L2. Arthrology-4XS PDF

Chapter 2: General Syndesmology (Arthrology)) Classification of the joints Definition am Syndesmology means the description of the joints....

Chapter 2: General Syndesmology (Arthrology)) Classification of the joints Definition am Syndesmology means the description of the joints. nn A joint is the site where two or more cartilaginous or bony am ha parts of the skeleton meet together by a uniting medium -G nn which is fibrous tissue, cartilage or synovia. EL am ha Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial N.B: Syn = together: -G nn ed (Synarthoidal) (Amphiarthoidal) (Diarthoidal) EL ¾ Syndesmosis = Fibrous joint. am ha m Uniting Fibrous C.T. Cartilage Joint capsule and am -G ¾ Synosteosis = Bony joint. nn medium synovia ed EL oh am ha m ¾ Synchondrosis = Cartilaginous joint. Joint cavity Absent Temporary Present am.M -G Movement No (immovable) No or limited or Movable (True) nn ed ¾ Synovial= Synovial joint. EL False very limited oh am of ha m ¾ Synsarcosis (muscles): connection between the muscles Pr (False/True) am.M -G nn ed of the shoulder girdle and the head, neck and trunk. Ossification Yes (temporary May be according Never EL oh am of ha m 1 with age joint) type (permanent joint) 2 Pr am.M -G nn ed I- Fibrous (synarthosis) joints EL oh Types of sutures: am of ha m Pr am M -G ¾ Immovable (as no joint cavities) so it is a false joint. nn ed Suture type Shape of opposed margins (edges). EL oh am of ¾ Temporary (ossify with age). ha m Pr am.M -G ¾ Uniting medium is fibrous tissue. Serrated (saw) Teeth like pointed nn ed EL oh am ¾ Classified into: of ha m Pr am.M 1. Sutures -G Squamous Flattened and overlapping nn ed ¾ Found in the skull. EL oh of ha m ¾ They allow the growth of bone plates. Pr am.M -G ed Fontanella Slightly round or smooth EL oh of m Pr am Plane.M sutures sut tures s ed oh of m Foliat (leaf) Edge of one bone fits in a recess Pr am.M of an adjacent bone oh of Pr.M of 3 4 Pr 2. Syndesmosis 3. Gomphosis am x Implantation of teeth into alveoli by a periodontal ¾ The uniting medium forms nn membrane. interosseous membrane or am ha x It is not considered a joint because the teeth are not parts of -G ligament. nn the skeleton. EL am ha ¾ Ossified with advancing -G nn ed age (synostosis). EL am ha m ¾ Examples: between the am -G nn ed radius and ulna and tibia EL oh am ha m and fibula in horse. am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m Pr am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m 5 6 Pr am.M -G nn ed II- Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis) joints EL oh II- Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis) joints am of ha m Pr am M According the type of the uniting medium, they are classified into: 2) Fibrocartilaginous (Symphysis = Secondary = mid plane) -G nn ed cartilaginous joints. 1) Hyaline (Synchondrosis = Primary) cartilaginous joints EL oh am of ha m ¾ The uniting medium is hyaline cartilage Pr ¾ The uniting medium is fibrocartilage. am.M -G nn ed Epiphyseal plate (physis) Costochondral junction ¾ Permanent (never ossify with age). EL oh am of ha m ¾ Limited movement. Pr am Temporary joints which transformed into Permanent..M -G nn ed bony (synosteotic) joints before adult life ¾ Present at the middle of body (joints). EL oh of ha m No movement Very limited movement (a) Pelvis symphysis, (b) Mandibular symphysis and (c) Intervertebral Pr am.M -G ed disc (between bodies of articular processes of cervical, thoracic and EL oh of m lumber vertebrae) which consists of outer annulus fibrosus and inner Pr am.M nucleus pulposus and so they easily prolapsed (spondylosis). ed oh of m Pr am.M oh of Pr.M of 7 8 Pr II- Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis) joints am Hyaline (Synchondrosis = Primary Fibrocartilaginous (Symphysis = cartilaginous) joints Secondary cartilaginous = mid plane) nn am ha The uniting medium is hyaline The uniting medium is fibrocartilage -G cartilage nn Some are temporary joints which Permanent (never ossify with age). Which joint of the following showed a very limited EL am ha transformed into bony (synosteotic) movement in adult horse? -G nn ed joints before adult life and others are permanent. EL am ha m Serrated Costochondral Physis Radio- am -G nn ed No movement or Very limited Limited movement suture junction ulnar EL oh movement am ha m am Examples: Present at the middle of body (joints)..M -G nn ed (a) Epiphyseal plate (physis) between the (a) Pelvis symphysis, (b) Mandibular EL oh am of ha m epiphysis and metaphysis of long bone. symphysis and (c) Intervertebral disc Pr am which consists of outer annulus fibrosus.M -G nn ed (b) Costochondral junction. and inner nucleus pulposus and so they EL oh am of ha m easily prolapsed (spondylosis). 9 10 Pr am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m 1- articular surfaces, Pr am M -G nn ed 2- articular cartilage,. EL oh am of ha m 3- joint capsule, Pr am.M -G nn ed 4- ligaments, EL oh am of ha m 5- synovial fluid, Pr am.M -G nn 6- articular disc and mensci, ed EL oh of ha m 7- marginal cartilage, Pr am.M -G 8- joint cavity. ed EL oh of ¾ 1+2= Articular m Pr am.M components ed ¾ 3+4 = Periarticular oh of m components Pr am.M ¾ 5-8 = Intra-articular oh of components Pr.M Synovial fluid of 11 12 Pr 1- The articular surfaces 2- The articular cartilages x Mostly hyaline cartilage x Thin dense smooth am x Avascular and so its nutrition compact bone. nn comes from synovial fluid x Covered by articular (mainly) and diffusion from am ha cartilage except at blood vessels. -G nn synovial fossa x No nerve supply. EL am ha (Which is a x Not covered by periosteum -G nn ed depression in the or synovial membrane. EL am ha m articular surface). x On concave articular surfaces, am -G nn ed the articular cartilage is EL oh am ha m thickest at the periphery and am.M thin centrally and vice versa -G nn ed in convex surfaces. EL oh am of ha m x Function: Pr diminish am.M -G nn ed concussion and reduce EL oh am of ha m 13 friction 14 Pr am.M -G nn ed 3- The joint capsule EL oh am of ha m Pr x Surrounds the joint, connects am M -G nn ed articulating bones together ,. EL oh am of ha m continues with periosteum and Pr am.M -G nn ed divided into: EL oh am of ha m (a) The fibrous layer Pr am.M -G x Collagen with few elastic fibers. nn ed EL oh x Sometimes forms ligament called of ha m Pr am capsular ligament..M -G ed (b) Synovial membrane EL oh of m x Thin single epithelial layer. Pr am.M ed x Loosely attached to the fibrous layer. oh of m x Lines the joint cavity except at thee Pr am.M articular cartilages. oh of x Thrown into folds and villi Pr.M x Rich in blood vessels and nerves. of 15 16 x Secretes and absorb synovia. Pr  4- Ligaments am Connective tissue bands unite bones together. nn Pliable but not elastic (except ligamentum nuchae which has am ha elastic fibers). -G nn The articular cartilage is not covered by…………… EL am ha -G nn ed EL am periosteum synovia synovial A and C ha m am -G nn ed membrane EL oh am ha m am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m Pr am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m 17 18 Pr am.M -G nn ed EL oh Types of ligaments: am of ha m Pr am M -G Extra-capsular (peri-articular) Intra-capsular (intra-articular) nn ed. Present outside the fibrous Present between the fibrous layer EL oh am of ha m capsule. and synovial membrane. Pr am.M -G nn ed Examples: Intercarpal and cruciate ligaments EL oh am of ha m ¾ Collateral ligaments (on the Pr am.M -G nn ed sides of the joint) EL oh of ha m ¾ Cranial and caudal ligaments Pr am.M -G ed ¾ Annular ligaments (surround EL oh of the joint) m Pr am.M Function ed 1.Directed movement oh of m Pr am 2.Stability between bones.M 3. Control movement limit oh of Pr.M of 19 20 Pr  5- The synovial fluid (synovia or joint oil) x Transparent, viscous fluid that resembles egg white. am The extracapsular ligaments x Presents inside joint cavities, tendon sheaths and bursae. may be formed as extensions x nn Secreted and absorbed by synovial membrane. am from the tendon or remnant x ha Chemical composition: mucin (mainly hyaluronic acid), salts, albumin, of degenerated muscles such fat droplets, and cellular debris. -G nn x The functions: EL as the sacrotuberous am ha ligament, part of the biceps a. Lubricate the moving surfaces of the synovial joint. -G nn ed femoris muscle. b. Nourish the articular cartilage, disc and menisci. EL am ha m c. Remove waste metabolites. am -G nn ed d. Enable leukocyte to circulate in the joint cavity. EL oh am ha m am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m Pr am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m 21 22 Pr am.M -G nn ed 6- Articular discs and menisci EL oh am of ha m Pr x Fibrocartilage present between the articular cartilages. am M -G nn ed x Divide the joint cavity partially (menisci) or completely (disc) into. EL oh am of ha m two parts. Pr am.M -G nn ed x Examples: menisci in stifle joint, and disc of tempro-mandibular EL oh am of ha m joint. Pr am.M -G nn ed x Functions: EL oh of ha m ¾ Correct the incongruent surfaces Pr am.M -G ed ¾ Anti-concussion & allow greater movement EL oh of m Disc Menisci Pr am.M ed oh of m Pr am.M oh of Tempro- Stifle joint Pr.M mandibular of 23 24 Pr  7- Marginal cartilage x A ring of fibrocartilage am which encircles rim of an nn articular cavity. am ha x Functions: -G Marginal nn ¾ enlarges the cavity. EL am ha cartilage ¾ prevents fracture of the -G nn ed margin. EL am ha m am x Example: -G nn ed EL oh am marginal cartilage around ha m am.M -G acetabulum in the hip joint nn ed EL is unique for this joint. oh am of ha m Pr am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m 25 26 Pr am.M -G nn ed EL oh am of ha m 8- Joint cavity Pr am M -G nn ed. EL oh am of ha m ¾ Is enclosed by the Pr am.M -G The unique structure of the hip joint is nn ed synovial membrane EL oh am of ha m the............ (wall) and the Pr am.M -G nn ed articular cartilages EL oh of ha m mensci disc marginal cruciate (roof and floor). Pr am.M -G ed cartilage ligament ¾ Contains only EL oh of m synovia Pr am.M ed oh of m Pr am.M oh of Pr.M of 27 28 Pr  Joint of the fore limb Joint of the hind limb Pelvic bone am Scapula nn Shoulder Joint Hip Joint am ha Humerus Femur -G nn Ulna EL am ha Radioulnar Elbow Joint Patella -G Stifle Joint nn ed Fibula EL Radius am ha m Tibia am -G nn ed Carpal bones Radiocarpal Joint EL oh am ha m Tarsal bones Tarsal Joint Small metacarpals Carpal Joint am.M -G nn ed Large metacarpal Large metatarsal EL oh am of ha m Fetlock Joint Proximal sesamoid Fetlock Joint Pr am Pastern Joint.M -G nn ed Middle Phalanx Coffin Joint Middle Phalanx Pastern Joint EL oh am of Distal sesamoid ha m 29 Coffin Joint 30 Pr am.M -G nn ed Movements of the synovial joints EL oh am of ha m 2. Angular Pr am A- According to causes M -G nn ed 1) Active movements: due to muscle contraction.. EL oh am of ha Swinging about an axis. m 2) Passive movements: due to gravity or movement of other joints. Pr am.M -G A. Flexion: decrease the joint angle. nn ed B- According to the shape of articular surface EL oh B. Extension: increase the joint angle. am of 1. Gliding ha m Pr am ¾ One surface slide on another without changing orientation..M -G nn ed ¾ Example: joints between EL oh of ha m 1) adjacent carpal bones Pr am.M -G ed 2) articular processes of cervical, thoracic and lumber vertebrae EL oh of m Pr am.M ed oh of m Pr am.M oh of Pr Around the mediolateral (transverse) axis.M of 31 32 Pr  E. Circumduction: C. Adduction: move towards the median plane. ¾ Combination of A, B, C and D. D. Abduction: move away from the median plane. am ¾ The bone describes a conical space (the base of the cone nn is formed by the distal end of the bone, and the apex is am ha the articular cavity) -G nn ¾ Examples: EL am ha 1) Shoulder joint. -G 2) Pelvic joint. nn ed EL am In human and small animals ha m am -G