Midterm Compilation Educ 3 PDF

**B. LEGAL FOUNDATIONS** **What is LAW?** According to the Collins Dictionary, law is **a rule or set of rules for proper behavior** that the majority of people regard as moral, religious, or emotional. It creates a framework that governs how we live, work, and socialize. While others define law a...

**B. LEGAL FOUNDATIONS** **What is LAW?** According to the Collins Dictionary, law is **a rule or set of rules for proper behavior** that the majority of people regard as moral, religious, or emotional. It creates a framework that governs how we live, work, and socialize. While others define law as a **rule of conduct made by those in authority**, it is important to be aware that laws are there to provide certain boundaries and limitations and are to be followed to avoid sanctions or penalties. Moreover, another definition of the law states that it is an **instrument that regulates or manages human conduct or behavior**. Others state that law means justice, morality, reason, order, and a righteous viewpoint of society. There are different views and opinions as to what law is and its nature. - **[Constitutional Law]** Constitutional law, also known as the **law of the land**, refers to the **fundamental principles and rules that guide a country or a state**. The nation\'s constitution outlines the structure of government, the division of powers, and the rights and freedoms of citizens. Constitutional law is critical to **ensuring the rule of law and protecting individual liberties**. It serves as the **supreme body of law**, providing a foundation for all other laws within a jurisdiction. - **[Statutory Law]** Statutory law, also referred to as **legislation**, is the **body of laws enacted by legislative bodies**. This may include laws enacted by national, state, or local governments. Statutory law is **codified** and can encompass a wide range of areas, including criminal law, tax law, and environmental law. - **[Administrative Law]** Administrative law, also called **regulatory law**, **governs the activities and operations of administrative agencies, departments, and other governmental entities**. It governs the relationship between citizens and the state, making sure that **government actions are legal, fair, and transparent**. Administrative law encompasses immigration, taxation, licensing, environmental regulations, and social security. It establishes a framework for the exercise of public power and empowers individuals to challenge administrative decisions through judicial review. - **[Case (Common) Law]** Common law, also known as **case law**, is a **body of unwritten laws based on legal precedents established by courts**, which become binding in subsequent cases involving similar facts. Common law systems **rely heavily on the principle of stare decisis**, which states that **courts must adhere to previous decisions when deciding current cases**. This type of law is common in countries with legal systems based on English traditions, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. - **[Constitution]** The Constitution is the **fundamental and supreme law of the land**. It is the **main source** of the Philippines Educational Jurisprudence. - **Constitutional Education** - the state is mandated to provide free and compulsory education to children aged six to fourteen as a fundamental right, as determined by law. **Section 1, Article 14 of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines** states that the state is obligated to protect and advance all citizens\' rights to quality education at all levels, as well as to put measures in place to ensure their accessibility. **Section 2, Article 14 of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines** states that the state must establish a comprehensive education system, which includes free public education for all children, scholarship grants, and student loan programs, particularly for low-income students. It should also promote non-formal learning systems and self-learning programs, as well as offer civics, vocational efficiency, and other skill training to adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth. - **[Statutes]** Statutes include a **wide range of legal documents**, including Acts of Congress, municipal charters, municipal legislation, court rules, administrative rules, legislative rules, and presidential orders. **Republic Act No. 10533**, as called the **\"Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013\"**, is an act that aims to **strengthen the Philippine Basic Education System**, expand its curriculum, and allocate funds for various purposes. **Republic Act 7877**, also known as the **"Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1955"**, is a law, that makes **sexual harassment illegal** in the workplace, education, or training, as well as for other reasons. **Education Act of 1982, in accordance with Section 2**, is an act that **creates and maintains an integrated education system** that governs both **formal and informal systems** in public and private schools at all levels. **Republic Act 10157**, or the **\"Kindergarten Educational Act"**, makes kindergarten the first stage of compulsory and mandatory formal education. **Republic Act 10627**, also called the **"Anti-Bullying Act of 2013"**, is an act that requires all elementary and secondary schools to implement policies to prevent and address bullying on their campuses. - **[Case Law or Jurisprudence]** Case law, or Jurisprudence, is derived from the Latin term \"**Juris Prudentia**,\" and is a type of law **based on judicial decisions**, rather than constitutions, statutes, or regulations. - **[Regulatory Law]** Regulatory law pertains to procedures **established by administrative agencies**, unlike statutory laws or case law, which are created by the legislature or court. - **[Ordinance]** An ordinance is a law **established by a governmental authority**, particularly a **municipal regulation**. - **[Legal Opinion]** A legal opinion is a **letter-form** legal conclusion or analysis of a transaction or matter **issued by a lawyer** to inform the recipient of its legal implications. It is a written explanation that goes along with a case decision. - **[Resolution]** Resolution is the **process of resolving** a conflict or problem by **identifying a solution**. These are policies ordered by a governing body to enact a specific action. **LEGAL UNDERPINNINGS PHILIPPINE EDUCATION** Philippine education is **governed by legal frameworks** that specify the establishment, administration, and operation of educational institutions, as well as the rights and responsibilities of students, teachers, and stakeholders. **EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE** **Education is crucial** globally, with most nations having a similar concept or equivalent qualification, despite having their education system. The Philippines\' education system, previously one of the shortest in the world (having only 10 years), was extended to **12 years in 2012**, adding 2 years to the curriculum before high school completion. - **[Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD)]** The ECCD Council, a Department of Education agency, **governs early childhood programs**, covering health, nutrition, education, and social services for children **aged 0-4 years** under the **Early Years Act of 2013**. - **[Department of Education (DepEd)]** The Department of Education **sets standards and implements tests** for public schools in K-12, while **private schools have more freedom** in curricula development as long as they **comply with DepEd\'s laws**. - [**Commission on Higher Education (CHED**)] The Commission on Higher Education is responsible for **managing higher education institutions** like colleges and universities. - [**Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA**)] TESDA regulates the **Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)** programs. - **[Primary Education]** **Elementary Education** is the **initial educational system**, consisting of compulsory six-year grade **1 to 6** education, with optional **7th grade**. Major subjects include math, science, English, Filipino, social sciences, music, arts, physical education, and health. Moreover, the **Kindergarten Act (RA 10157, January 20, 2012)** mandated **kindergarten** as part of the **Basic Education curriculum** to enhance physical, social, intellectual, and emotional skills and values. - **[Secondary Education]** Secondary education is commonly known as **high school**. The Philippines\' new education system introduces **Senior High School**, an additional two-year curriculum, making it compulsory for students to attend. Thus, dividing secondary education into **2 parts: Junior High and Senior High**. In addition, the senior high school's courses consist of 2 divisions: **core curriculum subjects and track subjects**. Track subjects are further divided into **2 subjects: (7) Applied Subjects and (9) Specialization Subjects**. - **[Tertiary Education]** The Philippines offers higher education after completing the mandatory K-12 program, with most institutions regulated by the Commission for Higher Education. Universities must offer at least **8 undergraduate and 2 graduate programs**, with most being non-sectarian and government-funded. Most universities **offer 4-year degree programs with 2 semesters per year**. Furthermore, tertiary education is divided into **3 phases: Undergraduate (Bachelor's Degree), Postgraduate (Master's Degree), and Doctoral (PhD)**. **EDUCATIONAL POLICIES** Educational policy is the **foundation of the educational system**, guiding actions and decisions. It represents a vision for the future, fostering human capacities and advancing social order, with government bodies, institutions, and organizations contributing. - **[Goals and Objectives]** Policy objectives are **clearly defined**, ranging from enhancing literacy rates to integrating technology into classrooms. - **[Standards and Guidelines]** These serve as a **framework** for curriculum development, teaching methodologies, and assessment protocols. - **[Accountability Measures]** Policies **outline the roles and responsibilities** for implementing changes, as well as the methods for monitoring and evaluating progress. - **[Resource Allocation]** Policies **outline the distribution of resources** like funding and training to support educational objectives. **Importance of Educational Policies** Educational policies are crucial for a sustainable education system, ensuring efficient operations and skill development. They **provide a structured approach**, aligning education with societal needs and preparing individuals for the workforce. Policies often reflect societal values, such as equity in education, **ensuring equal opportunities for all learners**. **Benefits of a Well-crafted Educational Policy** - **Promotes consistency --** create a consistent educational experience across different regions and institutions. - **Improves quality --** help maintain and elevate the quality of education. - **Guides educators --** rely on policy guidance to make informed decisions about instruction and management. - **Shapes futures --** anticipate future societal needs and skill demands, preparing students accordingly. **Process of Developing Educational Policies** Educational policy development is a **multifaceted process** involving research, consultation, and trial and error, involving diverse stakeholders like educators, government officials, parents, and students. **Challenges in Policy Development** - **Diverse needs --** balancing the needs of various stakeholders can be challenging. - **Changing landscapes --** rapid technological advancements and societal changes require policies to be adaptable. - **Funding constraints --** limited resources often make it challenging to support all policy initiatives. - **Political influence --** educational policies can be swayed by political agendas, sometimes compromising educational goals. **Types of Educational Policies** - Kindergarten Act of 2012 (RA 10157) - Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 (RA 10533) - Inclusive Education (DepEd Order No. 72) - Special Education - SPED Education Center (DepEd Order No. 26) - Alternative Learning System - Free Tuition and Other School Fees in State Universities and Colleges (RA 10931) **CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION** Curriculum and Instruction are **two key pillars in education**, ensuring a relevant, responsive, and effective basic education curriculum that supports all other strands and offices. They work together to create a standardized and individualized educational environment. **Curriculum refers to the educational program** or material taught to students, while **instruction focuses on the methods and strategies used** to teach that material. Moreover, instruction and curriculum are subjective concepts, with different meanings depending on political, social, or educational purposes. **Curriculum refers to what is taught in schools, instruction is how it is delivered**. **HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS** **Global** - **Ancient Period** In the ancient system of education, which primarily took place in gurukuls or ashrams, the students were meant to observe strict discipline. - **Middle/Medieval Period** It was often conducted by the Church. Very few girls, if any, were educated at proper institutions, most girls were taught basic reading and writing at their own homes. - **Renaissance Period** The Humanists of the Renaissance created schools to teach their ideas and wrote books all about education. - **Modern/Contemporary Period** Is the implementation of learning activities that draw upon students\' experiences, both in and out of the classroom, thus helping them to recognize that they are developing specific skills which they perceive to be significant for the world outside of school. John Amos Comenius is the Father of Modern Education. **Local** - **Pre-colonial Period** During the pre-colonial period, most children were provided with solely vocational training, which was supervised by parents, tribal tutors, or those assigned to specific, specialized roles within their communities (for example, the babaylan). - **Spanish Period** In the Philippines, free access to modern public education was made possible through the enactment of the Spanish Education Decree of December 20, 1863, by Queen Isabella II. Primary instruction was made free and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory. - **American Period** The period of American colonization of the Philippines lasted 48 years, from the cession of the Philippines to the US by Spain in 1898 to the U.S. recognition of Philippine independence in 1946. After independence in 1946, many Americans chose to remain in the Philippines while maintaining relations with relatives in the US. The students were given free school materials. There were three levels of education during the American period. The \"elementary level consisted of four primary years and 3 intermediate years. The \"secondary\" or high school level consisted of four years, and the third was the \"college\" or tertiary level. The greatest achievement in the Philippines was the introduction of the public school system. - **Post-colonial Period** US colonial rule of the archipelago was loosened during the Commonwealth Period of 1935-1946, a period after which the Philippines gained its independence. It is the historical period or state of affairs representing the aftermath of Western colonialism; **CONTEMPORARY AND POST-MODERN PHILOSOPHIES IN EDUCATION** **Introduction** This presentation explores key contemporary and post-modern philosophies that have shaped educational thought and practice. We will examine their core principles, their impact on curriculum and pedagogy, and their relevance to the Philippine educational landscape. **Contemporary Philosophies** - **Perennialism** Perennialism believes in the existence of timeless truths and enduring values that should be the focus of education. It emphasizes the study of classic literature, philosophy, and history, aiming to cultivate intellectual and moral character. - **Impact on Education:** Perennialism leads to a traditional curriculum with emphasis on core subjects like math, science, language arts, and history. Instruction is teacher-centered, focusing on lectures and memorization. Discipline and intellectual rigor are highly valued. - **Essentialism** Essentialism believes in a core body of knowledge essential for all students. It focuses on basic skills, such as reading, writing, arithmetic, and critical thinking. It emphasizes discipline, hard work, and high academic standards. - **Impact on Education:** Essentialism results in a structured curriculum with clear objectives and measurable outcomes. Instruction is teacher-centered, with a focus on direct instruction and assessment. Accountability and standardized testing are emphasized. - **Existentialism** Existentialism emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and responsibility. It believes that meaning is created through individual experiences and choices, focusing on self-discovery and personal growth. - **Impact on Education**: Existentialism leads to student-centered learning, emphasizing individual needs and interests. Project-based learning, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills are encouraged. Creativity, self-expression, and independent thought are valued. - **Progressivism** Progressivism believes that education should be relevant to students\' lives and experiences. It focuses on problem-solving, hands-on learning, and active engagement. It emphasizes social justice and democratic values. - **Impact on Education:** Progressivism promotes experiential learning, group work, and interdisciplinary projects. Inquiry-based learning and student-led discussions are encouraged. Critical thinking, collaboration, and social responsibility are emphasized. - **Social Reconstructionism** Social Reconstructionism believes that education should be used to address social problems and promote social change. It focuses on a critical analysis of social structures and inequalities. It emphasizes activism, social justice, and civic engagement. - **Impact on Education:** Social Reconstructionism leads to a curriculum that addresses current social issues and promotes critical thinking about power structures. Service learning, community involvement, and advocacy for social change are encouraged. Social justice, equity, and diversity are emphasized. **Post-Modern Philosophies** **Principles and Philosophy of Philippine Education** - **Article II. Section 17 (1987 Philippine Constitution)**: This section declares that education is a fundamental human right and a key to national development. The State is obligated to protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels. - **Article XIV, Section 1-2 (1987 Philippine Constitution):** This section mandates the establishment, maintenance, and support of a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society. It also encourages non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as alternative learning systems, and provides for their development. **Key Principles**: - **Relevance**: Education should be relevant to the needs of the Filipino people and society. - **Equity**: Education should be accessible and equitable for all Filipinos, regardless of background or socioeconomic status. - **Quality**: Education should be of high quality and meet international standards. - **Holistic Development**: Education should promote the holistic development of the Filipino learner, including intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual growth. **Personal Philosophy of Teaching** **Importance of a Personal Philosophy of Teaching:** - **Guidance**: It provides a framework for guiding teaching practices, ensuring consistency and purpose in the classroom. - **Clarification**: It helps teachers clarify their values, beliefs, and goals, leading to a more focused and meaningful approach to teaching. - **Effectiveness**: It enhances teacher effectiveness and student learning by aligning teaching practices with personal beliefs and values. - **How to Write a Personal Philosophy of Teaching:** - **Reflection**: Reflect on your beliefs about learning, teaching, and the role of education in society. What do you believe is the purpose of education? How do you view the student-teacher relationship? - **Strengths and Areas for Improvement:** Identify your teaching strengths and areas for improvement. What are you good at? What do you need to work on? - **Background and Influences:** Consider your educational background, experiences, and influences. What have you learned from your teachers? What experiences have shaped your views on education? - **Vision and Approach:** Articulate your vision for student learning and your approach to teaching. What kind of learning environment do you want to create? What teaching strategies do you find most effective? **IV. Conclusion** Understanding contemporary and post-modern philosophies is essential for educators in the Philippines. By applying these principles to their teaching practices, educators can create a more relevant, equitable, and effective learning environment for all students. **UNIT 3: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION AND PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING** **A. What is the Philosophy of Education** 1. **Definition and Nature** Philosophy of education refers to the application of philosophical ideas to the field of education. It involves examining the purpose, process, nature, and ideals of education, asking questions like \"What is the purpose of education?\" or \"How should students be taught?\" 2. **Philosophy and Education** Philosophy provides a foundation for education by guiding decisions about what should be taught (curriculum), how students should learn (teaching methods), and the role of teachers and learners in society. **B. Philosophical Foundations of Education** 1. **Western Philosophies** - **Idealism**: Believes that reality is shaped by ideas and thoughts. In education, this means focusing on developing students\' minds and intellectual abilities. For example, teaching students to engage in critical thinking and problem-solving reflects idealism. - **Realism**: Asserts that reality exists independently of human thoughts and that education should focus on teaching the physical world. Realists believe in teaching objective truths, such as scientific facts and history. For instance, a teacher emphasizing experiments to understand the laws of physics demonstrates realism. - **Pragmatism/Experimentalism:** Focuses on practical experience and action. Pragmatists believe education should teach students to solve real-world problems through experimentation. John Dewey, a key pragmatist, advocated learning by doing, such as engaging students in projects or group work. 2. **Eastern Philosophies** - **Hinduism:** Emphasizes spiritual development and self-realization. Education in Hinduism focuses on holistic learning, integrating mind, body, and spirit. For example, teaching through meditation or yoga to balance one's inner self reflects Hindu educational ideals. - **Confucianism:** Centers on moral development and social harmony. Education is seen as a way to cultivate virtue and respect for hierarchy. A teacher who emphasizes respect for elders and the importance of relationships is practicing Confucian philosophy. - **Buddhism**: Focuses on enlightenment and removing suffering through understanding. Education encourages mindfulness, ethical behavior, and wisdom. Teaching meditation and moral values to lead a balanced life reflects Buddhist educational principles. - **Taoism**: Emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, or the natural way of the universe. Education in Taoism teaches simplicity and following the flow of life. For example, a Taoist approach to education may encourage students to observe and learn from nature. - **Zen Buddhism**: A form of Buddhism focused on direct experience and meditation. Zen educators stress mindfulness and awareness in daily activities, often teaching through hands-on experience and contemplation rather than formal lectures. 3. **Christian Philosophy**: Based on biblical teachings, this philosophy emphasizes moral development, love, compassion, and service to others. For instance, integrating lessons on helping others and ethical living aligns with Christian educational philosophy. 4. **Saracen Philosophy:** Refers to medieval Islamic philosophy, which integrates faith with reason. Education, according to this philosophy, focuses on both religious and secular knowledge. Teaching math and science alongside religious studies demonstrates this belief.