Lesson 1_EID and REIDS_evolution_virus_4 h PDF

11/27/24 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF EMERGENCY VIRUS AND OTHER PATHOGENS October 2024 PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Course descripti...

11/27/24 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF EMERGENCY VIRUS AND OTHER PATHOGENS October 2024 PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Course description Credit points 3 ECTS (total course) Level Master 2 Time commitment Lecture 16 hrs Practice/ Assignment 4 hrs Total 20 hrs Principle immunology, Virology, overview of vaccine, English reading and Prerequisites comprehension Recommended Basic immunology and virology, Vaccine, background knowledge q Knowledge in emerging infectious diseases and the factors of emergence Subject description: q Knowledge in genetic mechanisms involved in emergence events q Overview of the molecular biology techniques used in infectious diseases q Basic concepts in Microbiology, particularly in virus q Detail in the genetic mechanisms involved in emergence events of new Objective infectious diseases such as horizontal gene transfer q General knowledge in molecular biology in the field of infectious diseases q Knowledge in emerging infectious diseases and the factors of emergence Out-come q Knowledge in genetic mechanisms involved in emergence events q Overview of the molecular biology techniques used in infectious diseases PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 1  11/27/24 Course description Attendance/Attitude 10 % Assessment/ Evaluation Assignment(s) 40 % Final exam 50 % PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Content plan 1. Brief introduction on Emerging and re-emerging disease Evolution and infectious diseases 2. Zoonotic infection and diseases (influenza virus) Foodborne infection and disease 3. Bloodborne infection and disease (HIV and HCV) 4. Coronavirus- SARS-CoV-2se (REID)- diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming public health problems for a significant proportion of the population. PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 2  11/27/24 Content plan 1. Brief introduction on Emerging and re-emerging disease Evolution and infectious diseases 2. Zoonotic infection and diseases (influenza virus) Foodborne infection and disease 3. Bloodborne infection and disease (HIV and HCV) 4. Coronavirus- SARS-CoV-2 Re-emerging infectious disease (REID)- diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming public health problems for a significant proportion of the population. PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Course content and schedule Outcome Ø Understand and knowledge of emergencing and re-emergencing infectious disease Objective Explain the definition and characteristic of EID Ø Understand and knowledge of emergencing and re-emergencing and REID infectious disease Give example about EID and REID State the solution to face EID and REID Ø Understand about WHAT IS A VIRUS Ø Understand immune response to virus Ø Understand about WHAT IS A VIRUS Ø Understand about virus evolution and infectious disease Stated the characteristic of virus Stated the virus replication Stated the assay of virus detection Ø Understand immune response to virus How to learn? Stated the role of immune system Understand about innate and adaptive immunity Ø Discover immune system and immune and virus response to virus Stated type immune response to virus Ø Learn/ reading from publications, review, video Ø Understand about evolution and infectious Ø Discussion/ ask questions disease Define the out break identification Explain how antibiotic resistance spread? PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 3  11/27/24 BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON EMERING AND RE-EMERGING DISEASES PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Important term Emerging infectious disease (EID)- An infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Re-emerging infectious disease (REID)- diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming public health problems for a significant proportion of the population. PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 4  11/27/24 Important term Emerging infectious disease (EID)- An infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Re-emerging infectious disease (REID)- diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming public health problems for a significant proportion of the population. PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Important term Infectious diseases- are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases- are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans. PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 5  11/27/24 Examples of emerging and re- emerging infectious diseases??? PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong The global extent of Global EID and REID from 1981 to 2020 David M.Morens1Anthony S.Fauci, 2020-Cells PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 6  11/27/24 Timeline of 21st century viral outbreaks PhD. Pharm. Gerald TranetThi T. Keusch Thu Phuong al, 2022- PNAS Questions Could a disease can be emerging and re-emerging infectious disease? A. Yes B. No If yes, please give an example PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 7  11/27/24 Answer A disease can be emerging in a geographical area but re- emerging in other part of the world A/H5N1 Ø 1996-1997: EID in Hongkong; Ø 2003-2004-now: EID in Vietnam, Thailand; Ø 2005-now: as EID in some; Ø REID in most European countries. PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong What is characteristics of EIDs???? PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 8  11/27/24 Characteristics of EIDs Ø Unique susceptible species: SARS (humans) Ø Multiple susceptible species: H5N1 (chicken, duck, birds, human); Nipah (Malaysia: pigs, humans) Ø Geographically and specifically localized: EBOLA, in Central Africa, humans Ø Very special causative agent: prion, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in human, BSE or Mad cow disease. PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong What is characteristics of REIDs???? PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 9  11/27/24 Characteristics of REIDs Ø Reemerging with mutations in their genome giving new phenotypic properties: Resistant Tuberculosis (humans, all continents); Resistant Malaria (human, Asia, Africa, South America) PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong What should we do to face EIDs or REIDs???? PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 10  11/27/24 What should we do to face EIDs or REIDs MOBILIZE CHANGE UPDATE ESTABLISH AND IMPROVE AND DEVELOP DEVELOP PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong What should we do to face EIDs or REIDs MOBILIZE funding in every aspects CHANGE UPDATE Ø education Ø living culture, life style measures to prevent and control Ø social relationships IMPROVE AND DEVELOP ESTABLISH AND Ø diagnostic DEVELOP methods/technologies Ø international networking Ø drugs/medicines/chemicals Ø multi-disciplinary Ø vaccines collaboration PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 11  11/27/24 Virus PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 12  11/27/24 The host of virus Animal kingdom Plant kingdom Microbes PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Manifestation of viral infection Asymtomatic Acute viral syndrome Persistent viral syndrome Chronic infection Cancer Death Acute death PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 13  11/27/24 Manifestation of viral infection Asymtomatic Acute viral syndrome (influenza, rhinovirus etc) Persistent viral syndrome (EBV) Chronic infection - Reactivating (HSV-1/2, VZV (chicken pox/ shingles) - Progressive (HBV, HCV, HIV) Cancer (EBV, HPV-16, HCV) Death (HIV) Acute death (smallpox, Ebola, SAR2) PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Virus PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 14  11/27/24 What is a virus ? WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A VIRUS? q Physical q Biological PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong What is a virus ? q Physical characteristics Ø Genetic material Nucleic acid ü RNA (ssRNA, dsRNA, segmented) ü DNA (ssDNA, dsDNA) Ø Protein coat (subunit structure) Nucleoprotein Capsid ü Capsomeres, Gemetrical constraints Ø Envelope (some) PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 15  11/27/24 Examples of virus PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong SIZE of a virus PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 16  11/27/24 What is a virus ? q Biological characteristics Ø Viruses as parasites Ø Parasites Not capable of independently completing a full replication cycle `Cellular parasites Subcellular parasites ü Viroids ü Prions PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 17  11/27/24 Viral pathogenesis-disease Ø VIRUS REPLICATION Ø HOST RESPONSE PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Viral pathogenesis-disease VIRUS REPLICATION PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 18  11/27/24 Virus replication 1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Uncoating 4. Transcription 5. Synthesis of virus component 6. Virus assembly 7. Release PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong How to characterize and study virus q Structural and morphogical: X-ray crystallography, Electron microscopy q Biochemical: Gel electrophoresis, filtration, metabolic labeling, Enzymatic assay q Cell/ virus interaction: hemagglutination, plaque assay, in vivo labeling, titration q Immunological: Elisa, Western blot, Plaque reduction neutralization q Physical: Differential centrifugation, Solvent resistance q Nucleic acid based: PCR, Sequencing, hybridization, in vivo labeling PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 19  11/27/24 Morphological Assay q Electron microscopy q Isolated virus or infected cells q Nonenvelop or enveloped (alternate method to determine an envelope is present) q Core structure PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Biochemical-Density gradient separation Payne S, 2017, Virus PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 20  11/27/24 Cell/ virus-titrate infectious unit PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Metabolic labeling Proteins: Radioactive amino acids [35S] methionine Nucleic acids: Radioactive nucleotides, [32P] ATP PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 21  11/27/24 Immunological ELISA Western Blot Antibody Neutralization PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Molecular assays Assay for viral genome: RNA verses DNA; RT-PCR; PCR Sequence analysis: Mutation analysis PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 22  11/27/24 Virus detection-Epidemiology q Tracking prevalence of viruses in host populations v Blood component and tissue sample Ø Virus culture ü In vitro (tissue culture) ü In vivo (susceptible animal model) Ø Molecular testing ü PCR method ü Southern blot Ø Elisa ü Assay for antigen (virial protein) ü Assay for antibody directed against virus PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong HOST RESPONSE PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 23  11/27/24 THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO VIRUSES PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Immune response to virus Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 7th ed., 2012 Elsevier PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 24  11/27/24 Role of the immune system PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Immune system 1. Organs 2. Cells 3. Molecules PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 25  11/27/24 Immune system 1. Organs https://www.online-sciences.com/biology/human-immune-system-functions-structure-of-the-lymphatic-system-in-human/ PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Immune system 2. Cells PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 26  11/27/24 Immune system 3. Molecules Antibodies Complement Cytokines Interleukines Interferons PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Immune response to virus IgM – IgG sequential response Anamnestic response Antibody titer IgG IgM Time First stimulus Second stimulus PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 27  11/27/24 Immune Kinetics response of various anti-viraltomechanisms virus Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 7th ed., 2012 Elsevier PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Immune response to virus Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 7th ed., 2012 Elsevier PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 28  11/27/24 Immune system disorder Allery Hypersensitivity reaction Autoimmunity Immunodeficiences PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Allergies PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 29  11/27/24 Hypersensitivity reactions PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Allergies PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 30  11/27/24 Autoimmunity PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Immunodeficiency Loss or inadequate function of various components of the immune system Occur in any part or state of the immune system - physical barrier, phagocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, complement, natural killer cells An impaired function of immune system or at high risk of infection Congenital (primary) immunodeficiency: genetic abnormality - defect in lymphocyte maturation Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency: results from infections, nutritional deficiencies or treatments - AIDS, chronic leukemia PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 31  11/27/24 PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong EVOLUTION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 32  11/27/24 Ø Infection occurs when pathogens enter the internal environment and multiply Ø Disease follows when the pathogen’s activities interfere with normal body functions Ø Viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens evolve by natural selection, in parallel with their hosts PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Death global WHO resource PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 33  11/27/24 Death from infectious disease Updated 2013 PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Death from infectious disease Annual deaths form these infectious diseases could rise as resources shift to COVID-19 WHO resource PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 34  11/27/24 Outbreak identification PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong What is difference between Endemic, Epidemic, Outbreak and Pandemic? PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 35  11/27/24 Illustration of the idfferent terms for the occurrence of occurrence of disease-overview WHO PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong EFFECT OF EID OR REID Emerging and re-emerging infections reflect the constant struggle of microorganisms to survivE http://www.annalsofcommunityhealth.in/ojs/index.php/AoCH/pages/view/emrem PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 36  11/27/24 CATEREGORIES OF EID Fourteen categories of EID events described by Jones et al Colin D butler et al, 2012, Infectious disease oaf Poverty Rev PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Drug resistance PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 37  11/27/24 Drug resistance WHO PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Drug resistance Bhawna Malik et al 2019, Nature PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 38  11/27/24 How does antibiotic resistance spread? PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong Drug resistance PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 39  11/27/24 A glimpse of factors that contribute in emergence or re-emergence of viral disease Gedif Meseret Abbe et al 2020, International Journal of Virology and AIDS PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong 40