Lecture 10 & 11 - Learning and Conditioning PDF

Lecture 10 & 11 Learning and Conditioning  In Today’s Class We will discuss Classical Conditioning Next class we will discuss Operant Conditioning Observational Learning  Learning & Conditioning ‘Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occur...

Lecture 10 & 11 Learning and Conditioning  In Today’s Class We will discuss Classical Conditioning Next class we will discuss Operant Conditioning Observational Learning  Learning & Conditioning ‘Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs due to experience’ Classical Conditioning  Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning Learning process in which previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=jd7Jdug5SRc (only to min 2:44) Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s experiments (1890s) Unconditioned stimulus (US) – food Unconditioned response (UR) – salivation Neutral stimulus (NS) – unrelated event, e.g. light on During conditioning, pair presentation of food with light After number pairings, dog will salivate when light is on Conditioned stimulus (CS) – light Conditioned response (CR) – salivation Classical Conditioning  exercise In groups of 3 Teach a cat to lick its lips at the sight of a book  IMPLICATION OF THE ABOVE IN GROUP of 3 In groups of 3 can the above If so how can we explain any use the above to psychological treat these problems problems  Classical Conditioning Extinction – CR gradually diminishes if US omitted https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI 2.55mins Stimulus generalisation – tendency for stimuli similar to a CS to also elicit a CR Stimulus discrimination tendency for stimuli similar to a CS to stop eliciting a CR when they are not followed by a UCS.  Stimulus generalization circle to an ellipse  ‘Generalization’ The little albert experiment by Watson and Rayner (1920) https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=FMnhyGozLyE Stimulus Discrimination Shenger- Krestovnika (1921)  Classical Conditioning Higher-order conditioning – possible to condition participant to produce CR to novel stimulus by pairing novel stimulus to CS repeatedly even though novel stimulus never paired with US https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=zIBxmVIEV6E Operant/Instrumental Conditioning https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=H6LEcM0E0io  Operant/Instrumental Conditioning Instrumental conditioning Involves learning the relationship between responses and their outcomes Thorndike carried out experiments where animals engaged in trial-and- error learning where behavior strengthened if immediately followed by reward (law of effect) Instrumental conditioning (Thorndike)  Instrumental Conditioning Skinner’s experiments Skinner’s experiments involved putting a hungry animal in box which is bare except for a bar with food dish under. Acquisition & extinction – each time the bar is pressed food is released which results in frequent pressing of the bar. If food stops being released then similar extinction of response, as in classical conditioning.  Instrumental Conditioning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne6o- uPJarA  Instrumental Conditioning Skinner’s experiments Shaping Conditioning by reinforcing only variations in behavior which deviate in the desired direction  Instrumental Conditioning Skinner’s experiments Schedules of reinforcement https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA Ratio schedules – reinforcement depends on the number of responses an organism makes Interval schedules – reinforcement is available only after certain time interval elapsed (& animal makes a response) Operant conditioning (Skinner)  Learning and Cognition Observational learning Humans often learn without behavior being reinforced immediately through observational learning – copying behavior of others Bandura Models inform us about consequences of behavior – so reinforcement is “vicarious” Learner pay attention to a model’s behavior, remember & be able to reproduce behavior & be motivated to do so Observational learning