jurisdictions – like NFLD) What role does private health insurance play for Canadians? - Approx... 60% of Canadians carry private health insurance, provided either through group employment benefits, or purchased personally  - -insurance offsets the costs of services not covered by provincial and territorial health services – such as vision, dental care, assistive devices, enhanced medical services, private nursing, chiro and physio visits What Is the name of the health care system in Germany? - Bismark According to the Fraser Institute compared to 28 other universal health care countries, Canada ranked where in terms of health care spending (% of GDP) as a share of the economy? - 2nd What country ranked 1st in both health care spending, % of GDP and per capita? - Switzerland What 2 areas did Canada rank last in for access to medical services? - Specialist access within 4 weeks, and surgical care within 4 months What are federal to provincial equalization payments based on? - Federal to provincial transfer of funds to address fiscal inequalities among provinces, provinces with more money than others can provide more public services to their residents; those with less cant provide equivalent services, money comes from federal taxes with no restrictions on how the money is spent, equalization payments are based on the difference b/t its fiscal capacity and the 10- province standard Can provinces and territories use revenue from lotteries to help fund health care? - Yes, possible because lottery revenues are typically managed by provincial or territorial lottery corporations What is the fast-growing expenditure within the Canadian Health Care System? - Hospitals, medications, human resources Are all medically necessary services publicly funded? - Yes Does Canada have both for profit and nonprofit funding for health care services? If so provide one example?  - Yes, physicians can be compensated as fee-for-service or salaried – a mix of private/public, hospitals (primarily private, not-for-profit) and other care facilities are licensed or approved by provincial/territorial governments Health Care is provided by a wide variety of health care providers, what are the 2 main categories that these professionals fall into? - Mainstream/Conventional i.e. nurses, doctors, pharmacists, respiratory therapists, etc., and complementary i.e. dietitian, social workers, etc. & alternative medicine i.e. naturopaths, massage therapists, etc. There is also another category – informed workers i.e. volunteer of community agencies, loved ones What is the main responsibility of HCP? And what are some of their practice settings? - To ensure viability of the health care system & well-being of the patient - Hospitals, residential care facilities, rehab centres, hospices, clinics, community care facilities, homes, and primary care organizations (IRL/virtual) What is interprofessional collaboration? Why is it important? - Concept facilitates improved access to primary care in that patients can capitalize on the expertise of other health care providers based on their individual needs, different professions in the field who collaborate by best evidence to ensure practices are accurate, it is important because it benefits the patients care through different professional perspectives and opinions What is patient-centered care? - Physicians assess a patient needs, from a health care plan, and advise the patient what to do, involves the skills of a variety of health care practitioners to maximize health outcomes for the patient, patients play an active role in healthcare plan, they have the right to refuse treatment and to make decisions based on best option for them What is the overriding mandate for professional regulatory bodies? - Public protection – setting education standards, determining and enforcing scopes of practice How do professional bodies get their authority? - Enter into an agreement with the government of exercise control over and set standards for its members, some are entirely self-regulated while others are under the umbrella of another professional organization What common elements to regulatory bodies share?  - Educational standards, provincial & territorial examinations, practitioners scope of practice, which outlines skills, acts, & services the practitioner Is able to perform competently & safely, curbing of individuals practice if standards are not met, formal complaints process for the public, complaints investigation & follow- up title protection, and competence and quality assurance What is professional accountability? - HCPs are held to a high level of accountability because the personal and sensitive nature of health care demands it, they enter into a moral and ethical contract with patients, peers, and other members of the health care team, they must employ the highest standards of professionalism and ethical behaviours, must work collaboratively with all health care team members, and respect the rights, thoughts, and actions if patients; advocate for them; put aside personal biases; and assist patients in their journey to achieve wellness What are the 6 ethical principles that are the foundation for ethics in health care? - Beneficence & non maleficence, respect, autonomy, fidelity, justice, veracity//truthfulness Why is paternalism no longer acceptable in health care? - Cause patients have right to decide care What is a Code of Ethics? - Is a formal statement of a professions or organization’s values regarding professional behaviour, it provides guidance for ethical decision making, self- evaluation, and best practices policies, most cover expectations related to professional conduct that, if violated, can result in loss of the person’s professional license, dismissal from employment, or legal action, and all ethical codes stress the importance of treating all people equally, with respect and dignity, and without bias Boundaries & Relationships - Relationships with patients, relationships & friendships with colleagues, in the hospital setting, rationale for boundaries (trust, balance of power & transference, accepting gifts)