PA and Development PDF

PA and Development PA  What is development? ∗ Complex issue ∗ Various interpretations ∗ Evolving concept Economic indicators like Multi-dimensional; GNP, GDP, per capita participant not income; capital...

PA and Development PA  What is development? ∗ Complex issue ∗ Various interpretations ∗ Evolving concept Economic indicators like Multi-dimensional; GNP, GDP, per capita participant not income; capital beneficiary; Seers formation, investment, (1969; 1999):êpoverty, foreign aid, inequality, industrialization; Linear- unemployment; stages, Rostow; trickle Todaro (1977; 1982) – down effect; poverty, life sustenance, self unemployment esteem, freedom from Economic Social servitude; DHF (1975) Development Development enables people to development that meets have wider choices; the needs of the present Development develop human without compromising capabilities to the the ability of future fullest; knowledge, generations to meet their Sustainable Human long and healthy life, own needs. decent living; UN DHF (1975) endogenous, development development 1990 HDI; children’s environment; UNCED rights; Development Earth Summit (1992) as freedom (Sen 1998)  Evolving Concepts and Nuances of Development ∗ Economic growth ∗ Social development ∗ Human development ∗ Right to development - human rights-based approach (1997, 2003) ∗ Right of children to development (UN Declaration of the right, protection and development of children in 1990s) ∗ Participation (1993) ∗ Gender (1995) ∗ Human Poverty Index (1997) ∗ Sustainable human development ∗ Inclusive development ∗ Development as freedom  From MDGs to SDGs ∗ Development framework for national agenda and policies of governments to address issues in poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, peace and justice to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all ∗ Universal set of goals, targets and indicators to be achieved by UN member states ∗ Fine-tuning of dimensions and indicators of development - economic well-being, social well-being, environmental sustainability ∗ MDGs (2001-2015) - eight goals ∗ SDGs (2015-2030) - 17 goals ∗ Multiple sub-goals under each major goal MDGs  169 targets (about 10 targets per goal), 232 indicators (1-3 per target) New goals: Climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice UNDP key areas: poverty alleviation, democratic governance and peace building, climate change and disaster risk, economic inequality Individual countries decide on their priority SDGs Goal 1- No poverty Goal 3 - Good health Goal 4 - Quality education Goal 14 - Life below water Goal 2 - Zero hunger Goal 8 - Decent work, economic growth Goal 11- Sustainable cities & communities Goal 13 - Climate action Source: https://psa.gov.ph/sdg Source: https://psa.gov.ph/sdg Human Development Index (HDI) Source: https://www.bworldonline.com/infographics/ 2022/09/12/473820/philippines-slips-in-human-development-index/ Source: https://countryeconomy.com/hdi/philippines  2023 Statistical Indicators on Philippine Development (StatDev) (Source: https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/statdev) ∗ Instrument formulated and maintained by PSA ∗ Measures and monitors economic and social progress ∗ Early warning measure on likelihood of achieving economic and social development goals in the Philippine Development Plan ∗ StatDev framework congruent with current PDP ∗ Covers 374 indicators across 14 sectoral chapters in the PDP 2023-2028 Results Matrices Philippine Performance in the Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2020 (Source: cpbrd.congress.gov.ph) Note: Over 215 countries were included in the survey for the period 1996-2019 WGI provides estimated scores of a country’s governance performance ranging from -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong) governance performance. WGI provides estimated scores of a country’s governance performance ranging from -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong) governance performance. Group work: Poverty in the Philippines Internet search, coverage - latest data; or last 3-5 years ∗ Topics ∗ What is poverty? Definition ∗ What is poverty threshold? Food threshold? ∗ Who are the poor? Where are the poor? ∗ What is the poverty incidence in the Philippines? Subsistence incidence? ∗ Why poverty exists? Causes? ∗ What is the government response to poverty in the country? Development as Freedom Amartya Sen (1998)  Development as Freedom Amartya Sen 1998 ∗ Development - process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy (individual level) ∗ Freedom is both the primary goal and instrument of development ∗ As primary goal of development ∗ Freedom is capability to develop/realize one’s own potential and capabilities unrestrained by factors/circumstances beyond one’s control; realization of human freedoms that people can actually enjoy (constitutive freedom) ∗ As principal means of achieving development ∗ Freedom as instrument of development ∗ Instrumental freedoms  Development as Freedom Amartya Sen 1998 ∗ Five distinct freedoms (instrumental freedoms) - Political freedoms – choose leaders, criticize authority, voice in government, freedom of political expression - Economic facilities – ability to have, own and use economic resources for consumption, production and exchange - Social opportunities – health, education, and other services that improve quality of life and enhance participation in economic and political activities  Development as Freedom Amartya Sen 1998 - Transparency guarantees – openness and transparency in economic and political life, preventing corruption and financial irregularities - Protective security – social safety nets to prevent people from falling into poverty, starvation; prevent social exclusion ∗ Interconnectedness/overlapping freedoms that progressively enable the exercise of such freedoms  Development as Freedom Amartya Sen 1998 ∗ Freedom as primary element of development ∗ Principal determinant of individual initiative and social effectiveness; enhances the ability of individuals to help themselves ∗ Enhancement of freedom - fundamental measure /evaluation of human progress ∗ Achievement of development depends on the free agency of the people ∗ Development and free agency - “our capability to lead the kind of lives we have reason to value” ∗ Development becomes “individualized” ∗ Constitutive freedom  Development as Freedom Amartya Sen 1998 Capability approach to development ∗ Capability to lead the kinds of lives we have reason to value ∗ Capabilities refer to real, substantive freedoms (opportunities) of people to choose the kind of life or between different kinds of life according to their own valuation or judgment ∗ Unwilling starvation vs willing fasting – incapability/ capability to have food ∗ freedom to travel vs. real opportunity to travel  Development as Freedom Amartya Sen 1998 ∗ Development as freedom means eliminating unfreedoms: ∗ Development means removal of various types of unfreedom that leave people with little choice and little opportunity of exercising their reasoned agency. ∗ Major sources of unfreedom: ∗ poverty as well as tyranny ∗ poor economic opportunities as well as social deprivation ∗ neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states  Development as Freedom Amartya Sen 1998 ∗ Determinants of freedom – economic progress, social and economic arrangements (education and health facilities), political and civil rights (liberty to participate in public discussion and scrutiny) ∗ Important as means of development, not as ends by themselves ∗ Their absence, inadequacy, denial, violation can compromise/derail development and exacerbate unfreedoms  Development as Freedom Amartya Sen 1998 ∗ Poverty is “capability deprivation” because it limits enjoyment of human freedoms ∗ Unfreedoms retard/prevent development of human capabilities ∗ Unfreedoms limit the capability of people to make choices  Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen 1998) If development is ∗ Process of expanding human freedoms and eliminating unfreedoms/barriers to freedom ∗ Actual enjoyment/realization of freedoms ∗ Capability to lead the kind of life a person has reason to value Where is the Philippines from the lens of development as freedom? What can government do or should do to achieve development? ∗ Video presentation