Abnormal Cell Types PDF

. Types of cellular adaptation The types of cellular adaptation include hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, & metaplasia. A. Hypertrophy Hypertrophy is increase in the size of cells. Increased workload leads to increased protein synthesis & increased size & number of intracellular organelles which, i...

. Types of cellular adaptation The types of cellular adaptation include hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, & metaplasia. A. Hypertrophy Hypertrophy is increase in the size of cells. Increased workload leads to increased protein synthesis & increased size & number of intracellular organelles which, in turn, leads to increased cell size. The increased cell size leads to increased size of the organ. Examples: the enlargement of the left ventricle in hypertensive heart disease & the increase in skeletal muscle during sternous exercise. B Small spindle-shaped uterine smooth muscle cells from a normal uterus. Large, hypertrophied smooth muscle cells from a gravid uterus;. 2-Atrophy Atrophy is a decrease in the size of a cell. This can lead to decreased size of the organ. Atrophy can be caused by: 1. Disuse 2. Undernutrition 3. Decreased endocrine stimulation 4. Denervation 5. Old age Atrophy 3-Hyperplasia Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells. It can lead to an increase in the size of the organ. It is usually caused by hormonal stimulation. It can be: physiological as in enlargement of the breast during pregnancy or it can pathological as in endometrial hyperplasia. ,  A- normal endometrium uterus B- endometrial hyperplasia. Metaplasia Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated tissue by another differentiated tissue. There are different types of metaplasia. Examples include: 1. Squamous metaplasia For example, the columnar epithelium of the bronchus can be replaced by squamous epithelium in cigarette smokers 2. Osseous metaplasia This replacement of a connective tissue by bone, for example at sites of injury. Metaplasia of normal columnar (left) to squamous epithelium (right) in a bronchus, Keratinizing sequamous metaplasia of urinary bladdar Dysplasia. Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer. Dysplasia can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how abnormal the cells look under a microscope and how much of the tissue or organ is affected.. 1-hypertrophy 2- atrophy 3- hyperplasia 4-metaplasia 5- dysplasia Q- describe the abnormality