ME Soil Science 2 PDF

 Soil Fertility – availability of soil to supply right amount and portion of nutrients to crops.  Soil Productivity – the ability of the land to produce a desireable quantity of product in a certain area.  Plant nutrition – the supply and absorption of chemical elements or compound. ...

 Soil Fertility – availability of soil to supply right amount and portion of nutrients to crops.  Soil Productivity – the ability of the land to produce a desireable quantity of product in a certain area.  Plant nutrition – the supply and absorption of chemical elements or compound.  Classification of Nutrients 1. Macro - nutrients – elements needed in large amount of the plant. 2. Micro – nutrients – elements needed in small amount of the plants.  Mobile – elements that can move around the plants. Can be manifested in old leaves.  Immobile – elements which is fixed in one location and it’s effect are greatly seen in younger leaves.  Macro nutrients – are composed of C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S elements.  Micro nutrients – composed of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, B, Cl, Ni, Co elements.  Criterially of essentiality – the plants cannot complete their lifecycle in the absence/ lack of any nutients that they need which is integral for their growth. Like for example, Phosphorus is crucial for plant respiration which is none other element could substitute.  Nitrogen – integral part of chlorophyll molecule.  Phosphorus – importany in seed formation and development and for root growth.  Potassium – enzyme activator. Regulation of osmotic pressure. Maintain turgor pressure of guard cells and opening of stomata. Increase in plant resistance and sugar translocation.  Calcium – Ca- pectate in cell wall  Magnesium – Constituent of chlorophyll molecule and it’s structure component in ribosome.  Sulfur – needed in synthesis of Sulfur constraining amono acids. It is vital ferroodoxin. Volatile compound responsible for the characteristic of smell of garlic and onion.  Boron – important in sugar translocation and carbohydrates.  Iron –  Manganese –  Copper –  Zinc – enzymes that regulates various metabolic activities.  Cobalt – symbiotic nitrogen fixation  Chlorine – activates system of production  Mass flow – movement of water through the roots due to uptake and transpiration of water.  Diffusion – higher concentration to lower concentration.  Root interception – direct exchange between root and colloid.  Passive uptake – high to low concentration non-selective and does not require energy.  Active uptake – low- high concentration that requires energy in transport.  NO3- - nitrate  NH4+ - ammonium  Nitrogen – translocated in xylem to upper plant parts.  Law of Minimum – the plant production will be limited by a certain inadequate amount of a certain element that is essential for the growth of the crops.  Fertilizer – any organic and inorganic materils that is applied to the soil in able to supply nutrients in the plants.  Inorganic fertilizer – synthesused, composition is precisely defined. Includes Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium.  Single fertilizer – contains only one element.  Multi nutrients – compound/ complex/ two or more elements.  Complete nutrients – complete elements of N, P, and K.  Organic Fertilizer – plant and animal based fertilizers that were applied in the soil.  Pure fertilizer – no additive elements.  Fortified fertilizer – with additives fertilizer.  Fertilizer grade – guaranteed minimum analysis  Ammonium sulfate (20,0,0) – good for S-deficient soil  Urea (46,0,0) – highest Nitrogen content. Volatilized if left in the surface.  Anhydrous ammonia – highest in all Nitrogen fertilizers.  Phosphorus fertilizer – ordinary superphosphate.  Potassium fertilizer – Muriate of potash / potassium chloride  Broadcast – spread evenly over the soil. Suitable for rice since they are closely planted.  Band – applied in row.  Ring – around the based of the plants.  Hole – dropped in the hole.  Spot – chopped in small amount.  Basal – applied in planting time.  Top dress – application is when the plant is emerged.  Foliar – application is in the leaves.  Fertigation – in or water fertilization.  Fertilizer computation – weight of nutrients divided by nutrient content.  Soil fertility Evaluation – analysis of the soil. Process of estimating the amount of fertilizers to be applied.  Hidden hunger – crops need more nutrients but it does’t show any lacking when in terms of physical appearance.  Seasonal effect – effected by climate.  Field experiment – effect of fertilizers and their interaction with all existing factors. Most reliable of the biological test.  Pot experiment – the environment is control and need a small amount of soil.  Soil Testing – accurate determination of the status available nutrients in the soil. Most reliable in evaluating soil acidity and the likes.  Soil sampling – accuracy of the soil testing and needed in the soil sampling with number of samples.  Sufficient Approach – means ‘feed the crop”. Nutrients applied was just to met the needs of the crop.   Build and maintain Approach – building the soil with nutrient level and means “feeding the soil”. Soil conservation and management  Soil erosion – detachement and subsequent transport of soil materials. (water, wind, gravity).  Water – most important agent for soil erosion.  Detachment/dispersion – process by which raindrops splash soil sediments.  Entrainment/transport – transport of the soil sediments from upslope to downslope.  Deposition – process by which sediments settles down.  Geologic Erosion – natural rate of soil erosion. Process smoothing down the hills and mountains.  Accelerated erosion – the removal of the topsoil faster than the rate of the soil formation. Associated with human activities.  Sheet erosion – uniform removal and it is widespread and damaging erosion.  Channel erosion – surface water has concentrated.  Rill – numerous small channels in cultivating the crops.  Gully – advance rill which is increasing in size of the rill.  Stream – carrying off the soil materials on the side.  USLE – Universal Soil Loss Equation. This estimate the soil erosion.  Soil Conservation – reduction of run-off velocity. Increase in water infiltration and water holding capacity.  Mechanical Measures – any work done in the land with a modifying work.  Terracing – construction of broad channels like grassed water ways, pond, and check dam.  Biological Measures – use of natural growing in lan.  Mulching – covering the surface with crop residues. Maintain greater infiltration.  Cover cropping – planting close-growing grasses and legumes.  Strip cropping –  Crop rotation – Planting of different crops in the same piece of and.  Relay cropping – two or more annual crop.  Multiple cropping – numerous crops in the same pience of land to increase productivity.  Alley cropping – arable crops are grown in the alleys. Valuable of shrub/ tree legumes.  Agroforestry – System of land management.  Soil taxonomy – system of classification by the USA soil survey.  Pedon – hexagonal column and it is the basic sample unit.  Polypedon – made of multiple pedons.  Series – basic unit use to classify soil. There are 400 series.  Epipedon – refers to the upper horizon.  Minerology – dominant type of clay mineral. Soil Temperature Regime  Pergelic – mean annual temperature is