LESSON 3 (OCR) PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by Deleted User
OCR
Tags
Summary
This document discusses culture and how it influences moral behavior. It explores the definition of culture and highlights that cultural knowledge is learned and perpetuated throughout a society.
Full Transcript
LESSON LESSON3.1 3.1 (SEMI FINALS) (SEMI FINALS) CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR · Culture is the sum total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are genera...
LESSON LESSON3.1 3.1 (SEMI FINALS) (SEMI FINALS) CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR · Culture is the sum total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the traditian of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation Culture in its broadest sense is dultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is soeially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning. · Cuture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a groups skills, knowledge, attitudes,values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions. Defined broadly therefore, culture includes all the things individuals learn while growing up among particular group: atitudes, standards of morality,rules of etiquette, perceptions of reality, language, notions about the proper way to live, beliefs about how females and males should interact, ideas about how the world works and so forth. We cal this cultural knowledge. CULTURE · Reflects the moral values and ethical norms governing how people should behave and interact with others ·Refers to the outlook, attitude, values, goals, and practices shared by a group, organization, or society ·Vary over time periods between countries and geographie regions, and among groups and organizations Culture's Role in Moral Behavior Based on the definitions of culture above, it is not hard to pinpoint the role of the culture in one's moral behavior. A culture is a way of life' of a group of people,and this so-called way of life' actually includes moral values and behaviors, along with knowledge, beliefs, symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next" ('Culture Definition, n.d.). Culture is learned as children grow up in society and discover how their parents and others around them interpret the world. In our society, we learn to distinguish objects such as cars, windows, houses, children, and food; recognize attributes like sharp, hot, beautiful, and humid; classify and perform different kinds of acts; and even "evaluate what is (morally) good and bad and to judge when an unusual action is appropriate or inappropriate"/Manebog & Pena, 2016). Many aspects of morality are taught. People learn moral and aspects of right or wrong from transmitters of culture: respective parents, teachers, novels, films, and television. Observing or watching them, people develop a set idea of what is right and wrong, and what is acceptable and what is not. Even experientially, it is improbable, if not impossible, to live in a society Without being affected by its culture. It follows too that it is hard to grow up in a particular culture without being impacted by how it views morality or what is ethically right or wrong. Anthropologically speaking, culture-including moral values, beliefs, and behavior-is learned from other people while growing up in a particular society or group; is widely shared by the members of that society or group; and so profoundly affects the thoughts, actions, and feelings of people in that group that individuals are a product of their culture" and "learning a culture is an essential part of human development" (De Guzman & Pena, 2016) MORAL BEHAVIOR Action or actions that produce good outcomes for the individuals as members of a community, or society. It can be applied to the whole global society. Schuman defines mora behavior as “Act intended to produce kind and /or fair outcomes To act according to ones moral values and standards. Children demonstrate prosocial and moral behavior when they share, help, co-operate, communicate, sympathize or in otherwise they demonstrate ability te care about others. THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE A PERSONS MORAL BEHAVIOR Family- the basic unit in a society. It includes one's biological or adoptive family of orientation. The same provides us with our basic needs to survive and develop as a significant member of the society. School - it may include formal or non- formal educational system that provides a child with his learning needs. Church-tthe institution that determines what is specifically considered as right or wrong. It is composed of believers in the same faith. A Mass media - those agencies that are purposive of entertaining, informing and educating through various channels like the radio, television, printed materials etc. 41F ASIAN AND FILIPINO MORAL BEHAVIOR Moral Behavior. To act accordingly to ones moral values and standards. Children demonstrate pro social and moral behavior when they share, help, co-operate, communicate, sympathize or in otherwise they demonstrate ability to care about others. Norms. Are expectation of proper behavior not the requirement of-that behavior Normas are the way that individual expects all the people to act in a given situation. Norms are informal about what is considered normal (what is correct or incorrect) social behavior in a particular group or social unit. Types of Norms 1.Formal social norms are based on the societis laws. The laws are created by Us for us so we can live in peace as a society. 2.Informal social norms are the norms we have that are based on culture an social interactions, these very between groups in the same society and cultures depending on your social identity and group belonging The Filipino Way The Filipino culture is a mix of both Eastern and Western cultures. The beliefs and traditions of pre-colonial Philippines was mainly indigenous Malay heritage(Baringer 2006). Then the Spanish colonized the islands and the Hispanic culture influenced the natives. In turn, the Americans shaped the modern Filipino culture and this is primarily manifested by the wide use of the English language in the Philippines today. It was from these influences that formed the Filipino character. The brief occupation of the British (1762-1764) and the Japanese(1942-1945) however had no cultural influence in the Philippines at all. Filipino cultural morality especially that which concerns social ethics, centers on ideally is having a smooth interpersonal relationship with others. The definition of smooth interpersonal relationship"(SIR) in Philippine culture is. principally supported by and anchored on at least six(6) basic Filipino values. Pakikisama - Pakikisama is having and maintaining good public relations. ·This is usually being practiced avoiding clash with other people or a certain group, ·It characterizes both a value and a goal that invokes keeping good feelings in all personal interactions and getting along with others, oftentimes, at all costs. · Pakikisama can work either positively or destructively. To elude open displays of conflicts, clashes and confrontations. Filipinos, because of pakikisama, may submit to group opinion, overgenerous praise negative feelings or unhappy spirits underneath a pleasant demeanor, smiling even when things go wrong, avoiding to say,,no," and refraining from venting anger or losing temper. In ts most basic sense, ,pakikisama" means going along with others. Its basic etymological source is,sama" (to go wifh). A derived term is,kasama" (companiong together with). In the social interaction context,,pakikisama" means,geting along with others", and ideally getting along ,well" with others. The first part of the term ,paki- " is also significant, since it also happens to be the Tagalog afix for please". It"s as if the individual is being requested to .please" get along well one"s fellow human beings. Among ffiends and even relatives, itis considered obnoxious and unacceptable to give a direct command. To minimize the directness or "impact" of the command, Filipinos use paki nga or maki- so as not to offend. Even a boss in the office would use,paki-" the equivalent of "please" in English, in giving a request to a subordinate. · To be polite is to use paki- or maki. Flipinos go to great lengths to avoid offending another's feelings which is why they have this linguistic social convention. It is also part of this whole system of pakikisama and pakikipagkapwa-tao. Pakikisama is the opposite of individualism. In Filipino culture, a person who has no pakikisama is a loner, an individualist disdained by others who seek his company. He does not know how to "go with the crowd." A related word is makibagay,“to conform” with the group in order to maintain a Smooth Interpersonal Relationship. Hiya - Hiya is describe as feeling of lowliness, shame or embarrassment and inhibition or shyness which is experienced as somewhat distressing. Integrally,,hiya" is related to the concept of,face" and a concern with how one appears in the eyes of others; · This unique Filipino concept of,hiya" or, fear of losing face" encompasses being afraid to do bad things as it may damage one"s reputation in the sight of other people, ·A person"s capacity for people behaviour with authority figures is a reflection of his or her family upbringing and this fear of losing face. · Too much ,hiya", nonetheless,may lead to having inferiority complex and losing self-confidence. ·“Hiya” is one value that regulates the Filipinos social behavior dust as one is very careful not to be subjected to embarrassment or “mapahiya” one must also make it a point NOT to cause another person"s embarrassment. Public ridicule, or to be censured openly, or to fail to do what is expected of one, is to suffer hiya, a loss of esteem. Inversely, if one has not acted improperly, or continued to behave in a manner disapproved of by the community, it's to be without hiya "walang hiya" - an ultimate insult). This label automatically results in the withdrawal of acceptance within one's group, if not the entire community. Hiya is a controlling element in the Filipino society. A person's behavior is socially restricted by his sense of "hiya" while public behavior is censured, or approved of, by hiya. Amor Propio ·Like hiya," the Filpino value of "amor propio" is derived from the concept of ,face." Although commonly translated as "self-respect" or "self-esteem",,amor propio" has been "characlerized as the high degree of sensitvity that makes a person intolerant concerming-to erliclsm and causes him to have an easily wounded pride Concerning this Filipino value, some observe that "Filipinos learn to withstand a loss of face" in devastating to be publicly criticized, insulted, belittled, or humiliated, or to lose one"s self- respect, ·"amor propio" comes from the person's tendency to protect his or her dignity and honor,Because of pride or amor propio, for instance, a person may refuse offers even if he she really wants to accept them.“Amor propio" in short means ego defensiveness, dignity or-ome"s personat pide akin to the traditiomal oriental attitude of having "face". Now if you are wondering why a Filipino hesitates to bring up a problem, or point out that "your slip is showing", or call your attention to an anomalous situation, remember that it is hiya in operation. Filipinos feel uneasy if they are instrumental in making waves, rocking the boat and exposing someone"s volatile amor-propio to injury. Utang na Loob -Obligation and responsibilty are often viewed in terms of reciprocity(utang na loob), comprised of debts(utang), and inner-sell-free will (na-loob). The process begins with an unsolicited gift and continues going often into to the next generation. · Utang na loob is considered an important "accommodative surface value," along with hiya(shame) and pakikisama (togetherness). That is to say, it is one of the values by which the Filipino accommodates the demands of the world around him, as opposed to confrontative values like "lakas ng loob" and "pakikibaka". · There are Filipinos who are able to look at"utang na loob" as a social concept without having to be blind to the limits of loyalty. They appreciate the meaning of “utang na loob” as a moral concept, but it does not mean that they will give up the higher set of principles that they value for the sake of family, friendships, and community loyalty. ·“Utang na loob”may be invoked by some people to demand favors from someone, for the right or wrong reasons. One is free to return the favor or not, but must take the risk of "burning his bridges". Utang na loob is likewise a fundamental aspect of upholding group harmony and relationships that demand the balancing of obligations and debts. · The inabilty to repay the,utang na loob" usually makes a person,walang utang na loob" or,walang hiya." · To avoid being dubbed as ,,walang utang na loob," some Filipino sometimes do things that may be bad just to return a received favor. Filipino Hospitality -Filipino Hospitality refers to the innate ability and trait of Filipinos to be courteous and enletairing to their guests. Generally speaking, Filipinos are hospitable as they are internationally known to be warm, welcoming and accommodating. This trait, however, makes Filipinos prone to being abused or maltreated. · Receiving guests with Hospitality and Respect. This is best exemplified by welcoming and letting them in their homes as soon as guest/s arrive.“Tuloy kayo" is a Filipino warm welcoming expression that shows kind accommodations to their visitors. "Tuloy" means "to go on" or "to enter." For this context, the expressions "tuloy kayo" can be defined as "You may come in" or "Please come in.” Normally, Fiipinos will have salutations and small conversations before welcoming the visitors to their home. Guests are received with "kumusta or “magandang umaga.”The thoughtfulness of Filipinos can be observed in how they treat their guests too. ·To Accommodate their Guests. Filipinos welcome them and ask them to take a seat as a thoughtful gesture."Umupo ka muna," as Filipinos would say. That means "Take a seat first." Guests are asked to sit down, while the host prepares food and drinks for them. Giving food and drinks is a traditional way of Filipinos to make their visitors feel at home and appreciated for stopping by. "Kumain ka muna" is an expression of hospitality of Filipino towards their guests, offering or inviting them to eat. This simply means "Eat first." When a guest visits the host's house during the time they are eating, it's just courteous to invite the guest to join them to eat. "Kain tayo!" as Filipinos would say to offer their guests to eat with them. · As the Host. Filipinos would feel glad to have served and welcomed you to their homes. Due to their hospitable nature, its a pleasure for them to see their guests feel at home and well accommodated. This is why visitors should acknowledge this warmth and generosity of the host too, by accepting their invitation and the food that they have specially prepared. Unless you ate already and feeling full, you may respectfully decline by saying, "Salamat! Katatapos lang.” or "Salamat! Busog pa naman," Flipinos are generous and hospitable people especially to their visitors. They would even go out of their way just to accommodate their guests Respect to Elders Concerming ,respect to elders" we, Filipinos, are not only respectful to elders, but also have unique ways of expressing this respect to elders. This includes the use of,po" and,opo" when talking to elders and ,pagmamano" or the putting of the elder's hand to one's forehead. Respect to elders makes one dependent or irrationally obedient to parents or elders. Failure to do so will lead you to a foolishness act. These Filipino social values are important to maintain harmony in Filipino relationships in social institutions such as family, school and community. The ,smooth interpersonal relationship" together with Filipino "pakikipagkapwa-tao" has been deemed as central core essential cultural traits that form and define an almost stereotypic Filipino character and moral behavior. How does moral character develop? First let us take the most basic definition of the terms moral, character, and moral characterMoral is "concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior or the goodness and badness of the human character"(Merriam- Webster 2017). Character is defined as "the mental and moral qualities distinct to an individual"(Merriam-Webster 2017). But in Philosophy, the term character usually denotes to the moral dimension of a person(Timpe,2007). Moral character refers to the "existence (or lack of) virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honest, and loyalty"(Merriam-Webster 2017) Moral Character as Disposition Moral characters are those dispositions or the tendency to act or think ina particular way for which a person can be held morally responsible. Thus, moral character traits are rational, informed, stable and reliable dispositions (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2017). Philosophical Views on Moral Character What do the great ancient minds think about moral character Let us look at the viewpoints of Eastern and Western thinkers. Confucian Traditions - The philosophy of moral development is rooted in ancient views. For Confucian traditions moral development was attributed to four beginnings oi the human personality(Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, @2017). These four beginnings were considered as seeds of human personality that will naturally unfold to become human activities. Take note though, that contrary to Western understanding of personality as a given human condition; personality in Confucian perception meant- an achieved state of moral excellence" (Ammes,1997; Klemme, WEB).Thus, in this concept, every person is born with four beginnings. However each of these do not yet capture the concept of self. However, when the four beginnings are put together, it may then be perceived in Western understanding as the "pre-selfor "potential self"(Klemme, WEB). The four beginnings in Confucian traditions are: ·The heart of compassion, which leads to Jen. · The heart of righteousness, which leads to Y. · The heart of propriety, which leads to Li The heart of wisdom, which leads to Zhi. len means goodwill, sympathy towards others, and generosity.Vi means righteousness and the respect or duty, that is, respect your position-as guardian towards nature and humanity. Lu deals with outward behavior such as etiquetle, customs, andrituals.Zhi means wisdom, and this wisdom is a product of practicing Jen, Yi, and Li in one's life (Liu, 2002). Stages of Moral Development Lawrence Kohiberg's Stages of Moral Development adapted from General Psychology with Drug Education book by Virgie S. Otig, M.A. and Winston B. Galinero, M.A. Lawrence Kohlberg was a 20th century developmental psychologist and moral philosopher. When he was the director of Harvard's center for Moral Education, Kohlberge"s research focused on the moral development of children particularly on how they develop a sense of what is right or wrong, as well as children move through what he believed as definite stages of moral development. Level l: Pre-conventional morality Judgment at this level is solely focused on the self. This line of moral reasoning is common among children although some adults would also exhibit such behavior. The child, having no concept about society s conventions on what s right or wrong would base its judgment mainly on the external consequences of its actions. Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation This is also called the pre-moral stage where decisions and actions are determined by immediate physical consequence and net the true moral value. The overall goal at this stage is to avoid punishment. For example, "I am going to study my lessons because mom will get mad at me if I do not pass this test. Stage 2: Reward Orientation As children grow older, they begin to see that there is actually, room for negotiation because other people have their own goals to meet and wants that must be satisfied too. Children learn to have in a manner based on the principle "What's in it for me? For example, an older child might reason: "if I get good grades mom and dad will buy me a new smart phone. So, I'm going to do my homework". Level ll: Conventional Morality This level of moral reasoning is typical of adolescents and adults. Conventional morality is to reason in a conventional (something that is generally accepted manner. It is accepting the rules and standards of one's group. This means decisions and the morality of his/her actions are based on society's views and expectations. The focus on this level is the ""significant others" or what is also called "tyranny of the They (They say this... They say that.. They say l should.…) Stage 3: Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation At this stage, the child tries to seek approval from other people by living up to their expectations. He /She also now understands the concept of loyalty, trust, and gratitude as well as become interested in motives and intentions behind a particular decision or action. For example, children understand and live by the Golden Rule. Stage 4: Authority Orientation By this time, individuals have reached adulthood and they usually consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus at this stage is following the rules, maintaining law and order, doing one's duty, and respecting authority. For example when someone violates the law, it is morally wrong: culpabilty is therefore a significant factor in this stage because it separates what is bad from what is good. Level IIl: Post conventional This is also known as the principled level. It is marked by a growing realization that people are unique and are an independent part of the society. Therefore, the individual's own perspective is more significant over what the rest of the society thinks and that this would sometimes lead to disobeying the law to follow personal principles. At this level, a person does not see rules and laws as absolute or beyond question, but a changeable mechanism. Kohlberg asserted that post conventional individuals view rules and laws to be important in maintaining peace and order but it only serves as a guide that needs to be weighed against personal principles and beliefs to uphold one's human rights. Stage 5: Social contract orientation This stage means the individual is aware that much of what is considered to be moral or good is mainly based on personal beliefs as well as on the social group they belong to and that only a very few of the known fundamental values are actually universal. The person at this level understands that the world holds different opinions rights, and values; thus different views should be mutually respected. Laws are also regarded as a matter a social contract with one's fellow human beings in order to promote universal values and that decisions are made for the greater good for the most number of people. The best example for this level is the Democratic form of government. Stage 6: Ethical - Principle Orientation At this point, social contract takes a clear back seat and the person makes a personal commitment to uphold universal principles of equal rights and respect. At this stage, an individual already has a principled conscience; and will follow universal, ethical principles regardless of what the laws or the rules say. Judgment here is based on abstract reasoning such as being able to put oneself in other peoples shoes.(Garz, Detlef, 2009; Munsey, B., 1980; Otig& Gallinero, 2015). LESSON LESSON 3.2 3.2