Mastitis in Cows: Anatomical and Physiological Approach PDF

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO MASTITIS IN COW UDDER  2. Swollen Udders_ Red, Warm Temperature 3. Only front 1. Incomplete right udder has...

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO MASTITIS IN COW UDDER  2. Swollen Udders_ Red, Warm Temperature 3. Only front 1. Incomplete right udder has Milking MASTITIS abnormal production 4. Milk Coagulates  Mastitis Udder Inflammation Causative Agent: S. agalactiae In severe cases milk production stops due to degeneration in Lactiferous and Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells.  TARGET ORGAN: COW UDDERS: - One Udder 4 Glands develop during puberty - 4 Mammary Gland along with ovaries due to Estrogen - 4 nipples in order to prepare adipose tissue and lactiferous gland. UDDER INTEGUMENTUM DERIVATIVE During pregnancy, alveoli, glandula, and Postpartum milk production is ductus lactiferus develops as an effect of regulated by Prolactin. Mammary Estrogen and Progesterone. alveoli proliferates and secretes milk.  ORIENTATIONS TARGET ORGAN : UDDER (corpus mammae) Regio inguinal, at below cavum pelvis behind Musculus abdominis between thigh medial  ORIENTATION Target Organ : UDDER (corpus mammae) Udder Position: Regio Inguinal Dorsal 1. Symphysis Pelvis 2. Inguinal Ring 1 3. Cranial: M. Abdominal (Rectus 2 abdominis), tunica Flava 4. Left and Right: Between thigh medial 3 Tendo Musculus Adductor and Gracilis 4  (Ventral) Symphysis pelvis, attachment site of Ligamentum Suspensorium Mammae Udder Composition: 4 glands with 4 nipples (quarter) There is left and right udder, each has 2 quarter front and back There is border between left and right udder Nipple Nipple Quarter Hind Quarter Left Fore Udder Quarter Right Quarter Hind Fore Nipple Nipple  ALL UDDER IS SUSPENDED BY LIGAMENTUM SUSPENSORIUM. Left and right udder is separated by lamina medial LAMINA MEDIAL LAMINA LATERAL Sulcus intermamari (External Division)  Udder Suspension Ligamentum Suspensorium Uberis Descends in cranial of udder near inguinal ring- comes in tendo symphysialis Descends from lateral contact with tunica Descends in median and divides to left and abdominis and linea alba line, is collagenous right, is an Elastic tissue. Tissue Elastic Tissue Direction towards m.Rectus abdominis , thus udder position is also side inclining Lamina* Lamina following abdominal curvature. medial and lateral Lamellae suspensori Cranial suspension tissue 1. tendo symphysis, 2. inguinal ring, comes in contact with 3.tunica abdominis tunica 1 alba 2 3 4 M. Rectus Abdominis  Middle Suspension, left and right from tendo symphysis to middle: lamina medial and to left and right Lamina Lateral LAMINA LATERAL Tendo symphysialis M. adductor LAMINA MEDIAL A.Cross Section B. Lateral of Udder  LEFT OR RIGHT UDDER Forequarter and Hindquarter is unseparated but equipped with sac. Milk between quarters are independently made. ? Fat tissue aqccumulation  FACT: Between Fore and Hindquarter NO SEPARATION Secretion of fore/cranial quarter Hind/caudal and hindquarter do not mix. If forequarter is infected, hindquarter quarter is larger is unaffected.  MILK SYNTHESIS SITE LOBUS MAMMARI With grape-like Supramammary Fat in the base of Ductus alveoli corpus mammae. Ductus lobuli Ductus colligentes Sinus Glandulae QUARTER Alveoli lactiferus has cells that -Milk synthesis site synthesize milk from nutrients e.g -Composed of : Lobus concentrate and greens. Mammary. - Every LOBUS Synthesis is stored and channeled via MAMMARY has up to 200 Ductus Lactiferus Colligentes to sinus alveoli mammae glandulae. alveoli LOBUS mamary Ductus lactiferus colligentes ALVEOLI STRUCTURE ALVEOLAR SECRETION 1. Lactiferous Cells ( c ) 2. Fat Droplet (d) CHANNELED BY 2. Myoepithelial Cell (e) , Cell Membrane (f). 1.Ductus alveoli Alveoli has arteries and veins for nutrient (ductus interlobularis) (13) distribution. 2. Ductus LOBULI ductus interlobaris (14) (Ductus ALVEOLI) (D. interlobularis) Lactiferous Cell LOBUS MAMMARY Arteri/ Fat Vena Droplets Cell Membrane Myoepithelial Cell Ductus LOBULI (D. interlobaris)  SINUS LACTIFERUS COMPOSED OF Milk filled udder will automatically channel 1. sinus GLANDULAE =Cysterna Glandula milk from SINUS LACTIFEROUS when milked. , lots of folds (diverticula)) The milk exits from nipple orificium. When 2. Sinus of NIPPLE, unmilked, M.Sphincter closes the orificium, Collects in ductus papillaris (5) protecting the milk from contaminants. SINUS GLANDULAE NIPPLE SINUS Ductus papilari (8.5 mm) A/V Papillari Nipple Orificium  MILK FLOWS TO SINUS LACTIFERUS sinus lactiferus Cysterna /(sinus) Glandula cysterna (sinus) of nipple (Pars glandularis) (Pars papilaris) Numerous longitudinal and circular folds filled with milk produced by alveoli Ductus papillaris Plexus M. a/vena sphincter Orificium (ostium) papilla  The papillary duct has an inner layer (mucosa) consisting of smooth muscle sphincter and elastic tissue (fibrous, longitudinal, and circular layers) that functions to tightly close the sinus lumen and the nipple orifice before the udder is milked. This tissue becomes relaxed/collapses after stimulation through milking. ARTERIES VASCULARIZING GLANDULA MAMMARY 1.a/v Iliaca externa 2.a/v. Pudenda epigastrica 3.a/v. Pudenda externa 4.a/v. Mammary craniale 4.a/v. Mamary caudale v. Subcutaneus abdominalis =V. Epigastrica sup. cranial Iliaca externa(14)a.Pud epig (7)>a.ext pud(9) >a.mamary cr (10)&cd (11)  Vessels heading to udders from Inguinal Ring a/v. Iliaca externa a/v. Pudenda externa a/v. Mammary craniale a/v. Mammary caudale v. Subcutaneus abdominalis =V. Epigastrica sup. cranial  High Production Dairy Cattle has protruding vein v. Subcutaneus abdominalis=V. Epigastrica sup. cranial Udder Veins UDDER VEINS: GLANDULA MAMMARY v. Subcutaneus abdominalis =V. Epigastrica sup. Cranial >>V. Mammary cranial a/v. Mamary craniale a/v. Mamary cauda v. Mammary cranial & caudal, left and right, forms venous ring for udder  There are two pathways for venous ring drainage from the udder back to the heart. This is important because when the cow is lying down, drainage through the first pathway is obstructed, but it will be accommodated by the second pathway. 1. v. v. Thoracica HEART Subcutaneus abdominalis interna AORTA 2. v. Mammarica v.Iliaca HEART cranial/cauda externa AORTA v. pudenda  ; v. mamary cd and V. mamary cran forms ring in cranial, meets with V. epig sup cran (=subcutan abdominalis Lymphonodule Mammary Lgn. Iliofemoralis= Inguinalis prof Efferent to : LGL. Supramammary  Inguinal Ring L3, A/V. Pudenda Externa; n. genitofemoralis; Lymphatic Efferent, Lgn. Suprammarica  The inguinal canal is a tubular structure that runs inferomedially and contains the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females. The inguinal canal is the passageway through which the testes (in individuals with an XY karyotype) leave the abdominal cavity and enter the scrotum Lymphonodule Supramammary Lgl. Suprammamary V. Epigastrica superficial caud >> V. pudenda externa > v. pudenda epigastric, Lg. subiliaca Autonomic Nerve of gld. Mammae, through N. Sacralis I-III  Sensory Nerve systems from L1,2,3,4 (:a.iliohypo/ b. ilioingun.g/c. Genitofemoralis cr/cd caudal n. Pudenda>> f.n.mammari cd n. genitofemoralis n. mammary cranial n. Ilioinguinalis n. Iliohypogastrica n. mammary cd THANK YOU !  The gland is attached to the body by the median and lateral suspensory ligaments. Milk exits each mammary gland via a teat equipped with a teat canal.  Importance of the lymphatic system Though a very deep knowledge of the lymphatic system is important for clinicians, it is generally overlooked. For the surgeon it has a very vital role in diagnosing and staging of many diseases; this applies also to pathologists and radiotherapists (Fig. 3.1). The lymphatic system is a specialized component of the circulatory system. It differs from the circulatory system in that the lymphatics do not form a closed ring or circuit, instead they begin blindly in the intercellular spaces of tissues of the body. It consists of lymph, which is derived from the blood, tissue fluid, and a group of channels called the lymphatic vessels, which return lymph to the blood. Lymphatic vessels run parallel to the veins. The lymphatic system includes: The lymphatic system includes: 1. The lymphatic capillaries which originate as microscopic blind-end vessels. 2. The lymph vessels running parallel to the veins. 3. Lymph nodes located along the paths of collecting vessels. 4. Specialized lymphatic organs such as the tonsils, thymus, and spleen. 5. Lymph and interstitial fluid. Lymph is a clear, watery fluid found in the lymphatic vessels. Interstitial fluid fills the spaces around cells. a. In some cases, it is part of the semifluid ground substance. b. In others, it is bound water in a gelatinous ground substance. Stucture Glandulae mammarica, 5 pairs with papilla and orificium DOG