Microbiota and Gut & Brain Axis PDF

Microbiota-Gut & Brain Axis   Opportunistic pathogens Immunosuppression, Co-morbidities, transfer to sterile locationsmicrobiota memberspathogens (opportunistic) ek Dysbiosis-CNS Gut brain axis NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROSCIENCE VOLUME 13 | OCTOBER 2012 The Gut Brain Axis Sec...

Microbiota-Gut & Brain Axis   Opportunistic pathogens Immunosuppression, Co-morbidities, transfer to sterile locationsmicrobiota memberspathogens (opportunistic) ek Dysbiosis-CNS Gut brain axis NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROSCIENCE VOLUME 13 | OCTOBER 2012 The Gut Brain Axis Second Brain: Gut and Enteric Nervous System Scientists have known about the existence of another brain within the human body for many years – billions of connected neurons, molecules (neurotransmitters) that transmit orders and induce independent reactions. This network of neurons they call the second brain, or "brain down below," is none other than our stomach. It can function totally independently and it's more than a digestive system - it’s an enteric nervous system. It reigns over a spectacular colony of one hundred thousand billion gut microbiota (our gut flora or gut microbiome) whose activity is thought to have an impact on more than just our gastrointestinal functions — it also affects our immune systems, mental health, personalities, and even central nervous systems. Neurological Effect Associated with Immune Response Inflammasome signalling: IL-1, 6, 18 Effect on interferon response Interaction via brain functions and CNS cells through NF-kappa B signalling 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), cholecystokinin (CCK), and peptide YY (PYY) Hypotheses that the gut microbiota influences brain functions and host behavior 1.Stress-Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) axis, diet and leaky gut; 2. Dysbiosis and inflammation 3. Interaction with vagus nerve 4.SCFA related signal transduction and interaction with immune/metabolic pathwaysT regs, Th1 ve Th17 5.Amino acid metabolism (Tryptophan ve Kynurenin pathways) 6. Bile acids and pancreatic hormones (PYY, GLP-1, CCK) 7. Serotonine, dopamine, GABA secretion in gut  Interaction with cortisol Impact on cytokines and immune systems Tryptophan metabolism Effect on neurotransmitters Impact of SCFA direct and indirect acetate, butyrate and propionate Chronic stress Bacterioides ve Clostridium increaseIL-6 Coprococcus spp., Pseudobutyrivibrio spp. and Dorea spp ** inflammation Intestinal permeability problems How do changes in the microbiota affect the CNS? Change in microbial composition Immune activation—disruption of pro and anti inflammatory balance Vagus nerve-80% sensory neurons—directly informing CNS about the organ conditions-states Tryptophan metabolism-kynurenin pathway and pre- cursor—disregulation is very important SCFA: Microbial metabolites—choline and bile acid metabolism Butirate, acetate and propionate—has neuroactive feature- effects How do changes in the microbiota affect the CNS? Lactobacillus spp. ve Bifidobacterium spp.  GABA; Escherichia spp., Bacillus spp. and Saccharomyces spp.  noradrenaline; Candida spp., Streptococcus spp., Escherichia spp. and Enterococcus spp.  serotonine; Bacillus spp.  dopamine; Lactobacillus spp.  acetylcholine Probiotics opioid and cannabinoid Rc modulation in the gut epithelium How do changes in the microbiota affect the CNS? Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) Impact on depression and anxiety Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-2494, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus lactis have similar effects Other neurological diseases MS Parkinson’s Alzheimer’s Glioma Otism Spectrum Disorders  Even more astonishing: certain diseases of the brain, like Parkinson's disease, for example, could stem from the degeneration of our intestinal neurons. We could even treat the colon's inflammatory response to colitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) stomach pains, and more. All these major gut health discoveries have revolutionized our approach to an organ that was previously considered to be dull and passive. The stomach's intelligence is fascinating research teams the world over as new research comes to light. Explore the gut-brain connection and the key role it plays in our well-being.