IT Era Reviewer - History of ICT PDF

○ IT aids in investigating and IT ERA REVIEWER analyzing digital evidence in legal 🕰️ History of ICT and criminal inquiries....

○ IT aids in investigating and IT ERA REVIEWER analyzing digital evidence in legal 🕰️ History of ICT and criminal inquiries. Theodore Kaczynski (The Unabomber) ICT encompasses the utilization, ○ Claimed humans are maladapted creation, and oversight of to a technological society and computer-based systems, software, and predicted technological networks for data storage, processing, advancement would destroy transmission, and retrieval. humanity. Information Technology (IT) vs. Information and Communication ⚙️ History of Hardware and Software Technology (ICT) Pre-Modern Computing ○ ICT includes communication technologies, extending beyond Abacus the scope of IT. 💡 Impact of ICT First Generation Computers ENIAC and UNIVAC Education ○ E-learning platforms, online Second Generation Computers courses, and digital libraries have Transistors and IBM revolutionized knowledge dissemination. Third Generation Computers Research ○ Computational resources, data Integrated Circuits and Mainframes processing tools, and specialized software aid research activities 1970s - Present like data analysis, simulations, Microprocessors, PCs, and Mobile and modeling. Computing Entertainment ○ ICT has transformed content creation, distribution, and 💻 Types of Computers consumption in the entertainment Supercomputers industry. Mainframes Business Servers ○ ICT supports key functions like Personal Computers Enterprise Resource Planning Embedded Systems (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Supply 🧠 Internal Components of a Computer Chain Management. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 🔍 Specific ICT Impact ○ Performs calculations and executes instructions. Digital Forensics Motherboard ○ The main circuit board that connects and allows  communication between internal ○ Examples: Microsoft Windows, components. macOS, Linux, Android Memory (RAM) Device Drivers ○ Temporary storage used by the Utility Programs CPU for data processing. ○ Examples: Virus scanning, disk Storage Drives (HDD/SSD) cleanup ○ Devices for permanent data storage; HDD uses spinning Application Software disks, SSD uses flash memory. Productivity Software Power Supply Unit (PSU) ○ Tools for creating documents, ○ Converts external electrical spreadsheets, and presentations power into usable power for (e.g., Microsoft Office, Google internal components. Workspace, Adobe Acrobat). Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Media Players ○ Handles image, video rendering, ○ For playing audio and video files and computing tasks like (e.g., VLC Media Player, cryptocurrency mining. Windows Media Player, iTunes). 🖥️ Peripheral Devices Web Browsers ○ Internet navigation tools (e.g., Input Devices Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, ○ Allow data input into the Microsoft Edge, Safari). computer (e.g., keyboards, mice, Graphics and Design Software scanners, microphones). ○ Tools for creating and editing Output Devices images, videos, and animations ○ Display or output data from the (e.g., Adobe Photoshop, computer (e.g., monitors, Illustrator, Premiere Pro). printers, speakers). Communication Software Storage Devices ○ Facilitates email, instant ○ External data storage (e.g., messaging, and video external hard drives, USB flash conferencing (e.g., Microsoft drives, memory cards). Outlook, WhatsApp, Zoom). Network Devices Games and Entertainment Software ○ Enable network connections ○ Applications for entertainment, (e.g., modems, routers, network including video games and adapters). interactive media. 📝 Computer Software 🌐 The Internet Computer software refers to data or The internet is a worldwide network of instructions that tell the computer how to work; interconnected computer networks using it is the intangible component of a computer. the Internet Protocol (IP) suite for communication. System Software Often described as a "network of networks" connecting private, public, Operating System (OS)  academic, business, and government Web browsers are used to interact with networks. the Web, with content hosted on web Enabled through technologies such as servers. electronic, wireless, and optical The Web is distinct from the Internet, networking. which predates it by over twenty years. 📡 Major Components of the Internet 🕰 Evolution of Web Servers Web 1.0 1. Application Server: Manages business Initial Version: Known as Web 1.0 logic and application programs. Content Creation: Created by a small 2. Web Server: Serves HTML pages and number of individuals. other files based on requests. Information Access: Direct access to 3. Proxy Server: Acts as an intermediary original sources. between endpoint devices and user Design Purpose: Simplified discovery of requests. information. 4. Mail Server: Handles incoming and Nickname: "Read-only Web". outgoing email. Features: Lack of interactivity, forms, 5. File Server: Provides central storage images, and controls. and network access to data files. 6. Policy Server: Controls security policies Web 2.0 and tracks authorization. Content Creation: Extensive creation by Other Components many users. Information Access: Interactive and Browser: A software application for participatory. accessing information on the World Design Purpose: Fosters interaction and Wide Web. participation. Domain Name System (DNS): Nickname: "Participatory social Web". Translates domain names to IP Features: User-centric, focuses on addresses. communities, partnerships, discussions, IP Address (Internet Protocol): Unique and social media. Increased popularity address for each device connected to through mobile internet and apps like the Internet. TikTok, Twitter, and YouTube. Internet Service Provider (ISP): ○ National ISP Web 3.0 ○ Regional ISP Content Creation: Emphasizes 🌍 The Web decentralization and openness. Information Access: Enhanced through The World Wide Web (Web) is an decentralized platforms. information system allowing access to Design Purpose: Utilizes AI and ML for documents and resources via Uniform intelligent, autonomous functions. Resource Locator (URL). Nickname: "Read, write, execute Web" Uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol or "Semantic Web". (HTTP) for information transfer.  Features: Shift from centralized to 🚀 Hyperautomation distributed and anonymous services. 📈 Key Differences Between Web Versions Definition: Integration of advanced technologies to automate tasks beyond traditional automation. Web 1.0: Read-only, static content, Technologies: Combines AI, ML, RPA, limited interactivity. and decision-making tools. Web 2.0: Read-write, dynamic content, Goals: Automate as many business and user participation, social media-centric. IT processes as possible. Web 3.0: Read-write-execute, decentralized platforms, AI and ML Applications integration, enhanced user experience with contextual content. Retail: Optimizes inventory 📢 Evolution of Social Media management, customer service, and supply chain operations. Healthcare: Improves regulatory Types of Online Communication compliance and fraud detection. Banking: Enhances customer Text-based: Email, discussion forums, onboarding, loan processing, and messaging, and chat. compliance. Video and audio: Online meetings, conferences, virtual worlds, and gaming. Benefits Social media: Platforms utilizing text, images, and video. 1. Increased efficiency 🔍 Advantages of Online Communication 2. 3. Enhanced accuracy Scalability 4. Improved compliance 1. Flexibility 5. Employee empowerment 2. Increased productivity and efficiency 3. Skill development Challenges 4. Cost Efficiency ❗ Disadvantages of Online Communication Difficulty and time consumption Measuring success Overwhelming marketplace of tools 1. Word or time limits Change management 2. Lack of visual or tonal cues 3. 4. Rapid conversation pace Difficulty retracting statements 📱 Multiexperience 🛠 Collaborative Tools and Online Platforms Definition: Refers to the various overlapping modes of interaction and interfaces between a user and digital Microsoft 365 Productivity Tools: Excel, technology. Word, PowerPoint. Goal: Create a cohesive experience Online Meetings and Videoconferencing: across web, mobile, wearable, Essential for virtual collaboration. conversational, and immersive 🌟 Current Trends technologies. Examples 1. Enhanced employee productivity 2. Innovation Domino’s Anyware: Order pizza using 3. Increased agility and efficiency various devices including smartwatches 4. Increased customer satisfaction and voice assistants. BMW India’s Contactless Experience: Drawbacks Purchase vehicles through a fully digital process. Inequality Retail Apps: Check stock, add items to Negative societal impact grocery lists, communicate with Privacy issues customer service. Employment challenges Benefits 🧠 Human Augmentation 1. Enhanced customer engagement Definition: Enhancing human abilities 2. Increased customer satisfaction through technology. 3. Brand differentiation Types: Physical, cognitive, and sensory 4. Improved efficiency enhancements. 5. Increased revenue Examples Challenges VR: Immersive digital environments. Consistency across platforms AR: Digital overlays on the real world for Integration complexity tasks like navigation and maintenance. Security and privacy Mixed Reality: Combines VR and AR for Performance optimization interactive experiences. User behavior understanding Pros Development and maintenance costs Testing and quality assurance 1. Enhanced capabilities and collaboration 👥 Democratization 2. Optimized performance 3. Broad applications (healthcare, Definition: Making advanced manufacturing, finance, military) technologies accessible and usable by a Cons broader audience, including those without specialized technical skills. Ethical questions Unfair competition perceptions Examples Other potential risks Printing Press: Early example by Johannes Gutenberg. 👮‍♂️ Data Policing Affordable Computers: Availability at Definition: Practices and regulations in different price points. monitoring, managing, and ensuring Online Information Access: Internet responsible use of data. democratizing access to information. Importance: Crucial for protecting privacy, ensuring data security, and Benefits maintaining legal and ethical standards. Examples Recommender Systems: Suggest products based on preferences. Crime Analytics: Analyze large datasets Computer Vision: Identify patterns in for criminal patterns. images without labeled data. Predictive Crime Profiling: Predict crime Fraud Detection: Detect fraudulent occurrences. activities with a combination of labeled Network Analysis of Criminal Gangs: and unlabeled data. Map out criminal network relationships. Self-Driving Cars: Use reinforcement learning for navigation and Benefits decision-making. 1. Crime prevention Video Games & Spam Detection: Use 2. Resource optimization reinforcement and supervised learning. 3. Improved decision-making Market Prediction & Customer 4. Enhanced investigations Segmentation: Predict trends and 5. Transparency and accountability segment customers using unsupervised 6. Community trust learning. 7. Cost savings Benefits 8. Enhanced collaboration 1. Enhanced decision-making Drawbacks 2. Automation Privacy concerns 3. Personalization Bias and discrimination 4. Scalability Over-reliance on technology 5. Improved security Data security risks 6. Cost optimization Ethical issues 7. Trend identification Accuracy and reliability Drawbacks Public trust 🤖 Machine Learning Data dependency High computational costs Definition: Subfield of AI involving Complexity and underfitting training algorithms on data sets to Bias and discrimination develop models. Security vulnerabilities Importance: Powers many digital goods Ethical concerns and services we use daily. Dependency on expertise Types 🤖 Robotic Process Automation (RPA) 1. Supervised Learning Definition: Uses software robots to 2. Semi-supervised Learning automate repetitive tasks typically 3. Unsupervised Learning performed by humans. 4. Reinforcement Learning Applications Examples Manufacturing: Increases productivity and quality.  Transportation: Examples include Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): Digital self-driving cars and drones. assets representing ownership of unique Healthcare: Used in surgeries, items. rehabilitation, and medical procedures. Government: Secures documents and Agriculture: Planting and harvesting. ensures transparent record-keeping. Construction: Automates tasks like bricklaying and concrete pouring. Pros Space Exploration: Used in exploring 1. Enhanced security other planets, moons, and asteroids. 2. Transparency Service Industry: Provides customer 3. Decentralization service in hotels, malls, banks, etc. 4. Cost efficiency Military and Defense: Surveillance, 5. Speed and efficiency reconnaissance, and bomb disposal. 6. Immutability Drawbacks 7. Accessibility Handling complex tasks Cons High initial investment Transaction limitations Scalability issues High energy consumption Impact on employment Scalability issues Software dependency Regulatory concerns Security challenges 🔗 Blockchain 🔍 Voice Search Functions: Works through automatic Definition: Decentralized, distributed speech recognition to transform voice ledger technology that securely records signals into text. transactions across a network of Uses: Increases convenience in tasks computers. and transactions. Applications Applications Money Transfer: Secure and efficient. Voice Search Smart Contracts: Automated Speech to Text: Enables hands-free agreements executed upon condition computing. fulfillment. Smart Home Devices: Controls home IoT: Enhances security through a devices via voice commands. decentralized ledger. Voice Biometrics for Security: Personal Identity Security: Secures Authenticates identity. personal data. Automotive: In-car commands for calls, Healthcare: Secures electronic health directions, and music. records. Customer Service: Automates call Logistics & Supply Chain Management: center responses and analyzes call Provides visibility and traceability. patterns. Advantages  1. Faster than typing 2. Privacy concerns 2. Advancements in Voice User Interfaces 3. Complexity and skill gap (VUI) 4. Cost of implementation 3. Boosts productivity 5. Integration challenges 4. Instant access to information 6. Bias and interpretation 5. Breaks language barriers 7. Security risks 8. Lack of scalability Drawbacks 1. Privacy of recorded data 2. Error and misinterpretation of words 📊 Analytics Definition: Process of gathering and analyzing data from digital sources to inform marketing decisions. Examples Banking and Finance: Manages risk, avoids errors, prevents fraud. Construction: Aids design and modeling. Retail: Anticipates customer demands. Transportation: Captures journey preferences. Education: Tracks student progress. Healthcare: Improves patient care. Media and Entertainment: Understands usage patterns. Public Services: Research in health, conservation, and crime detection. Benefits 1. Improved decision-making 2. Enhanced operational efficiency 3. Better customer understanding 4. Competitive advantage 5. Risk mitigation 6. Cost savings 7. Innovation and product development 8. Performance monitoring Disadvantages 1. Data quality issues