Lecture 1 Intro I_Dr Hollywood PDF

PL1001/PL1401 Introductory Physiology – Dr. Jennifer Hollywood 1 Lecture 1 Goals of the module and useful resources What is Physiology? Philosophy of Science Physiology Systems and Integration - a quiz...

PL1001/PL1401 Introductory Physiology – Dr. Jennifer Hollywood 1 Lecture 1 Goals of the module and useful resources What is Physiology? Philosophy of Science Physiology Systems and Integration - a quiz 2  Module Objective Lay foundation for understanding Systems & Integrated Physiology... & … the relationship between normal physiological processes and disease … … in the context of homeostasis 3  Goals & Learning Oucomes I Initial Goal: Lay foundation for understanding Systems & Integrated Physiology... At the end of the module you should be able to: · Explain the integration of cells into tissues into systems · Compare and contrast passive and active transport · Explain an action potential in terms of membrane transport · Explain why nerve conduction is unidirectional · Compare and contrast the mechanism of action of neurotoxins 4  Goals & Learning Oucomes II Secondary Goal... and relationship between normal physiological processes and disease At the end of the module you should be able to: · Communicate effectively about the human body, using the appropriate terminology, to scientists, health care professionals and to lay persons In the context · Recognise the relevance of physiological processes of to clinical practice Homeostasis · Show how some drugs relate to these processes (e.g. local anaesthetics) 5  Introductory Physiology Lectures 1 – 8 Foundations for understanding Systems & Integrated Physiology 1 Overview and Scientific Process Think! How the body 2-3 Systems, tissues, cells (genes), body water is organised Basis for 4-7 Transport processes (across cell membranes) Understanding Bio-electric potentials (and ion distribution) System Function Just 1 of 11 8 Nerve Physiology systems 9+ Other systems, more physiology Other 10 systems 6  https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/human- physiology-fox-rompolski/M9781260720464.html Read your notes & textbook and check that you understand concepts 7  Other Physiology Textbooks (N) 612 GERM 612 WIDM (U) 612 FOX 612 BERN 8 http://www.physoc.org The Physiological Society 9 Lecture 1 Goals of the module and useful resources What is Physiology? Philosophy of Science Physiology Systems and Integratation - a quiz 10  What is Physiology? Greek physis = nature; logos = study It is the branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, from the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the integrated behaviour of the whole body and the influence of the external environment. 11  What is Physiology? Research in physiology helps us to understand how the body works in health and how it responds and adapts to the challenges of everyday life; it also helps us to determine what goes wrong in disease- pathophysiology facilitating the development of new treatments and guidelines for maintaining human and animal health. 12  What is Physiology? www.physoc.org/explore-physiology/what-is-physiology/ What is physiology? (youtube.com) https://youtu.be/xecpCYxPuig 13 Structure vs Function Anatomy – structure How many bones in the body - dissect it! How many genes in the genome - sequence it! To understand structure: look at it carefully and learn the names Physiology – function How do the lungs adapt to provide enough O2 during exercise? Can you edit mutations with CRISPR to treat cystic fibrosis? To understand function: design hypotheses & test by experimentation 14 Lecture 1 Goals of the module and useful resources What is Physiology? Philosophy of Science Physiology Systems and Integratation - a quiz 15 Physiology – how do we know: Scientific Method - (1902 - 1994) Idea/Thought not very “scientific” Hypothesis: must be “testable” e.g. people who exercise regularly have a lower pulse rate Theory: based upon reproducible experimental data Fact? What is a fact - very few in science ! 16 Physiology – how do we know: Scientific Method - (1902 - 1994) Idea/Thought not very “scientific” 100 Athletes 100 Sedentary people Hypothesis: must be “testable” Pulse rate? e.g. people who exercise regularly have a lower pulse rate Theory: based upon reproducible experimental data Fact? What is a fact - very few in science ! 17 Philosophy of Science You can’t prove a theory...... but you can disprove it! If you can’t disprove it, it doesn’t necessarily make it a fact But you can make assumptions based on your current knowledge (i.e. new drugs, new treatments) And it can (and will) change A new experiment or new clinical trial may mean your 18 understanding, and use of that knowledge, will (have to)  There are six types of cells in the lung 31 July 2018 A new experiment or new clinical trial may mean your understanding, and use of that knowledge, will (have to) 19 change over time  There are seven types of cells in the lung 01 August 2018 A new experiment or new clinical trial may mean your understanding, and use of that knowledge, will (have to) Montoro 2018 change over time 20 Plasschaert 2018 A better Understanding of Physiology could saves lives 10 most common diseases = 55% of all deaths www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs310/en/ index.html 21 A better Understanding of Physiology could saves lives 1000’s of rare diseases = 45% of all deaths http://www.irdirc.org/research/progress-made-in-rdr/ 22 Lecture 1 Goals of the module and useful resources What is Physiology? Philosophy of Science Physiology: Systems and Integration 23 Systems and Integrated Physiology Human Body has 11 different systems System: a group of organs that perform a specific function Integration is the overlap between systems... … let’s take a quick tour of system functions 24  Systems Quiz Stand up! 25  Systems Quiz Quiz Rules Stay standing if you get the correct answer 26  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 1 Is bone alive? a) Yes b) No c) Yes & No 27  Systems 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular Question 2 Can Muscles a)... 28  Systems 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular Question 2 Can Muscles a) Pull only 29  Systems 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular Question 2 Can Muscles a) Pull only b) Push only 30  Systems 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular Question 2 Can Muscles a) Pull only b) Push only c) Pull & push 31  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 3 2. Muscular 3. Nervous Do impulses in a nerve cell travel: a) From cell body to end of nerve cell b) From end of nerve cell to cell body c) In both directions 32  Systems Question 4/5 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular Excretion has a 3. Nervous specific meaning 4. Digestive in Physiology 5. Urinary Which of the following do you excrete: a) Urine b) Faeces c) Urine and faeces 33  Systems 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular 3. Nervous Question 6 4. Digestive 5. Urinary Which gas 6. Respiratory makes you breathe (inhale) a) O2 b) CO2 c) NO 34  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 7a 2. Muscular 3. Nervous Your Heart is a 4. Digestive pump – how 5. Urinary much blood 6. Respiratory does it pump in 7. Circulatory 24 hr a) Swimming pool 35  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 7a 2. Muscular 3. Nervous Your Heart is a 4. Digestive pump – how 5. Urinary much blood 6. Respiratory does it pump in 7. Circulatory 24 hr a) Swimming pool b) Oil truck 36  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 7a 2. Muscular 3. Nervous Your Heart is a 4. Digestive pump – how 5. Urinary much blood 6. Respiratory does it pump in 7. Circulatory 24 hr a) Swimming pool b) Oil truck c) Bath tub 37  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 7b 2. Muscular 3. Nervous One ❤️beat = 4. Digestive 70 billion red 5. Urinary blood cells 6. Respiratory 7. Circulatory What % of the body’s cells are red blood cells? Each cell in the a) 67% body is supported by b) 6.7% two red blood cells c) 0.67% 38  Systems Question 8 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular Hormones 3. Nervous transmit 4. Digestive information to 5. Urinary regulate all body 6. Respiratory systems? 7. Circulatory 8. Endocrine Does info travel: a) Faster than nerves b) Slower than nerves c) Same speed as nerves 39  Systems Question 9 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular Immune system 3. Nervous has two “arms” 4. Digestive 5. Urinary Adaptive and 6. Respiratory Innate 7. Circulatory 8. Endocrine Do vaccines 9. Immune stimulate a) Innate b) Adaptive c) Both 40 Systems 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular 3. Nervous 4. Digestive 5. Urinary 6. Respiratory 7. Circulatory 8. Endocrine 9. Immune 10. Integumentory 41  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 10 2. Muscular 3. Nervous Skin 4. Digestive weight ~8 Kg 5. Urinary area ~ 2 m2 6. Respiratory 7. Circulatory 8. Endocrine 9. Immune 10. Integumentory 42  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 10 2. Muscular 3. Nervous Skin 4. Digestive weight ~8 Kg 5. Urinary area ~ 2 m2 6. Respiratory 7. Circulatory Lungs 8. Endocrine weight ~1.3 Kg 9. Immune area ???? 10. Integumentory A) ~0.3 m2 B) ~2.0 m2 C) ~100 m2 43  Systems 1. Skeletal Question 11 2. Muscular 3. Nervous Link between 4. Digestive physiology 5. Urinary and genes 6. Respiratory 7. Circulatory 30,000 genes, 8. Endocrine how many 9. Immune genetic 10. Integumentory disorders 11. Reproductive a) 70 b) 700 c) 7,000 44  Integrated Physiology: Systems, Cells, and Molecular Biology Whole Body 1 We start life as a single cell, & evolved from a single-celled ancestor Systems Do we study from genes and cells “up” (Cell & Molecular Physiology)? or 11 Do we study from the whole organism “down” (Integrated Physiology)? Tissues 4 Cells 50,000,000,000,000 Genes 30,000 45 Summary Engage with all lectures and labs Don’t just learn Physiology, make sure you understand it, then start to apply that knowledge Philosophy of Science It’s not a fact, just a very good theory Physiology is an integrated subject Body Read and engage with it… Genes Systems …don’t just look at it! Cells Organs 46 Tissues