Customs of the Tagalogs PDF

Juan de Plasencia Customs of The Tagalogs Spanish Friar (Frasciscan Order) Relacion de las Custombres de los Tagalos en Filipinas  Content THE AUTHOR BARANGAY and SOCIAL CLASS MARRIAGE, JUSTICE and INHERITANCE BELIEFS and SUPERSTITIONS FASHION and ORNAMENT...

Juan de Plasencia Customs of The Tagalogs Spanish Friar (Frasciscan Order) Relacion de las Custombres de los Tagalos en Filipinas  Content THE AUTHOR BARANGAY and SOCIAL CLASS MARRIAGE, JUSTICE and INHERITANCE BELIEFS and SUPERSTITIONS FASHION and ORNAMENT Luzon Noble Couple Source: National Quincentennial Committee  THE AUTHOR Name: Juan de Plasencia 3. Responsible for the foundation of Birth Place: Plasencia in the region several towns in Laguna and Tayabas. of Extremadura, Spain 4. Reduccion Policy Known for: Doctrina Cristiana *Congregating of native inhabitants in pueblos(resettlement). Vocaboulario de la Aims: lengua Tagala a. Bringing people within hearing Facts distance of church bells (bajo de 1. He grew up in the period known as campana) Siglo de Oro. b. Facilitate mass conversion to 2. The main objective of the Customs Catholicism of the Tagalogs is to put an end to c. Consolidate control (political, some injustices committed by certain economic, and religious) over the government officials. indigenous communities  THE BARANGAY Barangay DATU (Chief of barangay) The chiefs ruled over but few people, as many as 100 houses, sometimes Nagdarato-To rule a barrio or barangay even less than 30. (Excerpt from The Customs of the Tagalogs) Duties: 1. Govern his people 2. Lead them in war 3. Succor them in struggles and Scale model of needs (according to Morga) Balanghai 4. Render judgement in lawsuit 5. Control over disposition of real property Source: https://www.pinasmuna.com/2014/09/national- museum-in-butuan-city.html  SOCIAL CLASSES Estates/Castes Tagalog Social Structure Visayans Order Social Classes (Fr. Plasencia) (W. H. Scott) (Miguel Loarca) Lakan/Rajah (town) Datu Datu Noblility Datu (barangay) (principales) Tumao Maginoo Maharlika (hidalgos) Timawa Freemen Common People Maharlika Timawa Timawa (pecheros) (birthright aristocracy) Slaves Enclavos Tumataban Alipin Namamahay Alipin Aliping Namamahay Tumarampok Alipin Sagigilid Oripon Aliping sa guiguilir Ayuey  SOCIAL CLASSES The 3 Castes (Fr. Juan Plasencia) Tagalog Society (William Henry Scott) Maharlica Maginoo They did not pay tax or tribute and The ruling class of the Tagalogs. accompany the datu in war. Timawa Aliping Namamahay Were non slaves who could attach to They live in their own houses and lords the datu of their choice. of their property and gold Alipin Namamahay Aliping sa Guiguilid Came whenever his master called. They serve their master in his house and his cultivated lands and can be Alipin Sa Gigilid sold. Dependent for food and shelter.  SOCIAL CLASSES Classes of Slaves (Miguel de Loarca) Ayuey Served their master within his house and worked three days for his master. Tumarampok They lived in their own houses and worked one day for his master. Tumataban They worked for his master when summon (banquet or revel). Source: National Quincentennial Committee Cagayan Lady Cagayan Warrior Aeta Couple Commoners or Slaves Tattooed Visayan Noble Natives of Luzon  MARRIAGE Customs Marriage with Castes Paninilbihan Act of servitude at the lady’s home was 1. Maharlica + Maharlica = Maharlica executed by gentlemen in order to 2. Maharlica + Slave = Freemen depict their genuineness and loyalty 3. Maharlica + Slave(another) = Half of toward the woman they love and adore. the child was free or a slave (not recognized by the father) Dowries are given by men to the 4. Freemen + Slave = Freemen women's parents (provided he were not her husband) 1. Bigay - kaya (a piece of land or 5. Maharlica + Slave = Children were gold) divided 2. Panghihimuyat (a gift for the brides a. Odd Birth- Father parents) b. Even Birth- Mother c. One child- Half Freeman and Slave 3. Bigay - suso (for brides wet nurse)  ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE The datu investigates and passed the 4. Condemned to death a man of sentence in the presence of the low birth who insulted the barangay. daughter or wife of a chief; 1. If any of the litigants felt himself likewise witches, and others of the aggrieved, an arbiter was same class. unanimously named from another 5. Other offenses were punished by village or barangay fines in gold, which, if not paid 2. If the controversy lay between with promptness, exposed the two chiefs, they also convoked culprit to serve, until the payment judges to act as arbiters. should be made. 3. If two disputants belong to two 6. In what concerns loans, there was barangay, they convoked judges to formerly, and is today, an excess act as arbiters. of usury.  INHERITANCE 4. If a man had a child by one of his 1. Legitimate children slaves, as well as legitimate ❑ Inherited equally children *Except, showed slight partiality ❑ Slave: No Inheritance, 2. Any son married to chiefs ❑ Legitimate: Free the mother daughter 5. A child by a free married woman, ❑ Dowry is greater than the sum born while she was married given to other sons Case 1: If the husband punished the 3. Had Children by two or more adulterer, there’s inheritance legitimate wives Case 2: If not, there’s no inheritance ❑ Each received inheritance and 5. Adopted children dowry of his mother and increase ❑ Inherit the double of what was share of the father’ estate. paid for their adoption.  BELIEFS and SUPERSTITIONS In precolonial period, Filipinos were Deities mostly pagans. 1. Bathala All powerful or maker of all things Terms 2. Moon, Sun and Star (Tala) Simbahan Temple or place of 3. Mapolon adoration. Change of seasons Pandot Worship 4. Dian Masalanta Sorihile Small lamps Patron of lovers and of generation. Nagaanitos Idol 5. Lacapati and Idianale Lic-ha Images with different Patrons of the cultivated lands and of shapes (idols) husbandry Balatic Great Bear (constellation) *Paid reverence to a buaya (crocodile) Source: LAHI Source: LAHI Source: LAHI Source: LAHI  BELIEFS and SUPERSTITIONS Tigmamanuguin Burials Posess magical powers that brought a Laraw/Larao mourning for chieftain foreboding omen Maglahe for dead man Morotal for dead woman Heard anyone sneeze, they would retrace their steps. Maca Paradise (Excerpt from Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by *Place for who possessed moral Pedro Chirino, S.J.) virtues. Casanaan Place of punishment. Offering Sacrifice 1. Recovery of sick person They buried their dead in their own 2. Prosperous voyage houses…They venerated the skulls of the dead as if they were living and present. 3. Good harvest (Excerpt from Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas by 4. Happy outcome in married life Antonio Morga)  DISTINCTION MADE AMONG THE PRIEST OF THE DEVIL 1. Catalonan Was either a man or a woman and 4. Mancocolam functioned as a healer, shaman, seer Whose duty it was to emit fire from and a community leader. himself at night. 2. Mangagauay or witches 5. Hocloban Who deceived by pretending to heal Another kind of witch and by simply the sick. saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they chose. 3. Manyisalat These priests had the power of 6. Silagan applying such remedies to lovers that Who preys on anyone who is dressed they would abandon and despise their in white. own wives.  DISTINCTION MADE AMONG THE PRIEST OF THE DEVIL 7. Magtatangal 10. Sonat His purpose was to show himself at Equivalent to ” preacher.” It was his night to many persons, without his office to help one to die, at which head or entrails. time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul 8. Osuang Equivalent to ” sorcerer;” they say that 11. Pangatahojan they have seen him fly, and that he Was a soothsayer, and predicted the murdered men and ate their flesh. future. 9. Mangagayoma 12. Bayoguin They made charms for lovers out of Signified a “cotquean,” a man whose herbs, stones, and wood, which would nature inclined toward that of a infuse the heart with love woman.  PRECOLONIAL BICOL Beliefs and Superstitions ▪ Song of the bird sayasaya was a Gugurang supreme being bad omen Kamurawayan state of bliss/sky ▪ When the ricefield of some person Katambay spirits assigned to stood out over the rest, this was individuals supposed to be a bad omen Okot forest spirit. Maguindara underwater beings Caste Kulapnitan gods of bats. Napido Sarimao ferocious animal Principalia who was pulled down to the level of timawa or oripon. Onglo Natimawa Believed to be a very black and ugly Slaves that are freed by their master monster from bondage.  PRECOLONIAL BICOL Marriage Burial Pasaka ritual for the death of Pamalaye maguinoos The suitor and his kinsmen would go Paraarang professional mourner to the bride’s house ❑ Burial grounds along river banks Hikao ❑ Cave-earliest communal burial A practice which allowed the ground (Batungan Cave) disengagement of any contract made to the groom if another suitor of Manunggul Jar Photo from National higher social standing proposed a Commission for Culture and higher amount of dowry. Arts  FASHION and ORNAMENT Male ❑ Kanggan Collarless short-sleeve jacket ❑ Bahag G-string loincloth *A strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between legs. ❑ Putong Men’s headgear Female ❑ Baro Wide sleeved jacket ❑ Patadyong Skirt ❑ Tapis *Additional cover wrapped around the waist Luzon Noble Couple Source: National Quincentennial Committee  FASHION and ORNAMENT They do not, however, on this account go naked; they wear well-made collarless robes, which reach the ankle and are of cotton bordered with colors: when they are in mourning, these robes are white. They take off these robes in their houses, and in places where garments are unnecessary; but everywhere and always they are very attentive and watchful to cover their persons, with great care and modesty, wherein they are superior to other nations, especially to the Chinese. (Excerpt from Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by Pedro Chirino, S.J.) Visayan Noble Couple Source: National Quincentennial Committee  FASHION and ORNAMENT Luzon Mindanao ❑ Bracelets with fluted design and ❑ Kandit sashes flaring rims. ❑ Dragonfly “tutubi” necklace ❑ Large conical necklace finials. ❑ Kamagi gear head necklace ❑ Pair of long pendant double swirl ❑ Pair of heavy waist cord earrings. ❑ Large square quatrefoil earrings. Five ear ❑ Set of five graduated bracelet. ornaments with petaloid Visayas protrusions ❑ Patan-aw or “look at me” earrings. ❑ Uod or caterpillar ear ornaments. Source: https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine- daily-inquirer-1109/20160526/281646779381679 Source: http://pinoykollektor.blogspot.com/2018/03/122-ginto-pre-spanish-gold-collection.html Source: http://pinoykollektor.blogspot.com/2018/03/122-ginto-pre-spanish-gold-collection.html Source: http://pinoykollektor.blogspot.com/2018/03/122-ginto-pre-spanish-gold-collection.html Source: http://pinoykollektor.blogspot.com/2018/03/122-ginto-pre-spanish-gold-collection.html  REFERENCES 1. Blair and Robertson. (2005.). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Volume XII, 1601-1604 Explorations By Early Navigators, Descriptions Of The Islands An Their Peoples, Their History And Records Of The Catholic Missions, As Related In Contemporaneous Books And Manuscripts, Showing The Political, Economic, Commercial And Religious Conditions Of Those Islands From Their Earliest Relations With European Nations To The Close Of The Nineteenth Century. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15022/15022.txt 2. Candelaria, J. L. P. and Alphora, V. C. 2018. Readings in Philippine History. Quezon City, REX Printing Company, Inc. 3. Camagay, M. L. T., Ancheta, J. A. C., Bernal, M. S., Guiang, F. J. P. A., Malban, F. J. M., Ramos II, D. P. G. 2018.Unraveling the Past. Quezon, City, Vibal Publishing House, Inc. 4. Ginto A Golden Heritage From Our Filipino Ancestor : Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities. (2021, October 12). Artesdelasfilipinas.com. http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/194/ginto-a-golden-heritage-from- our-filipino-ancestor 5. Gutay, Rev. Jose. D. (n.d.). Life and Works of Fray Juan de Plasencia. http://ofmphilarchives.tripod.com/id8.html 6. Espiritu, Rogelio. (2016). LET Reviewer in Social Science. Manila, MET Review Center 7. Funtecha, Henry F. (2007). Slavery practiced by the ancient Bisayans. Retrieved from https://www.thenewstoday.info/2007/06/29/slavery.as.practiced.by.the.ancient.bisayans.html#:~:text=In%20th e%20Visayas%2C%20they%20were,called%20ayuey%2C%20tumarampok%20and%20tumataban.  REFERENCES 8. Social Organization in Pre-colonial Manila | Presidential Museum and Library. (2015). Malacanang.gov.ph. http://malacanang.gov.ph/75825-social-organization-pre-colonial-manila/ 9. Scott, W. (1980). Filipino Class Structure in the Sixteenth Century. Philippine Studies, 28(2), 142–175. http://www.philippinestudies.net/files/journals/1/articles/1605/public/1605-3710-1-PB.pdf Credits Indiana University and National Quincentennial Committee for the digitized photos of Boxer Codex SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS 1. Blair, E. H. (2004, June 16). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898: explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century, Volume VII, 1588–1591. Gutenberg.org. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13701/13701-h/13701-h.htm 2. Witches in the Philippines or Spanish propaganda? (2015). https://www.aswangproject.com/witches-in-the- philippines/