Human Biology Lectures 6 & 7 PDF

HUMAN BIOLOGY BY: NAHLA OSAMA, PHD LECTURE 6 EPIGENETICS Epigenetic Regulation; Single-cell sequencing for assessment of cardiac disease single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and single nucleus or nuclei RNA-seq (snRNA-seq)  LECTURE 7 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The Nervous System The nervous syst...

HUMAN BIOLOGY BY: NAHLA OSAMA, PHD LECTURE 6 EPIGENETICS Epigenetic Regulation; Single-cell sequencing for assessment of cardiac disease single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and single nucleus or nuclei RNA-seq (snRNA-seq)  LECTURE 7 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The Nervous System The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. The proper functioning of these nerves ensures that each organ system, such as the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, can adequately communicate with one another. The nervous system includes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The Brain The Brain The major parts of the brain are made up of di erent structures each of which has a unique and important function. The brain controls both voluntary actions, like talking and running, and involuntary actions like breathing and re exes. Our emotions, memory and personality as well as our senses—sight, touch, hearing, taste, smell—originate in our brain. The brain works as a single organ but is divided into areas of special expertise and function fl ff The Brain The forebrain include the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system, and the olfactory bulb. Your cerebrum is the largest part of your brain and includes parts above and forward of your cerebellum. Your cerebrum is the part of your brain that starts and manages conscious thoughts; meaning, things that you actively think about or do. Your thalamus is an egg-shaped structure in the middle of your brain. It's known as a relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information — hearing, taste, sight and touch (but not smell) — from your body to your brain. The hypothalamus is an area of the brain that produces hormones that control: Body temperature. Heart rate. Hunger. Mood. The main function of your pituitary gland is to produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, including: Growth. Metabolism (how your body transforms and manages the energy from the food you eat). Reproduction.  The Brain The hindbrain contains the medulla oblongata, which controls breathing, heart rate, digestion, sneezing, and vomiting. The pons helps manage respiration and also relays signals between the brain and cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for motor control, coordination, balance, and equilibrium. It ensures smooth, precise movements and posture. The hindbrain uses sensory feedback from the eyes, inner ears, and sensory neurons to automatically adjust unconscious vital processes and maintain balance and orientation in space. Another main function of the hindbrain is the organization of motor re exes, mostly controlled by the cerebellum structure. Similarly, the hindbrain is responsible for sleep activity and wakefulness. fl