Lecture 4: Sourcing Information in Planning (PDF)

Unit -4 Sourcing Information in Planning An introduction to Census of India, National Sample Survey Organization etc., as sources of information, introducing web based information portals and datasets as raw information sources. ...

Unit -4 Sourcing Information in Planning An introduction to Census of India, National Sample Survey Organization etc., as sources of information, introducing web based information portals and datasets as raw information sources.  Census of India Population Census is the total process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specific time, of all persons in a country or a well-defined part of a country. It also provides the trends in population characteristics. The Indian Census is one of the largest administrative exercises undertaken in the world. In India, the population census is done at a specific time interval of every 10 years. Nodal Ministry: The decennial Census is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs. Until 1951, the Census Organisation was set up on an ad-hoc basis for each Census. Legal/Constitutional Backing: Census is conducted under the provisions of the Census Act, 1948. The bill for this Act was piloted by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the then Home Minister of India. The population census is a Union subject under Article 246 of India Constitution. It is listed at serial number 69 of the seventh schedule of the constitution. Confidentiality of Information: The information collected during the population Census is so confidential that it is not even accessible to the courts of law. The confidentiality is guaranteed by the Census Act, 1948. The law specifies penalties for both public and census officials for non-compliance or violation of any provision of the Act.  Census of India Significance of Census: Source of Information: The Indian Census is the largest single source of a variety of statistical information on different characteristics of the people of India. Researchers and Demographers use census data to analyze growth and trends of population and make projections. Good Governance: The data collected through the census is used for administration, planning and policy making as well as management and evaluation of various programmes by the Government. Demarcation: Census data is also used for demarcation of constituencies and allocation of representation to Parliament, State legislative assemblies and the local bodies. Better Access for Businesses: The census data is also important for business houses and industries for strengthening and planning their business for penetration into areas, which are uncovered. Giving Grants: Finance Commission provides grants to the states on the basis of population figures available from the Census data.  History - Census of India Ancient and Medieval Period Arthashastra: 'Arthashastra' by 'Kautilya' written in the 3rd Century BC prescribed the collection of population statistics as a measure of state policy for taxation. Rigveda: The earliest literature Ain-i-Akbari: During the regime of 'Rig-Veda' reveals that some kind the Mughal king Akbar, the of population count administrative report 'Ain-e- was maintained during 800-600 Akbari’also included BC in India. comprehensive data pertaining to population, industry, wealth and many other characteristics. Pre-independence Period: Initial Attempts: The Second Census was conducted in 1836-37 by Fort St. George. The history of the census began in 1800 when England had begun In 1849, the Government of India ordered the local governments to its Census. conduct quinquennial (five-yearly) returns of population. In its continuation, a census was conducted in Allahabad (1824) and First Non-synchronous Census: It was conducted in India in 1872 in Banaras (1827-28) by James Prinsep. during the reign of Governor-General Lord Mayo. The first complete census of an Indian city was conducted First Synchronous Census: The first synchronous census was taken in 1830 by Henry Walter in Dacca (now Dhaka). under British rule on February 17, 1881, by W.C. Plowden (Census Commissioner of India). Since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years.  Major Events in Census First Census (1881): Second Census (1891): Third Census (1901): Fifth Census (1921): It laid main emphasis on the It was conducted almost on In this Census, Balochistan, The decade of 1911-21 has been the only one till now classification of demographic, the same pattern as of the Rajputana, Andaman Nicobar, to witness a decadal population decline of 0.31%. economic and social 1881 census. Burma, Punjab and remote characteristics of the entire Efforts were made for 100% areas of Kashmir were also This was the decade that ended in the flu pandemic of continent of British coverage and the Upper part of included. 1918 which cost at least 12 million lives. India (except Kashmir and present-day Burma, Kashmir India’s population was continuously increasing until Census French and Portuguese and Sikkim were also included. 1921 and still has been doing so after the 1921 Census. colonies). Therefore, the census year of 1921 is called the year of “The Great Divide” in the demographic history of India. Eleventh Census (1971): Thirteenth Census (1991): Fourteenth Census (2001): Fifteenth Census (2011): It was the second Census after It was the fifth Census of It witnessed a quantum leap in the technology front. In the 2011 Census, significant independence. independent India. The schedules for the phases were scanned through fall in case of EAG It added a question In this Census, the concept of high speed scanners and handwritten data from the States (Empowered action group for information on fertility for literacy was changed and the schedules were converted into digitized form states: UP, Uttarakhand, Bihar, currently married women. children of the 7+ age group through Intelligent Character Reading (ICR). Jharkhand, MP, Chhattisgarh, were considered literate (as An ICR captures handwriting from image files. It is an Rajasthan & Orissa) was noticed compared to 1981 when advanced version of Optical Character Recognition for the first time. children up to the age group of (OCR) technology in which printed characters are 4+ were treated as literate). captured. Sixteenth Census (2021): Census 2021 was postponed owing to the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic. However, it will be the first digital Census, also with a provision for self-enumeration. It is for the first time that information of households headed by a person from the Transgender Community and members living in the family will be collected. Earlier there was a column for male and female only.  NSSO National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) – Background The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), now part of the National Statistical Office (NSO) in India, is a key agency for conducting large-scale surveys across the country. It was established in 1950 under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) to provide reliable socio-economic data essential for policy formulation, planning, and research. The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), formerly called the National Sample Survey Organisation was the largest organization in India conducting periodic socio-economic surveys. Merger of NSSO with CSO to form NSO The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) merged with the Central Statistical Office (CSO) to form the National Statistical Office (NSO). The Government stated that the NSO will be headed by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI). On 23rd May 2019, the Government of India approved the merger of NSSO and CSO. While NSSO is responsible for conducting socio-economic surveys; CSO is responsible for the coordination of statistical activities in the country. The NSSO has four Divisions:  Web-Based Portals In India, planners have access to a variety of web-based information portals and datasets that provide raw data across multiple aspects of urban and regional planning. 1. Government and National Data Portals National Data Portal (data.gov.in): The Government of India's primary open data platform provides datasets across multiple domains such as urban planning, transport, environment, and public health. It includes census data, urban schemes, environmental statistics, and more.  Web-Based Portals 1. Government and National Data Portals NITI Aayog: India's policy think tank offers datasets and reports related to social, economic, and environmental indicators, which are useful for regional and national planning projects.  Web-Based Portals 1. Government and National Data Portals Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Data: RBI's data portal includes economic data, household financial data, consumer spending, and other key financial metrics, relevant for economic planning and housing.  Web-Based Portals 2. Geospatial and Mapping Data Bhuvan (ISRO): Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Bhuvan is India's geoportal that provides high-resolution satellite imagery, topographic information, land use data, and urban mapping layers. It includes specialized datasets for urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring.  Web-Based Portals 2. Geospatial and Mapping Data Survey of India: Offers a range of topographical and cadastral maps of India. Some datasets are available online, although certain high-resolution maps may require permissions.  Web-Based Portals 2. Geospatial and Mapping Data National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC): Part of ISRO, NRSC provides satellite imagery and geospatial data, including land cover, forest cover, water bodies, and other thematic maps.  Web-Based Portals 2. Geospatial and Mapping Data OpenStreetMap (OSM): A global, user-generated map database that provides raw spatial data on roads, buildings, land use, and other physical features. Useful for geographic information system (GIS) applications and spatial analysis.  Web-Based Portals 2. Geospatial and Mapping Data US Geological Survey (USGS): Provides data on land use, topography, geology, and environmental data in the U.S. through resources like the National Map and Earth Explorer.  Web-Based Portals Census and Demographic Data Census of India: Conducted every 10 years, this is a comprehensive dataset for demographics, housing, amenities, literacy, and migration. The latest available census is from 2011. National Family Health Survey (NFHS): Provides key data on health, family, and social indicators, including population demographics, health statistics, and living conditions. Useful for planning health infrastructure and assessing urban health trends.  Web-Based Portals Transportation and Mobility Data Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) Data: MoRTH provides datasets on national highways, road infrastructure, traffic patterns, and vehicle registrations, useful for transportation planning and traffic management. Indian Railways Open Data: Provides data related to train schedules, passenger volumes, rail network, and freight movement. Some data is accessible for analysis, particularly relevant for inter-city and regional transportation planning. City-Specific Mobility Data (MoHUA): Under the Smart Cities Mission, city-level mobility and public transportation data is available, including initiatives from the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) on metro, bus services, and transit planning.  Web-Based Portals Environment and Climate Data Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC): Provides data on air quality, forest cover, biodiversity, and climate. Resources include the Forest Survey of India (FSI) reports and the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) data. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Real-time air and water quality data are available, along with environmental monitoring reports for cities, which is essential for urban sustainability and pollution control efforts. Indian Meteorological Department (IMD): Offers weather, climate data, and forecasting services, useful for environmental planning and disaster preparedness.  Web-Based Portals Housing and Urban Development Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) Data: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs provides data on housing projects, beneficiaries, and progress under the PMAY scheme, relevant for affordable housing planning. Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA): Many states have their RERA portals, which provide data on real estate projects, builder information, and compliance records, useful for urban housing and real estate market analysis. Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO): Part of MoHUA, TCPO offers guidelines, reports, and occasionally data on urban planning, zoning, and land use.  Web-Based Portals Health and Public Infrastructure National Health Mission (NHM) Data: NHM provides data on healthcare facilities, coverage, and health programs. It’s useful for planning healthcare facilities in urban and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Data: Provides datasets on sanitation coverage, waste management, and cleanliness rankings of cities, essential for urban sanitation planning. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW): Offers datasets related to public health, disease incidence, vaccination programs, and more, valuable for planning public health infrastructure.  Web-Based Portals Economic and Industrial Development Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI): MoSPI offers statistical data on employment, industry, national accounts, and economic indicators, useful for economic development planning. District Industrial Potential Surveys (DIPS): Conducted by the Development Commissioner, DIPS provides data on industrial potential at the district level, useful for local economic planning and industrial development. Labour Bureau of India: Provides labor and employment statistics, important for employment and workforce planning in urban regions.  Web-Based Portals Agriculture and Rural Development National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD): Offers reports and data on rural infrastructure, farming, water management, and credit support, crucial for rural planning. Agriculture Census: Conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture, this census provides data on landholdings, crop patterns, and rural demographics, useful for planning agriculture and rural infrastructure.