LECTURE 10 - Psychopathology PDF

2 PSYC1001 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (Abnormal Behaviour) 2 3 Lecture Objectives What are Mental Disorders? DSM V Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders...

2 PSYC1001 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (Abnormal Behaviour) 2 3 Lecture Objectives What are Mental Disorders? DSM V Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Psychotic Disorders Personality Disorders Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders Substance abuse disorders 3 4 Psychopathology Psychopathology – the study of the origin, development and manifestation of mental or behavioural disorders. Mental disorder – pattern of behavioural or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and/or create distress for the person. 4 1  5 DSM-V-TR (2022) Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition Text Revisions (DSM-V-TR) ▫ American Psychiatric Association ▫ Widely used system ▫ Classifies psychological disorders 5 6 Anxiety Disorders 6 7 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders – “group of mental illness that causes people to suffer from excessive worry.” Anxiety involves both physical (dry mouth, diarrhoea) and psychological (worry, feelings of and dread) symptoms. Mild anxiety vs. Too much anxiety 7 2  8 Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Continually state of tension, apprehension and autonomic nervous system arousal. Associated with – restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance and significant distress in social, occupational or other areas of functioning. 8 9 Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder Anxiety suddenly escalates into terrifying panic attack – minutes-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen to them. After several attacks, develops a panic disorder – the fear of having additional panic attack and avoid situations where the panic has struck before. 9 10 Anxiety Disorders Phobias Anxiety focused on specific objects, activities or situations; leading to irrational fears that disrupt behaviour. Specific Phobias: animal, water, thunder, tunnels, snakes and heights. Social Phobias: fear of social situation(s) - fear of scrutiny, fears of humiliation/embarrassment 10 3  11 Anxiety Disorders Agoraphobia Can accompany a panic attack Avoidance of places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or in which help may not be available in the event of having a panic attack. 11 14 Anxiety Disorders Treatment of Anxiety Disorders ✓Medication ✓Behaviour therapy ✓Cognitive therapy ✓Psychotherapy 14 15 Mood Disorders 15 4  16 Mood Disorders Mood Disorders – characterised by abnormal depression and elevated moods. Major Depressive Disorder – prolonged sadness, unexplained crying and less pleasure in activities. Symptoms include: ▫ Two or more weeks of depressed moods ▫ Feelings of worthlessness ▫ Appetite and sleep changes ▫ Agitation - irritability, anger, anxiety 16 17 Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorder – alternates between depression and an overexcited, hyperactive state (mania) Mania - abnormally elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas, excessive involvement in pleasure seeking behaviours. 17 18 Mood Disorders Treatment of Mood Disorders ✓Medication ✓Cognitive therapy ✓Behaviour therapy ✓Insight-oriented therapy 18 5  19 Psychotic Disorders 19 20 Schizophrenia Psychotic Disorders- Schizophrenia Schizophrenia – psychotic mental disorder characterised by disturbance in thinking, mood, behaviour and reality. “Split mind” but not a split personality. 20 21 Schizophrenia Delusions (false beliefs) ▫ Delusions of persecution, Delusions of grandeur, Delusions of influence. Hallucinations (disturbed perceptions) ▫ Auditory (most common), Visual, Olfactory. Flat affect (reduced emotional expressions) ▫ Monotonous tone, Diminished facial expression, Extremely apathetic. 21 6  22 Schizophrenia Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid Type - delusions, auditory hallucinations, feeling persecuted by others. Disorganized type - Prominent disorganized speech and behaviour, inappropriate emotions. Catatonic Type - refuses to move/respond, behave in a bizarre ways, echolalia. 22 23 Schizophrenia Residual Type - no prominent symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech. Undifferentiated Type - person does not meet criteria for any other type, but has delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behaviour. 23 24 Schizophrenia Treatment of Schizophrenia ✓Medication (antipsychotic) ✓Behaviour therapy ✓Family therapy ✓Case management 24 7  25 Personality Disorder 25 26 Personality Disorders Personality Disorders - enduring behaviour patterns that impair social functioning and produces personal distress. Persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about and relating to the world. 26 27 Personality Disorders Paranoid Personality Disorder – pattern of distress and suspiciousness. Schizoid Personality Disorder – pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression. Schizotypal Personality Disorder – pattern of severe discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions. 27 8  28 Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder - pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Borderline Personality Disorder – pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects and impulsivity. Histrionic Personality Disorder – pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Narcissistic Personality Disorder – pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy. 28 29 Personality Disorders Avoidant Personality Disorder – pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluations. Dependent Personality Disorder – pattern of submissive and clinging behaviour, excessive need to be taken care of. 29 30 Personality Disorders Treatment of Personality Disorders ✓Medication ✓Psychotherapy 30 9  31 Dissociative Disorders 31 32 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders – segregation of mental/behavioural process from the rest of the person’s psychic activity. Dissociative Identity Disorder ▫ 2 or more distinct identities or personalities ▫ when present may dominate the person’s attitude, behaviour and self-view. 32 33 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia – blocking out personal information, usually of traumatic event. Depersonalization Disorder – recurrent feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes and body. 33 10  34 Dissociative Disorders Treatment of Dissociative Disorders ✓Medication ✓Psychotherapy ✓Hospitalization may be necessary in some cases 34 35 Eating Disorders 35 36 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight Person still feels overweight and continues to diet 36 11  37 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Binge eating – usually of high-calorie foods Followed by purging - vomiting, laxatives use fasting, excessive exercise 37 38 Eating Disorders Treatment of Eating Disorders ✓Support groups ✓Nutrition counseling psychiatric medications Family Based Treatment Inpatient care (including hospitalization and/or residential care) 38 39 Substance Abuse Disorders 39 12  40 Substance Abuse Disorders Substance Abuse – anything ingested to produce a high, alter senses or affect functioning. Substance Dependence - tolerance for the substance (need more for effect), desire to stop but can’t, lot of energy spent obtaining substance. 40 41 Substance Abuse Disorders Types of Substances Alcohol Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Hallucinogens Inhalants Nicotine 41 42 Substance Abuse Disorders Treatment of Substance Abuse Disorders ✓Medication ✓Supportive groups ✓Insight ✓Hospitalization if necessary 42 13  43 The End 43 14