Lecture 6.2 - Motivation PDF

Motivation 2 2 Lecture Objectives 3  What is motivation?  Theories of Motivation  Type of Motivation – Hunger  Types of Motivation – Belongingness & Work 3...

Motivation 2 2 Lecture Objectives 3  What is motivation?  Theories of Motivation  Type of Motivation – Hunger  Types of Motivation – Belongingness & Work 3 1  What is motivation? 4 Motivation:  is a need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour.  propelsus to act in the ways that we do  isexperienced as a conscious desire 4 Theories of Motivation 5 5 2  Theories of Motivation 6 Instinct Theory  Influenced by Charles Darwin  Emphasizes role of internal or biological factors  Unlearned behaviour or Innate origins 6 Theories of motivation 7 Freud – Psychoanalysis  We’re motivated by drives/instincts:  Sexual drive Gives rise to erotic component of mental activity  Aggressive drive Gives rise to destructive component of mental activity 7 3  Theories of motivation 8 Drive reduction Theory  1940s-50s - most common theory of motivation  Central beliefs: Physiological need → e.g. food or water Tension state/drive →e.g. hunger, thirst Drive reducing behaviour → e.g. eating, drinking 8 Theories of motivation 9  Homeostasis  balanced /constant internal state, chemical/physiological state  Many survival motives operate in accordance with homeostasis e.g. temperature, thirst  Not only pushed by our internal needs but also pulled by external incentives. 9 4  Theories of motivation 10 Optimum Arousal Hypothesis  People seek an optimum level of arousal  When stimulation is too low more stimulation is desired.  When arousal is too high less stimulation is sought. 10 Theories of motivation 11 Learning theory  Motivation for behaviour  Reward (positive reinforcers)  Avoid punishment  Primary reinforcers:  Prior learning not needed  E.g. sex, food 11 5  Theories of motivation 12  Most reinforcers are learned:  Intermittent reinforcement – best reinforcement - behaviour persists  Intrinsic motivation  Some tasks are motivators in themselves  Task done for its own reward 12 Theories of motivation 13 Hierarchy of Motives (Maslow)  Need Theory  Human behaviour is motivated by a hierarchy of needs – Needs are innate – Ways need gratification are learned  Failure to satisfy a need will result in psychological or physiological problems 13 6  Theories of motivation 14  If a need is satisfied it will cease to be important.  Overview of needs  Base level -Physiological needs  Safety needs  Psychological needs 14 Theories of motivation 15 Specific Needs  Level 1: Physiological Needs  No hunger or thirst  Level 2: Safety Needs  Organized, predictable environment  Safety, security, and stability  E.g. home 15 7  Theories of motivation 16  Level 3 - Belongingness and love Needs  To love and be loved,  To belong  To feel accepted  No loneliness or alienation 16 Theories of motivation 17  Level 4 – Need for Esteem  Self-esteem, achievement, competence, recognition and respect from others  Level 5 – Need for Self-actualization  Live up to one’s fullest and unique potential  Level 6 – Self Transcendence Needs  To find meaning and identify beyond the self 17 8  Types of Motivation Hunger 19 19 Types of motivation - Hunger 20 Physiological Factors Affecting Hunger Many systems manage appetite:  Hypothalamus - directs & monitors endocrine system  Monitors appetite hormones  Monitors taste & texture of food  Damage – can lead to overeating, or reduced eating 20 9  Types of motivation - Hunger 21  Glucose - Provides energy for body tissues  Low levels → hunger  Hormones controlling appetite  Insulin controls blood glucose  Leptin protein, causes brain to increase metabolism & decrease hunger 21 Types of motivation - Hunger 22  Orexin – Secreted by hypothalamus, triggers hunger  Grehlin – secreted by empty stomach – indicates need to eat  Peptide Tyrosine (PYY) – I’m full  Homeostasis  We eat to maintain energy homeostasis  Cells burn fuel for tasks  Hunger - indicates need to replenish fuel 22 10  Types of motivation - Hunger 23  Set Point - Set “weight thermostat” of individual  E.g. 160 lbs  Determined by hypothalamus:  Body falls below this weight →  increase in hunger →  lowered metabolic rate →  lost weight regained 23 Types of motivation - Hunger 24  Some prefer settling point  Not determined by biology, but actual food intake  Basal Metabolic Rate  body’s base resting rate of energy expenditure  Amount of energy needed to maintain basic body functions 24 11  Types of motivation - Hunger 25 Cultural Factors Affect Hunger  Determine eating preferences  Western diet  Quantity – supersized  Determine ideal physical appearance 25 Types of motivation - Hunger 26 Psychological Factors Affect Hunger  Stress and mood  Sight and smell of food  Variety of available foods  Eating disorders 26 12  Types of motivation - Hunger 27 Obesity - Why people become fat? Calorie intake > calories burned After becoming overweight less food required to maintain energy, however we continue eating same amount. Causes: genetics, metabolic rate and psychological factors. 27 Types of motivation - Hunger 28 Environmental factors  Sleep loss lead to rise in grehlin (appetite stimulant)  Social influence Friend obese ? → your odds triple  Greater consumption of food, less movement 28 13  The End 37 ANY QUESTIONS? 37 14