Lecture VI Environmental, NonInfectious and Nutritional Diseases PDF

ENVIRONMENTAL, OTHER NON- INFECTIOUS AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES MEDI109A Aquaculture and Aquatic Animal Medicine JERYL BELLE C. RAFANAN, DVM Lecturer OUTLINE ▪ Introduction ▪ Fish diseases associated with adverse physico-chemical properties of water ▪ Gas bubble disease ▪ Swimbladder stress syn...

ENVIRONMENTAL, OTHER NON- INFECTIOUS AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES MEDI109A Aquaculture and Aquatic Animal Medicine JERYL BELLE C. RAFANAN, DVM Lecturer OUTLINE ▪ Introduction ▪ Fish diseases associated with adverse physico-chemical properties of water ▪ Gas bubble disease ▪ Swimbladder stress syndrome ▪ Asphyxiation/Hypoxia ▪ Salinity Stress ▪ Alkalosis ▪ Acidosis ▪ Sunburn Disease  OUTLINE ▪ Shrimp Diseases associated with Physico-chemical properties of water ▪ Muscle necrosis ▪ Bent/cramped tails or body cramp ▪ Incomplete molting ▪ Asphyxiation/Hypoxia ▪ Acidosis/Acid sulfate disease syndrome ▪ Black gill Disease ▪ Red Disease ▪ Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome ▪ Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) ▪ Neoplastic Diseases/Genetic Diseases ▪ Diseases Associated with Physical Factors ▪ Diagnosis of Environmental and other non-infectious diseases ▪ Nutritional Diseases INTRODUCTION ▪ Environmental Diseases – induced by low dissolved oxygen, high ammonia, high nitrite and natural or man made toxins introduced into aquatic environment ▪ Non-infectious diseases – environmental conditions, nutritional disorders, neoplasia, genetic defects and poor husbandry management FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease Occurs when fish is exposed Swimbladder Stress to water which has become Fish absorb the gas Syndrome supersaturated and it is then released from suspension in Asphyxiation/Hypoxia body fluids, forming internal bubbles Salinity Stress Alkalosis Occurrence due to supersaturation of dissolved oxygen ( caused by leaks in Acidosis valve system, dense algal bloom and depletion at night and supersaturation Sunburn Disease during the day) FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease SIGNS: Bubbles in abdominal cavity, eyes, Swimbladder Stress skin, gills, fins, mouth and Syndrome swimbladder and within digestive tract and exophthalmia Asphyxiation/Hypoxia EFFECTS: Causes agitation, loss of Salinity Stress equilibrium, erratic swimming behavior, dark Alkalosis skin, emphysema and PREVENTION AND CONTROL: lesions of the mouth, eyes, Monitoring of dissolved oxygen Acidosis skin, fins, gas embolism in Avoiding algal bloom circulatory system; Maintaining efficient operation of exophthalmia, high water lines and pumps Sunburn Disease mortality Sufficient water exchange FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease Associated with Swimbladder Stress malfunction of Syndrome (SBSS) swimbladder resulting from Asphyxiation/Hypoxia possible stress Salinity Stress SBSS occurred soon after handling and Alkalosis partitioning of larvae by seine and bucket Acidosis Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease SIGNS: Large gas Swimbladder Stress bubbles in PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Syndrome (SBSS) antero-dorsal Filtering rearing water region and Regulating algal bloom in outside the Asphyxiation/Hypoxia hatcheries swimbladder Providing strong aeration to Salinity Stress maintain the larvae beneath the water surface Alkalosis EFFECT: Hyperinflation of swimbladder, Acidosis high buoyancy and mass mortalities Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease Phenomenon that Dissolved Oxygen = occurs in aquatic percentage of oxygen that is Swimbladder Stress environment as dissolved in the water at Syndrome (SBSS) dissolved oxygen (DO) prevailing temperature and becomes reduced in salinity Asphyxiation/Hypoxia concentration to a point detrimental Salinity Stress Alkalosis Declining Oxygen levels – high Acidosis stocking rates and decomposition of organic matter Sunburn Disease (feces and uneaten food) FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER SIGNS: EFFECTS: Gas bubble disease Do not take food and Asphyxiation, fish will die gather in water inlets and Swimbladder Stress outlets Syndrome (SBSS) Wide gaping mouth, swim at water surface show Asphyxiation/Hypoxia rapid operculum movement Salinity Stress Have hemorrhaged and depigmented skin and muscle lesion. Alkalosis Hypoxic muscle, leads to PREVENTION AND CONTROL: tissue necrosis, Monitoring DO levels, reduce Acidosis hemorrhaging and skin stocking density and decrease pigmentation feeding Providing sufficient aeration in Sunburn Disease ponds FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease Salinity Requirement of fish – marine or freshwater in origin Swimbladder Stress SALINITY - total Freshwater: 0.5ppt Syndrome (SBSS) concentration of dissolved Seawater: 30-40 ppt ions in water (part of ions per thousand parts Asphyxiation/Hypoxia water/ppt Salinity Stress Changes in salinity occurs during high precipitation Alkalosis or evaporation; increasing salinity decreases the solubility of dissolved oxygen Acidosis Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease SIGNS: Osmoregulatory stress, impaired Swimbladder Stress growth rates and reduced Syndrome (SBSS) disease resistance Progressive emaciation, scale Asphyxiation/Hypoxia loss and opaque eye lenses Salinity Stress PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Monitor salinity of the site regularly Alkalosis Acidosis Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease When water pH is too high or becomes Swimbladder Stress basic Syndrome (SBSS) Increased pH level higher than the fish can tolerate Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Salinity Stress When new concrete ponds have not been properly acid treated or sealed. Will cause lime leach into the water and rapidly kill Alkalosis the fish Acidosis Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease SIGNS: Excessive mucous EFFECTS: Swimbladder Stress Gills are primary target of high Syndrome (SBSS) production, skin becomes corroded, milky and pH turbid Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Skin erosion, gill erosion, damage to lens and PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Salinity Stress cornea and fraying fins Water change Darting movement and Monitor and maintain pH level Alkalosis jump in an attempt to regularly leave the water Acidosis Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease Swimbladder Stress Syndrome (SBSS) Condition in which the water pH is very low or acidic Frequently occurs in areas affected by acid rain Asphyxiation/Hypoxia caused by heavy rainfall Acid rain increased the solubility of metals (such as Salinity Stress aluminum) which is very toxic to fish Low pH produced sulfuric acid Alkalosis Acidosis Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease SIGNS: EFFECTS: Swimbladder Stress Rapid swimming Lethargy, gill irritation with Syndrome (SBSS) movements and excess mucus production with gasping hypertrophy and hyperplasia Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Bright and milky cloudiness of the skin Reddening of abdomen PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Salinity Stress Immediate water change (occasional) Presence of brown Monitor and maintain Alkalosis appropriate pH level deposits on gills Death (quick or slow Apply lime and flush pond Acidosis course) bottom before stocking Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease Due to excessive levels of ultraviolet irradiation Swimbladder Stress from sunlight when fish are in shallow Syndrome (SBSS) uncovered raceways under intense sunlight Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Salinity Stress Alkalosis Acidosis Sunburn Disease FISH DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Gas bubble disease SIGNS: EFFECTS: Fish develop gray focal Ulcerative lesions may serve as Swimbladder Stress circular ulcerative portals of entry for other Syndrome (SBSS) lesions on top of head, pathogens and may result in pectoral, dorsal and secondary infection Asphyxiation/Hypoxia upper tailfins Skin appears to turn Salinity Stress whitish in color that PREVENTION AND CONTROL: becomes thickened and Provide shades (cloth or other Alkalosis creamy light shielding material over Frayed fins with rough ponds Acidosis ragged margin Keep fish away from ultraviolet Development of sores installation and reduce Sunburn Disease overcrowding SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp Incomplete molting Can take place in condition of natural and Asphyxiation/Hypoxia artificial stress Temperature and Salinity shock, low oxygen Acidosis/Acid sulfate levels, overcrowding, rough handling, anoxia, and disease syndrome severe gill fouling Black gill Disease Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or SIGNS: EFFECTS: body cramp Focal to multiple opaque white Most often succumb to Incomplete molting areas on the abdomen systemic bacterial infection Blackening of the edges of the induced by opportunistic Asphyxiation/Hypoxia uropods bacterial pathogen capable of Advanced stages, uropods invading internal organs Acidosis/Acid sulfate have eroded and liquid-filled through eroded tissues, disease syndrome boils at the edges especially in the tail Black gill Disease PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Red Disease Reduction of stocking density and Chronic Soft-shell improvement of water quality through Syndrome daily water change at least 5-10% Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or Arises because of mineral imbalance and/or body cramp increased water and air temperature Incomplete molting Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Acidosis/Acid sulfate disease syndrome Black gill Disease Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp SIGNS: EFFECTS: Partial body cramp - Swims Incomplete molting Partial or complete rigid flexure of the tail with humped abdomen Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Full body cramp – lie on their sides at the bottom Acidosis/Acid sulfate Death due to cannibalism disease syndrome Black gill Disease PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Red Disease Avoid handling of shrimps in air warmer than the rearing water Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp Failure of the exoskeleton to be completely detached or shed off during molting Incomplete molting Low water temperature Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Acidosis/Acid sulfate disease syndrome Black gill Disease Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp SIGNS: EFFECTS: Incomplete molting Old exoskeleton does not Old exoskeleton that is completely detach or shed off attached to the newly Asphyxiation/Hypoxia from the shrimp during synthesized one interferes with molting its swimming movement Acidosis/Acid sulfate Abnormal swimming behavior disease syndrome consequently predisposes Black gill Disease PREVENTION AND CONTROL: them to easy predation by In hatcheries, maintain unaffected ones leading to Red Disease optimum rearing water eventual death temperature (24℃ - 31 ℃) Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp Incomplete molting Occurs because of reduced or very low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in rearing water Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Factors: presence of excessive feed, inflow of Acidosis/Acid sulfate nutrients that causes high organic load, algal disease syndrome bloom , high water temperature Black gill Disease Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or EFFECTS: body cramp Prolonged respiratory distress SIGNS: that leads to sudden death Incomplete molting Surface swimming followed by Sub-lethally low levels of DO in sudden mass mortality rearing water may cause Asphyxiation/Hypoxia impairment of shrimp’s Acidosis/Acid sulfate metabolism resulting in growth disease syndrome retardation and eventual death Black gill Disease PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Decrease stocking density especially if aeration and water- Red Disease change facilities are not available, frequent monitoring of water parameters, provide aeration facilities and water pump Chronic Soft-shell for water change Syndrome Regulate artificial diet feeding according to consumption Swollen hindgut rates Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp Incomplete molting Caused by significantly lop pH of the water and soil in grow- out ponds Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Acidosis/Acid sulfate Low level pH in soil and water is triggered by the anaerobic disease syndrome decomposition of organic and inorganic matter deposits in the water and pond sediments turns pond soil reddish in Black gill Disease color Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or SIGNS: EFFECTS: body cramp Poor growth, reduced molting Damage to appendage, gills, frequency, poor survival and soft shelling and reduced Incomplete molting discoloration of the gill and resistance to pathogens appendage surfaces Directly encumbers shrimp’s Asphyxiation/Hypoxia normal metabolism leading to Acidosis/Acid sulfate Discoloration attributes to the growth retardation and death disease syndrome iron oxide detritus precipitating on the cuticle Black gill Disease surface Red Disease PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Chronic Soft-shell Adjust pH level to pH 8.0-8.5 through liming and Syndrome flushing of pond bottom before stocking Swollen hindgut Broadcast lime on pond dike surfaces Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp Incomplete molting Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Acidosis/Acid sulfate disease syndrome Attributed to chemical contaminants, heavy siltation, high levels Black gill Disease of ammonia or nitrite and high organic load due to residual feed, debris and fecal matter on pond bottom Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis SIGNS: EFFECTS: Bent/cramped tails or Reddish, brownish to black Growth suppression and body cramp discoloration of gills mortality Incomplete molting Advanced cases, gill filaments Histologically, blackening of become completely black with gills is attributed to deposition Asphyxiation/Hypoxia atrophy and necrosis of melanin at the sites of necrotic tissues Acidosis/Acid sulfate disease syndrome PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Removal of organic wastes material in the pond bottom by Black gill Disease washing with water or by manual scraping After removal, pond bottom must be dried in the sun for at least 2 Red Disease weeks Chronic Soft-shell Use of filtered water and avoidance of heavy metal discharges Syndrome from nearby factories which discourage the occurrence of black Swollen hindgut gill disease Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp Incomplete molting Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Acidosis/Acid sulfate disease syndrome When shrimps are reared in grow-out ponds with highly alkaline water (pH >8.5) (high lime input and Black gill Disease prolonged exposure to water with low salinity) Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or SIGNS: EFFECTS: body cramp Red streaks on gills and Hepatopancreas shows abdominal segments, yellowish hemocytic infiltration in spaces Incomplete molting to reddish discoloration of the between the tubules. body and increases fluid Asphyxiation/Hypoxia With advanced lesions, fibrotic accumulation in the and necrotic tissues in either Acidosis/Acid sulfate cephalothorax emitting a foul the tubule itself or the sinuses disease syndrome odor around it Black gill Disease Red Disease PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Chronic Soft-shell Strict adherence to proper preparation of the pond bottom Syndrome Regulate input of lime and reducing organic load in water Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp Incomplete molting Associated with pesticide contamination and poor soil and water conditions Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Acidosis/Acid sulfate Studies: Exposure of normal hard-shelled shrimp in disease syndrome 0.0154-1.54ppm Aquatin and 1.5-150ppb Gusathion A for 4 days could result to soft shelling Black gill Disease Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis EFFECTS: Bent/cramped tails or SIGNS: Grow slowly and eventually die. body cramp Thin shells that persistently Soft-shell syndrome induced by soft for several weeks pesticide can lead to slight Incomplete molting Surface of the shell often dark, hyperplasia of the gill rough and wrinkled epithelium, delamination of the Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Weak and susceptible to cells lining the tubules of Acidosis/Acid sulfate cannibalism hepatopancreas and general disease syndrome necrosis and degeneration of these tissues Black gill Disease PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Maintenance of suitable pond water and soil quality Red Disease Incorporation of mussel meat for 4 weeks in the feed given to soft- Chronic Soft-shell shelled shrimp at 14% of their body weight Syndrome Organic debris and other waste material in pond bottom must be Swollen hindgut removed through rigid washing Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis Bent/cramped tails or body cramp Incomplete molting Inflicted significant size variation and consequential mortality among post larvae Asphyxiation/Hypoxia Factors: Quality of natural food and artificial feed given Acidosis/Acid sulfate to shrimp, husbandry practices from chemical disease syndrome prophylactics used. Black gill Disease Red Disease Chronic Soft-shell Syndrome Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) SHRIMP DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Muscle Necrosis EFFECTS: Bent/cramped tails or Postlarvae with SHG have body cramp SIGNS: swollen rectal ridges with no Incomplete molting Affected PostLarvae exhibit rhythmic movements to aid enlargement and distention of defecation. Asphyxiation/Hypoxia the hindgut folds and junction The accumulated fecal matter with the midgut, occasionally Acidosis/Acid sulfate in the midgut, predisposes swelling of the midgut of sixth disease syndrome SHG-affected post larvae to abdominal segment microbial fouling with Black gill Disease filamentous bacteria and protozoa Red Disease PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Chronic Soft-shell Improve rearing techniques paralleled with strict Syndrome adherence to sanitation practices in hatcheries Swollen hindgut Syndrome (SHG) NEOPLASTIC DISEASES/GENETIC DISEASES ▪ Tumors – probable cause can be age, heredity, immunologic factors, presence of carcinogen or irritants, trauma AND ONCOGENIC VIRUSES ▪ Genetic disorders – attributed to hereditary factors ▪ Ex. Deformed spine, undeveloped operculum  DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL FACTORS ▪ Handling, transport, sorting high stocking density, predation and transport of fishes in facilities ▪ Trauma caused by fighting – damage to scales and skin lead to fish mortality  DIAGNOSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES ▪ Gross examination of fish for external/internal ▪ Histopathological and histochemical analysis ▪ Hematological analysis ▪ Analysis of physico-chemical characteristics of rearing water ▪ Evaluation of culture operation and management practices NUTRITIONAL DISEASES NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES OF FISH SIGNS POSSIBLE NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES Anemia Folic Acid, Inositol, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Vitamins A, B12, C, E and K Anorexia Biotin, Folic Acid, Inositol, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Thiamine, Vitamins A, B12 and C Ascites Vitamins A, C and E Atrophy, gills Pantothenic acid, Vitamin A Atrophy, lateral muscle Biotin, Thiamine, Vitamin E Cartilage Abnormality Vitamins C and A, Tryptophan Cataract Methionine, Riboflavin, Thiamine, Zinc Cloudy lens Methionine, Riboflavin, Zinc Clubbed gills Pantothenic Acid Decoloration, skin Fatty acids, Thiamine, Vitamin A NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES OF FISH SIGNS POSSIBLE NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES Deformation, bone Phosphorus, Vitamin A Deformation, lens Vitamin A Disease resistance, low Protein, Vitamin C Dystrophy, Muscular Selenium, Vitamin E Edema Niacin, Pyridoxine, Thiamin, Vitamin A and E Equilibrium loss Pyridoxine, Thiamin Erosion, fin Fatty Acids, Riboflavin, Vitamin A, Zinc Exophthalmia Pyridoxine, Vitamins A, C and E Fatty liver Biotin, Choline, Fatty Acids, Inositol, Vitamin E Feed Conversion, Poor Vitamin E, Biotin, Calcium, Choline, Fat, Folic Acid, Inositol, Niacin, Protein, Riboflavin Fragility, fin Folic Acid NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES OF FISH SIGNS POSSIBLE NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES Growth, poor Biotin, Calcium, Choline, Fat, Folic Acid, Inositol, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Protein, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Vitamins A, B12, C, D and E Hemoglobin, low Iron, Vitamins A, B12 and C Hemorrhage, Eye Riboflavin, Vitamin A Hemorrhage, Gill Vitamin C Hemorrhage Choline, Vitamins A and C kidney Hemorrhage, liver Vitamin C Hemorrhage, skin Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Riboflavin, Vitamins A and C Lethargy Folic Acid, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Thiamine, Vitamin C Lipoid Liver Fatty acids, Rancid Fat Lordosis Vitamin C Low Glycogen, Vitamin C liver NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES OF FISH SIGNS POSSIBLE NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES Myopathy, cardiac Essential Fatty Acids Necrosis, liver Pantothenic Acid Pinhead Starvation Pigmentation, iris Riboflavin Scoliosis Phosphorus, Tryptophan, Vitamins C and D Swimming, erratic Pyridoxine, Pantothenic Acid Vascuolation, liver Vitamin C Summary of Nutritional Deficiency signs commonly observed in fish (Brown, 1993)  NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES OF FISH Neurological Disorders Yes No Convulsions occur when fish are Anemia startled Yes No Yes No Prolonged clotting time Exophthalmia Spasms when resting Pyridoxine Yes No Yes No Yes No Macrocytic anemia Vitamin A Clubbed gills Vitamin K Niacin Thiamin Yes No Yes No Fragmentation of erythrocytes Vitamin E Pantothenic Acid Cataract Yes No Yes No Vitamin B12 Folic Acid Riboflavin Scoliosis Yes No Ascorbic Acid Altered coloration Yes No Biotin Fatty liver Yes No Key to diagnosis of Vitamin Deficiency in Finfish (Lim and Webster 2001) Choline Inositol END!