MT 101 Medical Glossary PDF 2022-2023

MT 101 Medical Glossary **First semester F.Y. 2022-2023** **Glaiza P. Salvador, RN, MSN** **Clinical Instructor** **References:** **Textbook** **1. Medical Language: Focus on Terminology, Moisio 2016** **Other References:** **1. Medical Terminology Complete 4th Wingerd 2019** **2. Medical...

MT 101 Medical Glossary **First semester F.Y. 2022-2023** **Glaiza P. Salvador, RN, MSN** **Clinical Instructor** **References:** **Textbook** **1. Medical Language: Focus on Terminology, Moisio 2016** **Other References:** **1. Medical Terminology Complete 4th Wingerd 2019** **2. Medical Terminology: an illustrated guide 8th ed (T) Cohen 2017** **3. Bates pocket guide to physical examination and history taking (R) Bickley 2017** **5. Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Nursing 4th ed Dewit, S. 2014** **6. Introduction to Medical Terminology 3rd ed. Ehrlich, 2014** **7. Fundamental Concept and Skills for Nursing 4th ed, Dewit, 2014** **8. Mosby's Dictionary Of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions 9th ed. 2013** **9. Medical Terminology, incredibly Easy 3rd Editionby Lippincot Williams & Wilkins** **10. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, nursing and Health Profession 9th ed., Mosby, 2013** **Website References:** **www.e-rehab.com** **www.finditonline.ws** **www.aquaticnet.com** **www.yahoo.com** **www.google.com** **Table of contents** **SEMI FINALS** Chapter 6: **CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM** 1. **Normal Structure and function of cardiovascular system** 2. Roots pertaining to the cardiovascular system 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the cardiovascular system 4. Other related medical terminologies and abbreviations Chapter 7: **LYMPHATIC SYSTEM** 1. **Normal Structure and function of lymphatic system** 2. Roots pertaining to the Lymphatic System 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the lymphatic system 4. Common abbreviations related to the Lymphatic System 5. Other related medical terminologies Chapter 8: **RESPIRATORY SYSTEM** 1. **Normal structure and function of respiratory system** 2. Roots pertaining to the Respiratory System 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the Respiratory System 4. Common abbreviations and medical terminologies related to the Respiratory System **Semifinals coverage** **Chapter 6** **Cardiovascular system** The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body. It consists of the heart and the blood vessels. This system forms a continuous circuit that delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells and carries away waste products. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MAJOR TOPICS** | +=======================================================================+ | 1. **Normal Structure and function of cardiovascular system** | | | | 2. Roots pertaining to the cardiovascular system | | | | 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the cardiovascular system | | | | 4. Other related medical terminologies and abbreviations | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Intended Learning Outcomes:** - Identify general functions of cardiovascular system - Describe the structure of the heart - Discuss terminologies related to the structure and function of the cardiovascular system - Give the terminologies needed for physical examination of the cardiovascular system - Recognize tests that help diagnose the cardiovascular system disorders - Identify and define clinical symptoms and disorders of the cardiovascular system and their treatments. **Key Terms:** - - Heart - Arteries - Veins - Circulation - Blood Pressure - Diastole - Systole **Let's Begin!** human heart diagrams  [ ] A. **[Normal Structure and Functions]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **TERMS** | **MEANING** | +===================================+===================================+ | Aorta | The largest artery. It receives | | | blood from the left ventricle and | | | branches to all parts of the body | | | (root: aort/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Aortic valve | The valve at the entrance to the | | | aorta | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Apex | The point of a cone-shaped | | | structure (adjective: apical). | | | The apex of the heart is formed | | | by the left ventricle and is | | | pointed toward the inferior and | | | left | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Artery | A vessel that carries blood away | | | from the heart. All except the | | | pulmonary and umbilical arteries | | | carry oxygenated blood (roots: | | | arter, arteri/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Ateriole | A small vessel that carries blood | | | from the arteries into the | | | capillaries (root: arteriol/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Antrioventricular (AV) node | A small mass in the lower septum | | | of the right atrium that passes | | | impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) | | | node toward the ventricles | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Atrioventricular (AV) valve | A valve between the atrium and | | | ventricle on the right and left | | | sides of the heart. The right AV | | | valve is the tricuspid valve; the | | | left is the mitral valve | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Atrium | An entrance chamber, one of the | | | two upper receiving chambers of | | | the heart (root: atri/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AV bundle | A band of fibers that transmits | | | impulses from the | | | atrioventricular (AV) node to the | | | top of the interventricular | | | septum. It divides into the right | | | and left bundle branches, which | | | descend along the two sides of | | | the septum; the bundle of His | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Blood pressure | The force exerted by blood | | | against the wall of a vessel | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bundle branches | Branches of the AV bundle that | | | divide to the right and left | | | sides of the interventricular | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Capillary | A microscopic blood vessel | | | through which materials are | | | exchanged between the blood and | | | the tissues | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cardiovascular system | The part of the circulatory | | | system that consists of the heart | | | and the blood vessels | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Depolarization | A change in electrical charge | | | from the resting state in nerves | | | or muscles | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Diastole | The relaxation phase of the | | | heartbeat cycle; adjective: | | | diastolic | | | | | | detected by electrodes (leads) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Electrocardiography (ECG) | Study of the electrical activity | | | of the heart as placed on the | | | surface of the body. Also | | | abbreviated EKG from the German | | | electrokardiography | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Endocardium | The thin membrane that lines the | | | chambers of the heart and covers | | | the valves | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Epicardium | The thin outermost layer of the | | | heart wall | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Functional murmur | Any sound produced as the heart | | | functions normally | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Heart | The muscular organ with four | | | chambers that contracts | | | rhythmically to propel blood | | | through vessels to all parts of | | | the body (root cardi/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Heart rate | The number of times the heart | | | contracts per minute; recorded as | | | beats per minute (bpm) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Heart sound | Sounds produced as the heart | | | functions. The two loudest sounds | | | are produced by alternate closing | | | of the valves and are designated | | | S1 and S2 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Inferior vena cava | The large inferior vein that | | | brings blood low in oxygen back | | | to the right atrium of the heart | | | from the lower body | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Left AV valve | The valve between the left atrium | | | and the left ventricle; the | | | mitral valve or bicuspid valve | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Mitral valve | The valve between the left atrium | | | and the left ventricle; the left | | | AV valve or bicuspid valve | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Myocardium | The thick middle layer of the | | | heart wall composed of cardiac | | | muscle | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pericardium | The fibrous sac that surrounds | | | the heart | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pulmonary artery | The vessel that carries blood | | | from the right side of the heart | | | to the lungs | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pulmonary circuit | The system of vessels that | | | carries blood from the right side | | | of the heart to the lungs to be | | | oxygenated and then back to the | | | left side of the heart | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pulmonary veins | The vessels that carry blood from | | | the lungs to the left side of the | | | heart | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pulmonary valve | The valve at the entrance to the | | | pulmonary artery | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pulse | The wave of increased pressure | | | produced in the vessels each time | | | the ventricles contract | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Purkinje fibers | The terminal fibers of the | | | cardiac conducting system. They | | | carry impulses through the walls | | | of the ventricles | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Repolarization | A return of electrical charge to | | | the resting state in nerves or | | | muscles | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Right AV valve | The valve between the right | | | atrium and right ventricle; the | | | tricuspid valve | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Septum | A wall dividing two cavities, | | | such as two chambers of the heart | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sinus rhythm | Normal heart rhythm | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sinoatrial AV node | A small mass in the upper part of | | | the right atrium that initiates | | | the impulse for each heartbeat; | | | the pacemaker | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sphygmomanometer | An instrument for determining | | | arterial blood pressure (root | | | sphygm/o means \"pulse\": blood | | | pressure apparatus or cuff | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Superior vena cava | The large superior vein that | | | brings blood low in oxygen back | | | to the right atrium from the | | | upper body | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Systemic circuit | The system of vessels that | | | carries oxygenated blood from the | | | left side of the heart to all | | | tissues except the lungs and | | | returns deoxygenated blood to the | | | right side of the heart | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Systole | The contraction phase of the | | | heartbeat cycle; adjective: | | | systolic | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Valve | A structure that keeps fluid | | | flowing in a forward direction | | | (roots: valv/o, valvulo) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Vein | A vessel that carries blood back | | | to the heart. All except the | | | pulmonary and umbilical veins | | | carry blood low in oxygen (roots: | | | ven/o, phleb/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Ventricle | A small cavity, One of the two | | | lower pumping chambers of the | | | heart (root: ventricul/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Venule | A small vessel that carries blood | | | from the capillaries to the veins | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | vessel | A tube or duct to transport fluid | | | (roots: angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **For additional reference, you can click the actual video of the normal structures of the heart:** **[Blood Circulation:]** Circulatory-system B. **[Roots for the heart]** **ROOT** **MEANING** **EXAMPLE** **DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE** ------------------ ------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------- Cardi/o heart cardiomyopathy Any disease of the hearth muscle Atri/o atrium atriotomy Surgical incision of the atrium Ventricul/o Cavity, ventricle supraventricular Above a ventricle Valv/o, valvul/o valve valvulotome Instrument for incising a valve C. **[Roots for Blood Vessels]** **ROOT** **MEANING** **EXAMPLE** **DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE** ------------------- -------------- ------------- -------------------------------------- Angi/o vessel angiography x-ray imaging ofry the heart Vas/o, vascul/o Vessel, duct vasospasm Sudden contraction of blood vessel Arter/o, arteri/o artery endarterial Within an artery Aort/o aorta aortoptosis Downward displacement of the aorta Ven/o, ven/i vein venous Pertaining to a vein Phleb/o vein phlebotomy Incision of a vein to withdraw blood D. **[Cardiovascular Disorders ]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **TERMS** | **MEANING** | +===================================+===================================+ | Aneurysm | A localized abnormal dilation of | | | a blood vessel, usually an | | | artery, caused by weakness of the | | | vessel wall; may eventually burst | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Angina pectoris | A feeling of constriction around | | | the heart or pain that may | | | radiate to the left arm or | | | shoulder, usually brought on by | | | exertion; caused by insufficient | | | blood supply to the heart | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Arrhythmia | Any abnormality in the rate or | | | rhythm of the heartbeat | | | (literally \"without rhythm;\" | | | note doubled r). Also called | | | dysrhythmia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Arteriosclerosis | Hardening (sclerosis) of the | | | arteries, with loss of capacity | | | and loss of elasticity, as from | | | fatty deposits (plaque), deposit | | | of calcium salts, or scar tissue | | | formation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Atherosclerosis | The development of fatty, fibrous | | | patches (plaques) in the lining | | | of arteries, causing narrowing of | | | the lumen and hardening of the | | | vessel wall. The most common form | | | of arteriosclerosis is hardening | | | of the arteries. The root ather/o | | | means \"porridge\" or \"gruel\" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bradycardia | A slow heart rate of less than 60 | | | bpm | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | Sudden damage to the brain | | | resulting from reduction of blood | | | flow. Causes include | | | atherosclerosis, embolism, | | | thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a | | | ruptured aneurysm; commonly | | | called stroke | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Clubbing | Enlargement of the ends of the | | | fingers and toes caused by growth | | | of the soft tissue around the | | | nails. Seen in a variety of | | | diseases in which there 5 poor | | | peripheral circulation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Coarctation of the aorta | Localized narrowing of the aorta | | | with restriction of blood flow | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | c-reactive protein (CRP) | Protein produced during systemic | | | inflammation, which may | | | contribute to atherosclerosis; | | | high CRP levels can indicate | | | cardiovascular disease and its | | | prognosis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin | | | caused by lack of oxygen | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | Thrombophlebitis involving the | | | deep veins | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Diaphoresis | Profuse sweating | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Dissecting aneurysm | An aneurysm in which blood enters | | | the arterial wall and separates | | | the layers. Usually involves the | | | aorta | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Dyslipidemia | Disorder in serum lipid levels, | | | which is an important factor in | | | development of atherosclerosis. | | | Includes hyperlipidemia (high | | | lipids), hypercholesterolemia | | | (high cholesterol), and | | | hypertriglyceridemia (high | | | triglycerides) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing | | | (-pnea) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Edema | Swelling of body tissues caused | | | by the presence of excess | | | fluid.Causes | | | | | | include cardiovascular | | | disturbances, kidney failure, | | | inflammation, and malnutrition | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by | | | a blood clot or other matter | | | carried in the circulation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Embolus | A mass carried in the | | | circulation. Usually a blood | | | clot, but also may be air, fat, | | | bacteria, or other solid matter | | | from within or from outside the | | | body | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Fibrillation | Spontaneous, quivering, and | | | ineffectual contraction of muscle | | | fibers, as in the atria or the | | | ventricles | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Heart block | An interference in the electrical | | | conduction system of the heart | | | resulting in arrhythmia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Heart failure | A condition caused by the | | | inability of the heart to | | | maintain adequate blood | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hemorrhoid | A varicose vein in the rectum | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hypertension | A condition of higher-than-normal | | | blood pressure. Essential | | | (primary, idiopathic) | | | hypertension has no known cause | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Infarct | An area of localized tissue | | | necrosis (death) resulting from a | | | blockage or a narrowing of the | | | artery that supplies the area | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Ischema | Local deficiency of blood supply | | | caused by circulatory obstruction | | | (root: hem/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Murmur | An abnormal heart sound | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Myocardial infarction (MI) | Localized necrosis (death) of | | | cardiac muscle tissue resulting | | | of the coronary artery that | | | supplies that area. Myocardial | | | infarction is usually caused by | | | | | | formation of a thrombus (clot) in | | | a vessel | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Occlusion | A closing off or obstruction, as | | | of a vessel | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Patent ductus arteriosus | Persistence of the ductus | | | arteriosus after birth. The | | | ductus arteriosus is a vessel | | | that connects the pulmonary | | | artery to the descending aorta in | | | the fetus to bypass the lungs | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Plaque | A patch. With regard to the | | | cardiovascular system, a deposit | | | of fatty material and other | | | substances on a vessel wall that | | | impedes blood flow and may block | | | the vessel; atheromatous plaque | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Rheumatic heart disease | Damage to heart valves after | | | infection with a type of | | | Streptococcus (group A hemolytic | | | Streptococcus). The antibodies | | | produced in response to the | | | infection produce valvular | | | scarring usually involving the | | | mitral valve | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Septal defect | An opening in the septum between | | | the atria or ventricles; a common | | | cause is persistence of the | | | Foramen ovale, an opening between | | | the atria that bypasses the lungs | | | in fetal circulation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Shock | Circulatory failure resulting in | | | an inadequate blood supply to the | | | tissues. Cardiogenic shock is | | | caused by heart failure; | | | hypovolemic shock is caused by a | | | loss of blood volume; septic | | | shock is caused by bacterial | | | infection | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Stenosis | Constriction or narrowing of an | | | opening | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Stroke | See cerebrovascular accident | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Syncope | A temporary loss of consciousness | | | caused by inadequate blood flow | | | to the brain; fainting | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Tachycardia | An abnormally rapid heart rate, | | | usually over 100 bpm | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein associated | | | with formation of a blood clot | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Thrombosis | Development of a blood clot | | | within a vessel | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Thrombus | A blood clot that forms within a | | | blood vessel (root: thromb/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Varicose veins | A twisted and swollen vein | | | resulting from breakdown of the | | | valves, pooling of blood, and | | | chronic dilatation of the vessel | | | (root: varic/o); also called | | | varix or varicosity | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ E. **[Symptoms and Conditions]** **TERMS** **MEANING** --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Brult An abnormal sound heard in auscultation Cardiac tamponade Pathologic accumulation of fluids in the pericardial sac. May result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels Ectopic beat A heartbeat that originates from some parts of the heart other than the SA node Extrasystole Premature heart contraction that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the hart other than the SA node Flutter Very rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contraction, as in the atria or node ventricles Hypotension A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure Intermittent claudication Pain in muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply. The pain disappears with rest Mitral valve prolapse Movement of the mitral valve cusps into the left atrium when the ventricles contract Occlusive vascular disease Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels Palpitation A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat Pitting edema Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin Polyarteritis nodosa Potentially fetal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries. Symptoms depend on the organ affected Raynuad disease A disorders characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold Regurgitation A backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve Stasis Stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine. Blood stasis may lead to dermatitis and ulcer formation Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) Bacterial growth in a heart or valve previously damaged by rheumatic fever Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy Thromboangiitis obliterans Inflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs. Most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking. Thrombotic occlusion of legs vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet. Patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco. Also called Buerger disease Vegetation Irregular bacterial outgrowth on the heart valve; associated with rheumatic fever Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathway F. **[Diagnosis and Treatment ]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **TERMS** | **MEANING** | +===================================+===================================+ | Ablation | Removal or destruction. In | | | cardiac ablation, a catheter is | | | used to destroy a portion of the | | | heart\'s conduction pathway to | | | correct an arrhythmia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Angioplasty | A procedure that reopens a | | | narrowed vessel and restores | | | blood flow. Commonly accomplished | | | by surgically removing plaque, | | | inflating a balloon within the | | | vessel, or installing a device | | | (stent) to keep the vessel open | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Artificial pace maker | A battery-operated device that | | | generates electrical impulses to | | | regulate the heartbeat. It may be | | | external or implanted, may be | | | designed to respond to need, and | | | may have the capacity to prevent | | | tachycardia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cardiopulmonary | Restoration of cardiac output and | | resuscitation(CPR) | pulmonary ventilation after | | | cardiac arrest using artificial | | | respiration and chest compression | | | or cardiac massage | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cardioversion | Correction of an abnormal cardiac | | | rhythm. May be accomplished | | | pharmacologically with | | | antiarrhythmic drugs, or by | | | application of electric current | | | (see defibrillation) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Coronary angiography | Radiographic study of the | | | coronary arteries after | | | introduction of an opaque dye by | | | means of a catheter threaded | | | through blood vessels into the | | | heart | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Coronary artery bypass graft | Surgical creation of a shunt to | | (CABG) | bypass a blocked coronary artery. | | | he aorta is connected to a point | | | past the obstruction with another | | | vessel or a piece of another | | | vessel, usually the left internal | | | mammary artery or part of the | | | leg\'s saphenous vein | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Coronary calcium scan (heart | Method for visualizing | | scan) | vessel-narrowing calcium deposits | | | in coronary arteries. Useful for | | | diagnosing coronary artery | | | disease in people at moderate | | | risk or those who have | | | undiagnosed chest pain | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) | Enzyme released in increased | | | amounts from cardiac muscle cells | | | following myocardial infarction | | | (MI). Serum assays help diagnose | | | MI and determine the extent of | | | muscle | | | | | | damage | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | CT Angiography (CTA) | Computed tomography scan used to | | | visualize vessels in the heart | | | and other organs. Requires only a | | | small amount of dye injected into | | | the arm. Can rule out blocked | | | coronary arteries that may cause | | | a myocardial infarction (heart | | | attack) in people with chest pain | | | or abnormal stress tests | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Defibrillation | Use of an electronic device | | | (defibrillator) to stop | | | fibrillation by delivering a | | | brief electric shock to the | | | heart. The shock may be delivered | | | to the surface of the chest, as | | | by an automated external | | | defibrillator (AED), or directly | | | into the heart through wire | | | leads, using an implantable | | | cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Echocardiography | A noninvasive method that uses | | | ultrasound to visualize internal | | | cardiac structures | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lipoprotein | A compound of protein with lipid, | | | Lipoprotein are classified | | | according to density as very | | | low-density (VLDL), low-density | | | (LDL), and high-density (HDL). | | | Relatively higher levels of HDLS | | | have been correlated with | | | cardiovascular health | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Percutaneous Transluminal | Dilatation of a sclerotic blood | | Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) | vessel by means of a balloon | | | catheter inserted into the vessel | | | and then inflated to flatten | | | plaque against the arterial wall | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Stent | A small metal device in the shape | | | of a coil or slotted tube that is | | | placed inside an artery to keep | | | the vessel open after balloon | | | angioplasty | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Stress test | Evaluation of physical fitness by | | | continuous ECG monitoring during | | | exercise. In a thallium stress | | | test, a radioactive isotope of | | | thallium is administered to trace | | | blood flow through the heart | | | during exercise | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Troponin(Tn) | A protein in muscle cells that | | | regulates contraction. Increased | | | serum levels, primarily in the | | | forms TnT and Tnl, indicate | | | recent myocardial infarction (MI) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ G. **[Drugs ]** **TERMS** **MEANING** ----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor A drugs that lower blood pressure by blocking the formation of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) A drug that blocks tissues receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptors antagonist antiarrhythmic agent A drugs that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat beta-adrenergic blocking agent Drugs that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blocker calcium-channel blocker Drugs that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells digitalis A drugs that slows and strengthens heart muscle contraction diuretic Drugs that eliminates fluids by increasing the kidneys' output of urine. Lowered blood volume decrease the heart's workload hypolipidemic agent Drugs that lowers serum cholesterol lidocaine A local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias loop diuretic Drugs that increase urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops) nitroglycerin A drugs used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels statins Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with --statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin Streptokinase (SK) An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) A drugs used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolved clots. Vasodilator A drugs that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow H. **[Abbreviations]** ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme ----------- ----------------------------------------- AED Automated external defibrillator AF Atrial fibrillation AMI Acute myocardial infarction APC Atrial premature complex AR Aortic regurgitation ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker AS Aortic stenosis, Arteriosclerosis ASCVD Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease ASD Atrial septal defect ASHD Arteriosclerotic heart disease AT Atrial tachycardia AV Atrioventricular BBB Bundle branch block (left or right) BP Blood pressure bpm Beats per minute CABG Coronary artery bypass graft CAD Coronary artery disease CCU Coronary/ cardiac care unit CHD Coronary heart disease CHF Congestive heart failure CK-MB Creatine-Kinase MB CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CRP C-reactive protein CTA Computed tomography angiography CVA Cerebrovascular accident CVD Cardiovascular disease CVI Chronic venous insufficiency CVP Central venous pressure DOE Dyspnea on exertion DVT Deep vein thrombosis ECG (EKG) Electrocardiogram, electrocardiography HDL High-density lipoprotein IABP Intraaortic balloon pump LAHB Left anterior hemiblock LDL Low density lipoprotein LV Left ventricle LVAD Left ventricular assist device LVEDP Left ventricular end diastolic pressure LVH Left ventricular hypertrophy MI Myocardial infarction mmHg Millimeters of mercury MR Mitral regurgitation, reflux MS Mitral stenosis MUGA Multigated acquisition (scan) MVP Mitral valve prolapse MVR Mitral valve replacement PMI Point of maximal impulse PSVT Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia PVD Peripheral ventricular disease SVT Supraventricular tachycardia VLDL Very low density lipoprotein VSD Ventricular septal defect VT Ventricular tachycardia **End of Chapter 6\>\>\>** **Chapter 7** **Lymphatic system** The lymphatic system is a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrae body that consist of a complex network of the vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream. It also helps defend the body against infection by supplying disease fighting cells called lymphocytes. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MAJOR TOPICS** | +=======================================================================+ | 1. **Normal Structure and function of lymphatic system** | | | | 2. Roots pertaining to the Lymphatic System | | | | 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the lymphatic system | | | | 4. Common abbreviations related to the Lymphatic System | | | | 5. Other related medical terminologies | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Intended Learning Outcomes:** - Identify general functions of lymphatic system - Name the major types of structures composing the lymphatic system - Identify the composition of the lymph - Identify different medical terms related to the lymphatic system - Give the terminologies needed for physical examination of the lymphatic system - Recognize tests that help diagnose the lymphatic system disorders - Identify and define clinical symptoms and disorders of the lymphatic system and their treatments. **Key Terms:** - Spleen - Lymph - Lymph Nodes - Thymus - Tonsils **Let's Begin!** **A. [Normal Structure and Function]** **TERMS** **MEANING** ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix A small, finger-like mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine Lymph The thin, plasma-like fluid that drains from the tissue and is transported in lymphatic vessels (root: lymp/o) Lymph node A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph (root: lymphaden/o) Lymphatic system The system that drain fluids and protein from the tissue and return them to the blood-stream. This system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract Peyer patches Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine Right Lymphatic Duct The lymphatic duct that drain fluid from the body's upper right side Spleen A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood cells (root: splen/o) Thoracic duct The lymphatic duct that drain fluids from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body; left lymphatic duct Thymus A lymphoid organ in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum. It functions in immunity (root: thym/o) Tonsils Small masses of lymphoid tissue located in region of the throat (pharynx) **B. [ Roots Pertaining to the Lymphatic System]** **Root** **Meaning** **Example** **Definition of Example** ------------- ------------------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------- lymph/o lymph, lymphatic system lymphoid resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue lymphaden/o lymph node lymphadenitis inflammation of lymph node lymphangi/o lymphatic vessel lymphangiogram x-ray image of lymphatic vessels splen/o spleen splenalgia pain in the spleen thym/o thymus athymia absence of the thymus tonsil/o tonsil tonsillar pertaining to a tonsil **C. [Lymphatic Disorders]** **TERMS** **DEFINITION** --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lymphadenitis Inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection Lymphangitis Inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection. Appears as painful red streaks under the skin (also spelled lymphangiitis) Lymphedema Swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction or excision of lymphatic vessels Lymphoma Any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue **D. [Immunity]** **TERMS** **DEFINITION** ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Immunity The ability to resist the harmful effects of microorganisms and other foreign substances. Adaptive immunity exhibits specificity and memory. Innate immunity does not show specificity or memory. Specifity Ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance Memory Ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters with a particular substance. Thus, future responses are faster, stronger and long lasting. Interferons Are proteins that protects the body against viral infections Complement Refers to a group of 20 or so proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form. Provides a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body Body Mediated Immunity Effective against extracellular antigens such as bacteria, viruses (outside cells) and toxins. Also involved in allergic reactions. IgG Activates complement; increases phagocytosis; can cross placenta thus can provide immune protection to the fetus and newborn; responsible for Rh reactions. IgA Secreted into saliva, into tears and mucus membranes; found in colostrum and milk. IgM Acts as antigen- binding receptor on surface of B cells; responsible for transfusion reaction in ABO blood system. Cell Mediated Immunity Essential for fighting viral infection Immunotherapy Treats the disease by altering immune system function or by directly attacking harmful cells through stimulation and inhibition **For additional reference, you can click the actual video of the normal structures of lymphatic system:** **End of Chapter 7\>\>\>** **Chapter 8** **Respiratory system** The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are the lungs which carry out exchange of gasses as we breathe. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MAJOR TOPICS** | +=======================================================================+ | 1. **Normal structure and function of respiratory system** | | | | 2. Roots pertaining to the Respiratory System | | | | 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the Respiratory System | | | | 4. Common abbreviations and medical terminologies related to the | | Respiratory System | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Intended Learning Outcomes:** - Identify general functions of the respiratory system - Name the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs - Describe the structures and functions of the lungs and the pleural coverings - Identify different medical terms related to the respiratory system - Give the terminologies needed for physical examination of the respiratory system - Recognize tests that help diagnose respiratory system disorders - Identify and define clinical symptoms and disorders of the respiratory system and their treatments. **Key Terms:** - - Lungs - Alveoli - Breathing - Ventilation - Respiration - Bronchi **Let's Begin!** ***Diagram of Respiratory Normal Structures:***  **For additional reference, you can click the actual video of the overview of respiratory system:** **A. [Normal Structure and Function]** TERMS MEANING ----------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Adenoids Lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx the pharyngeal tonsils Alveoli The tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blond in respiration (singular: alveolus) An alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity the term also applies to the bony socket for a tooth Bronchiole One of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root: bronchiol) Bronchus One of the larger air passageways in the lungs. The bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural: bronchi) (root bronch) Carbon dioxide A gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the lungs Carbonic acid An acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water Compliance A measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure. Compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders Diaphragm The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inspiration (root phren/o) Epiglottis A leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea Expectorant The act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released Expiration The act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs exhalation Glottis The opening between the vocal cords Hemoglobin The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen Inspiration The act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation Larynx The enlarged, superior portion of the trachea that contains the vocal cords (root: laryng/o) Lungs Cone-shaped, spongy respiratory organ contained within the thorax (roots: pneum, pulm) Mediastinum The space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space Nose The organ of the face used for breathing and for housing receptors for the sense of smell; includes an external portion and an internal nasal cavity (roots: nas/o, rhin/o Oxygen The gas needed by cells to release energy from food during metabolism Palatine tonsils The paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx; usually meant when the term tonsils is used alone Pharynx The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: paring/o) Phrenic nerve The nerve that activates the diaphragm (root: phrenic/o) Pleura A double-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the lungs (visceral pleura) (root pleur/o) Pleural space The thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity Pulmonary ventilation The movement of air into and out of the lungs Sinus A cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the nose and drain into the nasal Sputum The substance released by coughing or clearing the throat; expectoration. It may contain a variety of material from the respiratory trace Surfactant A substance that decreases surface tension within the alveoli and cases lung expansion Trachea The air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi (root trache/o) Turbinate bones The bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell. Also called conchae, singular: concha Vocal cords Membranous folds on either side of the larynx that are important in speech production. Also called vocal folds Carina A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage that forms a ridge between the two bronchi. Used as a landmark for endoscopy. Any ridge or ridge-like structure (from a Latin word that means \"keel\") Hilium An anatomic depression in an organ where vessels and nerves enter Nares The external openings of the nose; the nostrils (singular: naris) Nasal septum The partition that divides the nasal cavity into two parts (root sept/o means \"septum\") Overview of respiration **B. [Suffixes for Respiration ]** **SUFFIX** **MEANING** **EXAMPLE** **DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE** ------------ ------------------------- ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -pnea breathing orthopnea Breathing difficulty that is relieved by assuming an upright (ortho-) position -oxia Level of oxygen hypoxia Decreased amount of oxygen -capnia Level of carbon dioxide hypercapnia Increased carbon dioxide in the tissue -phonia voice dysphonia Difficulty in speaking **C. [Roots for the Respiratory Passageway ]** **ROOT** **MEANING** **EXAMPLE** **DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE** -------------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------ Nas/o nose intranasal Within the nose Rhin/o nose rhinoplasty Plastic repair of the nose Pharyng/o pharynx pharyngeal Pertaining to the pharynx Laryng/o larynx laryngospasm Spasm (sudden contraction) of the larynx Trache/o trachea tracheotome Instrument used to incise trachea Bronch/o, bronch/i bronchus bronchogenic Originating in the bronchus bronchiole bronchiole bronchiolestasis Dilation of the bronchioles **D. [Roots for the Lungs and Breathing]** **ROOT** **MEANING** **EXAMPLE** **DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE** ------------------ ---------------------------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------------- Phren/o Diaphragm Phrenic Pertaining to the phrenic Phrenic/o Phrenic nerve phrenicectomy Partial excision of the phrenic nerve Pler/o plera pleurodesis Fusion of the pleura Pulm/o, pulmon/o lung extrapulmonary Outside the lungs Pneumon/o lung pneumonitis Inflammation of the lungs; pneumonia Pneum/o Air, gas; also respiration, lung pneumothorax Presence of air in the thorax Spir/o breathing spirometer Instrument for measuring breathing volumes **E. [Disorders/Clinical Aspects]** **Terms** **Meaning** ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Acidosis Abnormal acidity of body fluids. Respiratory acidosis is caused by abnormally high carbon dioxide levels Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure; causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and drug reactions; shock lung Acute rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold Alkalosis Abnormal alkalinity of body fluids. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by abnormally low carbon dioxide levels Aspiration The accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the lungs. Also means the withdrawal of fluid from a cavity by suction Asthma A disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling their mucous membranes Atelectasis Incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse. May be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue (prefix atel/o means \"imperfect\") Bronchiectasis Chronic dilatation of a bronchus or bronchi Bronchitis Inflammation of a bronchus Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis Cyanosis Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood (adjective: cyanotic) Cystic fibrosis (CF) An inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands. Characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi causing obstruction and leading to infection Diphtheria Acute infectious disease, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract, characterized by the formation of a surface pseudomembrane. composed of cells and coagulated material Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing, sometimes with pain; \"air hunger Emphysema A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and destruction of the alveoli Empyema Accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space; pyothorax Hemoptysis The spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract (ptysis means spitting Hemothorax Presence of blood in the pleural space Hydrothorax Presence of fluid in the pleural space Hyperventilation Increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli Hypoventilation Decreased rate and depth of breathing; decrease in the amount of air entering the alveoli Influenza An acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain; \"flu Pertussis An acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough Pleural effusion Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. The fluid may contain blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax or empyema) Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis. A symptom of pleurisy is sharp pain on breathing Pneumoconiosis Disease of the respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles. Named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis Pneumonia Inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection. May involve the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia) Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lungs; may be caused by infection, asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants Pneumothorax Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space. May result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung Pyothorax Accumulation of pus in pleural space; empyema Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) A respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without enough surfactant in the lungs. It is treated with respiratory support and surfactant administration Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) The sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant; crib death Tuberculosis An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well, Miliary tuberculosis is an acute generalized form of the disease with formation of minute tubercles that resemble millet seeds Byssinosis Obstructive airway disease caused by reaction to the dust in unprocessed plant fibers Sleep apnea Intermittent periods of breathing cessation during sleep. Central sleep apnea arises from failure of the brainstem to stimulate breathing. Obstructive sleep apnea results from airway obstruction during deep sleep, as from obesity or enlarged tonsils Small cell carcinoma A highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small, undifferentiated cells: \"oat cell\" carcinoma **F. [Symptom and Conditions]** **TERMS** **MEANING** -------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Anoxia Lack or absence of oxygen in the tissues; often used incorrectly to mean hypoxia Asphyxia Condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen; suffocation (literally \"lack of pulse\") Biot respiration Deep, fast breathing interrupted by sudden pauses; seen in spinal meningitis and other central nervous system disorders Bronchospasm Narrowing of the bronchi caused by smooth muscle spasms; common in cases of asthma and bronchitis Cheyne-Stoke respiration A repeating cycle of gradually increased and then decreased respiration followed by a period of apnea; caused by depression of the breathing centers in the brainstem; seen cases of coma and in terminally ill patients Cor pulmunate Enlargement of the heart\'s right ventricle caused by disease of the lungs or pulmonary blood vessels Coryza Acute inflammation of the nasal passages with profuse nasal discharge; acute rhinitis Croup A childhood disease usually caused by a viral infection that involves upper airway inflammation and obstruction. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, difficulty breathing, and laryngeal spasm Deviated septum A shifted nasal septum; may require surgical correction Epiglottitis Inflammation of the epiglottis that may lead to upper airway obstruction. Commonly seen in croup (also spelled epiglottiditis) Epistaxis Hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed (Greek -staxis means \"dripping\" Fremitus A vibration, especially as felt through the chest wall on palpation Kussmaul respiration Rapid and deep gasping respiration without pause; characteristic of severe acidosis Pleural friction rub A sound heard on auscultation that is produced by the rubbing together of the two pleural layers; a common sign of pleurisy Rales Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid usually heard during inspiration; singular: rale (rahl). Also called crackles Rhonchi Abnormal chest sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids; more noticeable during expiration (singular: rhonchus) Stridor A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway Tussis A cough. An antitussive drug is one that relieves or prevents coughing Wheeze A whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory passageway **G. [Diagnosis]** **Terms** **Meanings** ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Arterial blood gasses (ABGs) The concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood. Reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2, or PACO2, These measurements are important in measuring acid-base balance Bronchoscope An endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways. Also allows access for tissue biopsy or removal of a foreign object Lung scan Study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotopes in lung tissue. A ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material. A perfusion Scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material. Also called a pulmonary scintiscan Pulse oximetry Determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear reported as SpO2, in percent Pulmonary function test Tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry Spirometer An apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities; record of test is a spirogram Thoracentesis Surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems. Also called thoracocentesis Tuberculin test A skin test for tuberculosis. Tuberculin (PPD), the test material made from products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin. A hard, raised lump appearing within 48 to 72 hours indicates an active or inactive TB infection. Also called the Mantoux test Mediastinoscopy Examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted through an incision above the sternum Plethysmograpgh An instrument that measures changes in gas volume and pressure during respiration Pneumotachometer A device for measuring air flow Thoracoscopy Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope; pleuroscopy **H. [Treatment]** **TERMS** **MEANING** --------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aerosol therapy Treatment by inhalation of a drug or water in spray form Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Use of a mechanical respirator to maintain pressure throughout the respiratory cycle in a patient who is breathing spontaneously Extubation Removal of a previously inserted tube Intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) Use of a ventilator to inflate the lungs at intervals under positive pressure during inhalation Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) Use of a mechanical ventilator to force air into the lungs while allowing for passive exhalation Nasal cannula A two-pronged plastic device inserted into the nostrils for delivery of oxygen Orthopneic position An upright or semiupright position that aids breathing Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Use of a mechanical ventilator to increase the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of exhalation, thus improving gas exchange Postural drainage Use of body position to drain secretions from the lungs by gravity. The patient is placed so that secretions will move passively into the larger airways for elimination Thoracic gas volume The volume of gas in the thoracic cavity calculated from measurements made with a body plethysmograph I. [ **Surgery**] **TERMS** **MEANING** --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Adenoidectomy Surgical removal of the adenoids Intubation Insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as into the larynx or trachea for entrance of air Patients may be intubated during surgery for administration of anesthesia or to maintain an airway. Endotracheal intubation may be used as an emergency measure when airways are blocked Lobectomy Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung or of another organ Pneumoplasty Plastic surgery of the lung. In reduction pneumoplasty, nonfunctional portions of the lung are removed, as in cases of advanced emphysema Tracheotomy Incision of the trachea through the neck, usually to establish an airway in cases of tracheal obstruction Tracheostomy Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea to form an airway or to prepare for the insertion of a tube for ventilation; also the opening thus created J. **[Drugs]** **TERMS** **MEANING** ------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Antihistamine Agent that prevents responses mediated by histamine, such as allergic and inflammatory reactions Antitussive Drug that prevents or relieves coughing Asthma maintenance drug Agent used to prevent asthma attacks and for chronic treatment of asthma Bronchodilator Drug that relieves bronchial spasm and widens the bronchi Corticosteroid Hormone from the adrenal cortex; used to reduce inflammation Decongestant Agent that reduces congestion or swelling Expectorant Agent that aids in removal of bronchopulmonary secretions Isoniazid (INH) Drug used to treat tuberculosis Leukotriene antagonist Drug that prevents or reduces inflammation by inhibiting leukotrienes, substances made in white blood cells that promote inflammation; they also constrict the bronchi and increase mucus production; used in asthma treatment Mucolytic Agent that loosens mucus to aid in its removal Rifampin (rifampicin) Drug used to treat tuberculosis ***End of Chapter 8\>\>\>*** **This is the end of the semifinals coverage**