IT Chapter 1 PDF (Class 10)

CHAPTER Unit I 01 Internet Basics Chapter Checklist The Internet has gained popularity and emergedfromas an important and efficient means of communication. The...

CHAPTER Unit I 01 Internet Basics Chapter Checklist The Internet has gained popularity and emergedfromas an important and efficient means of communication. The term Internet is derived the words 'interconnection' and 'networks'. A network is a collection of trwo or more computers, which are connected o History of Internet Workingof Internet together to share information and resources. The Internet is a worldwide system of Uses of Internet computer networks, iLe. network of networks. Through Internet, computers become able to exchange information with each other and find diverse perspective on issues o Connecting to the Internet from a global audience. Most of the people uses Internet for sending and receiving World Wide Web (WW) E-mail and net surfing for retrieving information. Web Page Website Web Browser Web Client Web Server Web Address/URL Domain Name E-mail Address 0 Blogs Newsgroup HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Internet Protocols Network of networks Remote Login and File Transfer Protocols History of Internet In 1969, the University of California at Los Angeles and the University of Utah were connected with the beginning of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork) using 56 kbi/s circuits, which is sponsored by U.S. (United States) Department of Defernse (DoD). The goal of this project was to connect computers at different Universities and U.S. defense. 2 Allinone Computer Applications Class 10th In mid 80's anothet tederal ageny, the Nathonal Sience " EReseration (online reservation, online ticket booking Foundaton (NSP reated anew hugh capait network etc.) alled NSFnet (Natanal Socnr Fundaton Network). " Online Pavments (credit and debit card payments etc.) which was more capahle than ARPANET The ony " Video Conferencing drastack ot NSFnet was that it alkwed onlh academic " Exchange of Views (files, music,folders etc.) research on its network and not any kind ot prvate business Social Networking Sites (facebook, twitter etc.) on it. Entertainment (play music, videos, games etc.) Now, soeral pnate ongan1sations and people started wrking to bud thet n network, named priate Advantages of Internet networks whah werr later (in 1990's) connected with ARPANET and NSFnet to torm the Internet The Internet (i) Greater access to information reduces research time. reallk became popular n |900's after the development of Worid Wide Wet (WM (ü) Allows you to easily communicate with other people. (uu) Global reach enables one to connect everyone on Working of Internet the Internet. (n) Publishing documents on the Internet saves paper. The computers on the Internet are connected to each other () A valuable resource for companies to advertise and through small neraorks These networks are connected conduct business. through the gatewzys tu the internet hackbone. All computers on the Internet. communicate with one anochet using TCP P. which is a basic protocol of the Disadvantages of Internet (0) Cyber frauds may take place involving credit/debit Internet. TCP IP (Transmisson Control Protocol/Internet card numbers and details. Protoco) manzges the transmiSsion of data/file document (u) Unsuitable and undesirable material is available on the Internet by breaking the data/file document into that sometimes can be used by notorious people small pieces or parts called packets or datagrams. such as terrorists. Each packet contains aTuat data and address part, ie. (i) It is a major source of computer viruses. addresses ot destination and source upto 1500 characters. (e) Messages sent across the Internet can be easily Functioning of TCP and IP are as follows: intercepted and are open to abuse by others. " TCP It breaks message into smaller packets that are () It is difficult to check the accuracy of information ransmittei ver the internet and also reassembles these available on the Internet. smaller packets into he org1nal message that are received from the Internet Who Governs the Internet? Internet is " IP It handles the address part of each packet, so that the not governed by any single organisation Some volunteer groups had been formed to help, coordinate data is sent to the correct address. Each gateway on the and wrist with the development of the Internet. network chek this idress to see where to forward the These organisations are as follows. message.. Internet Architecture Board (IAB) It is a technical advisory group of the Internet society and is chartered to provide Uses of lnternet oversight of the architecture of the Internet, its protocols and resources. Internet Engineering Task Force (|ETF) It develops and Internet has been the most useful technology of the maintains the Internet's communication protocols modern time, which helps us not only in our daily lives, but. Internet Research Task Force (lRTE) It looks into also in our personal and professonal Iives developments. long term research problems that could be critical in five or Thus, some uses of Internet are as follows: ten yearS. Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) ECommerce (auction, buying and selling products etc.) It provides various registry services needed for the Internet Research (online journals, rnagazines, information etc.) to operate effectively. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) It develops standards " Education (Elearning, distance learning etc) for the evolution of the Web "EGovernance (online filling of application, Incone Tax,. Internet Society (1SOC) It concerns with the growth and Sales Tax etc.) evolution of the Internet and the way in which the Internet can be used Internet Basics 3 Following are the several versions of DSL technique available Connecting to the Internet today: There are mainly three ways of connecting to the " High Data rate DSL (HDSL). Very High Data rate DSL(VHDSL or VDSL) Internet, which are as follows: " Asyrnmetrical DSL (ADSL) 1. Dial-up Connection Symmetrical DSL (SDSL) It is a temporary connection, set-up between your " Rate adaptive DSL (RDSL) computer and ISP server. " ISDN DSL (IDSL) Dial-up connection uses the telephone line (Public Switched Telephone Nerwork PSTN) and modem to Cable Modem connect to the Internet. The modem connects the This service enables cable operators to provide broadband computer through the standard phone lines, which using the same co- axial cables, that deliver pictures and sound serves as the data transfer medium. When a user to your TV set. A cable modem can be added to or integrated initiates a dial-up connection, user needs to enter the with a set-top bOx that provides your TV set for Internet password and specify a username and modem dials a access. They provide transrmission speed of 1.5 Mbps or more. phone number of an Internet Service Provider (1SP) that is designated to receive dial up calls. The ISP then establishes the connection, which usually Broadband over Power Line (BPU It is the delivery of broadband over the existing low and takes about 10 sec and, is accompanied by several beeping and buzzing sounds. medium voltage electric power distribution network. Its speed Telephone Line internet Service is generally comparable to DSL and cabie modem speeds. BPL Provider (1SP) internet can be provided to homes using existing electrical Computer connections and outlets. It is also known as power-band. Modem BPL is good for those areas where there are no broadband connections, but power infrastructure exists. e.g. in rural areas. Dial-up connection A modem changes the digital data into analog data and vice-versa at source computer in a format that can be carried 2. Broadband Connection by telephone lines Modem stands for Modulator and Demodulator The term broadband commonly refers to high speed " Bandwidth is the amOunt of data that a circuit or a signal can Internet access that is always ON and faster than the carry. traditional dial-up access. It is the short form of " TCP/IP was designed in l973, which in 1983 became the standard for communicating between computers over the broadband wideh, that uses a telephone line to connect Internet to the Internet. Speed of broadband connection is ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) establishes the measured in Mbps (Megabits per second). connection using the phone lines which carry digital signals instead of analog signals Broadband access allows users to connect to the ISP (Internet Service Provider) refers to the companies that Internet at greater speed than a standard 256 Kbps provide Internet connections to the users Some popular ISPs (Kilobits per second) modem or dial-up access. of India are Broadband access requires the use of a broadband " Data Communication LId modem. Broadband includes several high speed " Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL) transmission technologies, which are as follows: " Airtel " Reliance Digital Subscriber Line (DSLJ) It is a popular broadband connection which provides 3. Wireless Connection Internet access by transmitting digital data over the Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the wires of a local telephone network. It uses the existing Internet using a radio link between the customer's location copper telephone lines for Internet access. and the service provider's facility. Wireless broadband can be A special modem is necessary in order to be able to use mobile or fixed. Unlike DSL and cable, wireless broadband a DSL service over a standard phone line. requires neither a modem nor cables. 4 Allinone Computer Applicatons Class IOth The distane betaeen the devkes connetent to each as low as 5 ms. LTE works on multiple frequency bands other thrugh a wireles Internet connetion does not often varying by country atfect the rate of data transter beteen them Some advantages and disadvantages of different types of Some wavs to connet the Internet wirelessty are as connections are as tollows: tolws Connection types Advantages Disadvantages Wireless Fidelity Wi-Fl unnenal wIreles Daa-up (a) Easily avaiable (a) Slower than broadband It s networkng mhn that (b) Available at low cost (b) Needs expensive (c) Can tbe used through set-up. unlses rao frequencis to fixed or cellular phone. (c) Phone remains busy ranster ata -H allkw spend Internet Broadband (a) Teiephone can be used (a) Expensive than dial-up hagth with Intermet connection CUnnetons wthut the uNe ot (b) Faster than a dial-up (b) Not available in all abies Connection areas W-Fi network nerworks an be jesgned tot (c) Aways on, no wait to pvate acces hin a home or bustness. It can be used Connect tor pubic Internet access at 'hot spots that offers Wi-Fi Wireless (a) No phone line required (a) Vulnerable acces sach s returants, coftee shops, hotels, airports, (b) Easy and inexpensive to (b) Limited security conventon centres and ci parks set-up. mechanisms. (c) No limitation of location (c) Medical disadvantage (d) Connectivity is never a can caUse one cancer Woridwde nteroperability for Microwove problem. Access WMAXN Todas, t s one ot the hottest broadband wireless t t Satellite technolog These stems are expected to deliver Broadtand Wireless Access (BWA) services upto 31 Satellites which are orbiting around the earth, provide necessary links for telephone and television service. They can also provide miles (45 km) for faed stations and 3-10 miles (5-15 km) links for broadband Satellite broadband is another form of for mobile starons WMAX would operate similar to wireless broadband and is also useful for serving remote or sparsely populated areas W-Fi bur z hugter speed, over greater distances and for a greater number ot users It has the ability to provide servces en in areas that are d1fficult for wired infrastructure to reach Also, it has the ability to Check point 01 overcome the physical limitations of traditional wired 1 The ARPANET was released in infrastructure. a) 1969 (b) 1995 rersty (c) 1981 (d) 1990 2 Name the organisations that govern the Internet WMAX Be Siaon 3 Internet provides three ways of connection, name them. Rescerce Hoe World Wide Web www) wwW was introduced on 13th March, 1989 by Tim BernersLee. It is a system of nternet servers that supports WMAX retwrt hypertext and multimedia to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. It is often abbreviated as the Web or WwW or W3. lt is a way of exchanging Long Term Evolution LTE) information between computers on the Internet, trying to It is a highspeed wireless broadband technology designed tie them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources. It is only a portion of what makes up to support roaming Internet access by cell phones and the Internet, but it is the fastest growing part of the handheld devices. LTE is designed to allow upto 300 Internet. Mbps download and upto 75 Mbps upload with latency Internet Basics 5 The Web lets people, organisations and companies publish AWebsite displays related intormation on a specific topic. Eah Website is accessed by its own address information for other people to see. This makes the Weh a known as URL (Unitorm Resource Locator). very useful tool for finding information about any topic. e.g http:/ www.carwale.com a Website, while wwW Attributes htrp:/www arwale.cotn/ new/ is a Web page. wwW provides various attributes, which are as tollows: Two terms that are assoctated with a Website are as " User-friendly The WWW resource works smoothly with follows: most Web browsers, such as lnternet Explorer, Firefox etc. " Multimedia documents WWW allows users to create and Home Page display VWeb pages that contains various graphics, audio, The main or tirst page ot a Website is known as home video, animation and text. page. " Interactive WWW provides interactivity using hyperlinks Advantages of Home Page and input boxes (i.e. textboxes and checkboxes). ) It helps viewers to find out what they can find on " Frames WwW supports frames that allow users to display that particular site. more than one independent section on a single Web page. () It helps in the publicity of an individual or a community HyperText and Hyperlinks (u) It makes the visitors more comfortable with the HyperText is the text that appears on the page. on which we can Website. click and reach to another page with which it is linked HyperText s also a combination of hyperlinks and multimedia Hyperlink or dynamic link simply caled a link, may be an icon, graphic or text in Web Portal a document that links to another document It is a specially designed Website that often serves as the single point of access for information. It also has Web Page The backbone of the World Wide Web is made up of files ot hyperlinks to many other Websites. Advantages of Web Portal documents called pages or Web pages, that contain () Easy tor users to customize personal places. information and links to resources both text and multimed1a. (:) It provides communication berween portals (i.e. It is created using different applications). HTML. The Web is a CENTRAL BOARD oF secoNoARV EOuCATION collection of large () It provides flexible content and layout. number of computer documents and Web Web Browser pages that stored on computers around the tndia It is a softrware application that is used to locate, retrieve world which are and display some content on the WWwW, including connected to one Web pages. These are programs used to explore the another using CBSE WNeb page Internet. It is an intertace that helps a computer user to hyperlinks. gain access over all the content on the Internet. We can install more than one Web browsers on a single computer. The user can navigate files, folders and Website Websites with the help of a browser. A group of related Web pages that follow the same theme There are two types of Web browsers, which as follows: and are connected together with hyperlinks is called a Website. In other terms, "A Website is a collection of digital Text Web Browser documents, primarily HTML files, that are linked together A Web browser that displays only text-based and that exist on the Web under the same domain". information is known as text Web browser. e.g. Lynx. 6 Allinone Computer Applications Class 1O% Graphical Web Browser Web client is also known as athin client because it does A Web browser that supports both text and graphic not execute heavyduty operations such asqueryingor information is known as graphical Web brou set. databases, performing complex business tasks connecting legacy applications. The first graphical web browser was NCSA Masaic. eg. Internet Explorer, Firefox. Netscae. Safari, Google Chrome, Opera. Web Server It is a computer program that serves requested HTML Some Popular Graphical Web Browsers pages or files from the Web client. Every Web server NETSCAPE It was introduced in 1994 Netscape that is connected to the Internet is associated with a comprises the major portion of the browser's market. N unique address, ie. IP address. INTERNET EXPLORER (IE) It is a product of Microsoft. Web server software generally requires a fairly robust This is the most commonly used browser in the world. This was introduced in 1995 alongwith Windows 95 operating system like Unix, Windows NT. Every launch and it has passed Netscape popularity in 1998. Website need to be stored on a computer called the Web server from which it can be accessed. FIREFOX Itis anew browser derived from Mozilla. It was initially released in 2002 and has grown to be the Currently, there are five major Web servers commonly second most popula bruwser on the Internet. used for hosting Websites as follows: SAFARI It is a Web browser developed by Apple Apache HTTP Server Incorporation and incuded in Mac OS X 1t was first released as a public beta in lanuary 2003. Safari It was developed by Apache Software Foundation. The provides good support for latest technologies like Apache HTTP server is the most popular Web hosting XHTML CSS2 etc server in the world. This software can be installed GOOGLE CHROME This Web browser was developed bv virtually on all operating systems including Windows, Googie. Its beta and commercial versions was released Linux, Mac OS X, UNIX etc. At present, 60% of server in September 2006 for Microsoft Windows. machines run on the Apache Web server. OPERA It is smaller and faster than most other browsers. vet it is fully featured It is the most popular mobile Web Internet Information Server (s) browser. It is a product of Microsoft and is considered to be a verr high performance Web hosting server. It is easily " Intranet is colecior of prvate computer networks within an administrable and integrated with the Windows argarisaion It s aso knowT as corporate portal or private platforms. business network " Extrarnet refers to rerwork wthin an Gigo organisation, using Interne o connect to the outsiders in controlled manner Lighttpd This is a free Web hosting server distributed under the BSD license. It is considered fast, reliable, secure and Web Client power efficient CP. Lighttpd, Web servers are Web client is a computing term which describes a special compatible with Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Unix and Solaris operating systems. program designed as a user interface, through which messages are sent to a 'web server. Web cdients usually operate within a Sun Java System Web Server web browser window, although some are installed to a mobile It is developed by Sun Microsystems. It is not an or computer as downloadable software. open source server. It supports Windows, Linux and Unix A web client contains two parts: dynamic Web pages and the operating systems. Web browser. Dynamic Web pages are produced by Sun Java also supports many different technologies, components that run in the Web tier, and a Web browser scripts and languages including PHP, PERL, ASP, delivers Web pages received from the server. ColdFusion, Python etc. Internet Basics 7 Jigsaw Server Types of URL This is a free open source server for Website hosting that URLs vary depending on the location of the document URLs fall into two will link. Basically, comes straight from the W3C. The Jigsaw Web hosting to which user server is written in Java and supports both PHP (Personal categories: exact location of a Home Page) programs and CGI (Common Gateway " Absolute URL It specifies the URL identifies file/directory on the Internet. Absolute Interface) scripts. It supports different platforms like Linux, if two URLs Mac OS X, Windows, Unix, FreeBSD etc. that each URL is unique, which means that same file. It uses the are identical then they point to the following format: Check Point 02 Scheme://server/path/ resource 1Which software runs on a user's computer and is used to make a RelativeURL It points to a file/directory in relation to resource using an request for and display information in the form of a Web page? the present file/directory. It locates a consists of (a) Internet (b) Wetb browser absolute URL as a starting point. It typically scheme or (c) HTTP (d) Web server the path and optionally, the resource but no no server 2 Name the first graphical Web browser 3 Which Web server was developed by Sun Microsysterns? Domain Name Web Address/URL It is the text name corresponding to the numeric IP users Web is a collection of documents (Web pages) stored on address of a computer on the Internet. Internet It is way a computers around the world. Each Web page has an address access your Website using your domain name. to identify and locate computers connected to the describing where it can be found. This address is known as Domain name always have Web address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator). A Web Internet. It must be unique. rwo or more parts, separated by periods (dots). address identifies the location of a specific Web page on the Internet, such as e.g. google.com. yahoo.Com etc http://www.learnyoga. Com Every computer connected to the Internet has its unique Domain Abbreviation Web address, without which it cannot be reached by other computers. Domain are organised by the type of organisation and by the country. A three letter abbreviation indicating the Parts of URL organisation and usually two letter abbreviation The URL contains three parts, which are as follows: indicating the country name. Most common domain abbreviations for organisation are as follows: (i) The name of the protocol to be used to access the file resource. (i) Adomain name that identifies a specific computer on info Informational organisation the Internet. com Commercial (iii) A path name with hierarchical description that gov Government specifies the location of a file in that computer. eg. edu Education The address for Internet The site belongs to a mil Military server that uses hypertext company registered under net Network resources transfer protocol. domain name 'microsoft.com" or IP address org Usually non-profit organisation Some domain abbreviations for country are as follows: http/www. microsoft.com/athome/default aspx in India au Australia The site is on the part To find the speciftic Web fr France of Internet known as WWW page, the browser follows New Zealand nz the URL's path to a folder named "athome then to a uk United Kingdom page named default aspx 8 Allinone Computer Applications Class 10th Domain Name System (DNS) It translates domain names names) into IP adiresses It (omputers host Blogs Ablog s aWebsite or a Web page, in which an individual record. als stones and associates manv h t tntormaton with domain opinon l1nks to other sites on regular basis. A blog content is names. It provndes worh wde kewnd hased wrIten frequently and added in achronological order. It is written redirecton see online and visible to everyone. DNS an e quckh uniated and seities the Anpcal hlog combines text, images and links to other blogs, Weh techncal tunctnali ot datatase service The pages and other media related to its topic. In education, blogs can naming sheme bwhh sene are identified ts be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as knw as the dm me nstem. eg. the domain edublogs. The entries of blog are also known as posts. name wwwample mght translate to A person who writes a blog or a Weblog is known as blogger. 198.10534 Biogrng is the act of posting content on a blog. Blogs are tall into various categories: Personal blog, News and Numeric Computer IP Address VIews, Company blogs and Microblogs. P aSs a2 s2 a82 fomat where eac aaa a uber attress 4 bys to 255 The iength of 1P desses dentif, the host Advantages of Blogs cOmpeeCes omation reached tO () You can work at any time of the day and work with your ease. The Ptrss as te folcw (1) Blogger does not require more efforts to write articles for Gracteristucs his/her blog. Pattresss aerigue (ui) Easy and quick to update or add new posts. NG t w m sca have the same IP address P a3esses are asc Eoba and standardrsed (i) People can leave comments on your blog. Ala oecec to the Interre: agree to use () It increases blog revenue. Te see s e e sbsung an address (1) Blogs can be set-up quickly. (i) It is all about being social. You (blogger) need to answer to peoples' queries and for that, reading should be a part of E-mail Address day-to-day tasks. E-mail san for Electronic Mail'. It is a paperless method of sendng messages, notes, pictures and Disadvantages of Blogs even sound fies from one place to another using () The common problem of full time blogger is isolation from he Interne s a metium SOCiety. It is an individual name. which is used to sernd and (t:) Mostly people love blogging but they don't have a fix receive E-mail on the Internet It is used to specify source of income. Some choose freelance writing job for the source or destination of an E-mail message earning money and few chooses to depend on their parents to fulfil the need of money. The format of an Email aidress is user@iomain. (u) If the blogger get ill, then they don't get time to update their Where. blog and it ultimately results in loss of blog income and.user identites zunQue uset hame. tratfic. @separates the user from the domain. donain identifes the mail servert C.g. Newsgroup An area on a computer network especially the Internet, devoted to the discussion of a specified topic is known as Neuwsgroup. It is an online discussion group that allows interaction through electronic bulletin board system (Usenet) and chat sessions. User rarre To simplify the selection of suitable newsgroup, they are divided into subject classification which are as follows: Some sites which provde the E nail services are Gmail, Yahoo! mail, Rediffmail etc " rec-Recreation and entertainnent topics. neus-Matter related to the functionality of Usenet itself.  jma Con Internet Basics 9. sCi-Science related topics.. soc-Discussion related to society and social subcultures. Internet Protocols a network..comp-Computer relatedtopics. Protocol refers to the set of rules applicable for standards of network protocols and Many different rvpes computer (no matter Anewsgroup is a world wide platform for exchanging its are required to ensure that your content, ideas and intormation by common minded or application, which operating system and network carancther people. Newsgroup and contents are stored on special computer you are using) can communicate with the world. servers called Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) located on the next desk or halfway around servers. The groups can be either "moderated", where a The protocol defines standardised format for the data person or group decides which postings will become part packet to be transmitted through the network. of the discussion or "unmoderated", where everything allows the setting up of posted is included in the discussicon. In a computer nerwork, a rotocol caton and data transferring a valid connection, coma e.g. alt.tennis, alt.astrology, comp.lang.C+t etc. betweern two computing end ints or computer system. Advantages of Newsgroup Some of the commonly used protocols are as follows: () Newsgroup is similar in some ways to mailing lists, but it has a better structure. HTTP (HyperText Transter Protocol) is (i) It is also easier to access a newsgroup. HTTP is an application level protocol. This protocol used by the world wide wetb. HTTP defines how messages (ii) Usualy, you will be able to find aFAQ (Frequently are fornatted and transmitted and what actions web Asked Questions) section on a newsgroup, which is servers and browsers should take in response to various always helpful for those who are not sure of certain commands. It is a stateless protocol because each things. independently without any command is executed (iv) Free to subscribe and post. knowledge of the commands that came before it. e.g. whern this actually sends a Disadvantages of Newsgroup you enter a URL in your browser. and HTTP command to the web server directly, to fetch (i) A newsgroup is not as quick as an E-mail or even a mailing list. transmit the requested web page. It is generic, stateless and object oriented protocol. (ii) The information on newsgroup is submitted by people who may have no real idea of what they are TCP/IP (Transmission Control talking about. Protocol/Internet Protocol) (iii) It is not user friendly and the risk of viruses is high. TCP/IP is the communication protoxol for the Internet. It defines the rules, computers must follow to commnunicate HyperText Markup with each other over the Internet. The TCP/IP is a protocol used with E-mail transmission. Intact, it is a set of Language (HTML) It is a markup language used for designing Web pages. protocol, i.e. TCP and IP. The TCP/P is a protocol which is responsible for finding A markup language is a set of markup (angular bracket, path for the destination. It also spl1ts the message into < >) tags, which tell the Web browser, how to display a several datagrams, if it does not fit in one datagram. Web page's words and images for the user. Each individual Therefore, these datagrams are sent through different markup code is referred to as an elenment or a tag. The text alternate paths towards the destination. The TCP makes placed between a pair of angular brackets (< >) defines an sure that the datagram arrives at the destination correctBy. HTML element. IP (Lnternet Protocol) used by the Internet for transferring HTML elements have two basic properties, i.e. attributes messages from one machine to another. The messages are and content. Attributes are used to apply the desired style sent in the torm of packets. IP defines the packet on the text and content refers to the text that you want to structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also display on the browser. When a Web page is opened in a detines addressing methods that are used to label the Web browser, then the formatted content is displayed. datagram with source and destination format.  All, mone Computer Applications Closs 10th SMTP Smple Mail Transter Protocol Remote login and File S7 the mánd ptT tor E ma NeCes on a 77 e r ST des the ahili to send and Iranster Protocols Eai esges Aremote login is atechnique to create connection with SNTT anve protxol that enabies the aremote computer Remote file transter is the process I n einen of t mail over the internet h Tn a defines the of transferring or sending a file to adevice or network n t comversation between the node externalto the local network. Some protocols are i a ad the SMTT mail server that delves Used for this purpose which as tollows nai SMY omveaton the sendet issues a certain oommand t the recening SMTP sever FTP (File Tronsfer Protocoll he sener sues vad commands and the It is a standard network protocoB used to transfer files the tmal are vald acoounts on the from one host to another host over a TCPbased ecenng NeNer wll accept the message network. such as the Internet. FTP is based on client server principle It establ1shes POP3 Post Ofice Protocol Version 3) two connections berween the hosts. One connection is toindd mai used for data transfer, which is opened and closed for protacol used to receve E-mails from a cach file transfer and the other for control Neea ica email cent POP3 allous vou to informat1on, which remains connected during the åNtieEaesges ot vour local computer and read entire interactive FTP session. het her vO are offiine hen vou use POP3 to ammet t Ky E mal account. messages are downioaded ah a e e trom he E-mail server This means that Remote Login (Telnet) Telnet is a protocol used for creating a connection with fw sO acoount trom muitiple koations, that may UE be e bet opon for vou On the other hand, if you a remote computer. Once your telnet client establishes use a connetion to the remote host, telnet client becomes POPS Wr essg are stored on your local computer, a virtual terminal. allowing you to communicate with a uced he spacr ot our E-mail account uses on your the remote host trom your computer. It establishes a connection either with command line client or with a HTTPS programmatic intertace. Telnet provides an error free connection, which is always taster than the latest HTTS acure veon of HvperText Transfer Protocol. It conventional modems. te prma peoooal used to send data between a web mer at wete HTTPS encrypted in order to SSH (Secure Shell) ora eoun ot ata traster The SSH protocolis a method for secure remote login The HT?S prutecs gainst ezvesdropping and from one computer to another. It provides several an ce ase aa Ths s particularty important alternative options for strong authentication and it wten en s erstve datz, such as by logging into a protects the cofnmunications security and integrity taa a c c a sevCt or healrh insurance provider. with strong encryption. It S a secure alternative to the HTTP S HTTPS non-protected login protocols (such as telnet) and insecure File Transfer Methods (such as FTP). HTTP HTTPS SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocoll SFTP also called SSH File Transfer Protocol, is a irtere network protocol tor accessing, transferring and managing files on retnote systems. It allows businesses to securely transfer billing data, funds and data recovery files. SFTP uses SSH to transfer fles and requires that the client be authenticated by the server. Internet Basics SCP (Secure Copyl Check Point03 It is afile transter protocol. which helps in rransferring 1 How mary parts f PL Cn be drvicte? computer files securely trom a local host to remote host. 1 State whether staterrent fure or s False The first part of E-fnail addrass doran nne It works on the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol technique. stateiess protoco 3 Which protoco is known as The term secure copy refers ro either the SCP protocolor creatinga connection the SCP program The SCP protocol is a file transfer 4 Whats the narne of protocol Sed for with a rrnote conputer network protocol. which supports encrvption and authentication features SUMMARY " An Internet is the network of networks spread all over the worid Internet started with interconnection of ARPANET,NSFnet and other small and private networks * Internet is not governed by any particular organisation. It is coordinated by many volunteer organisations ike LAB. ET7. ITF. W3C etc " Any organisation that provides access to the Internet is called ISP (Internet Service Provider) " Internet provides three ways of connection as: 1. Dial-up connection 2. Broadband connection 3. Wireless connection WWW is a set of rules/protocols by which, we can retrieve information on Internet. Web page is a file/document on Internet that contains text. graphics and links. " Website is a collection of Web pages that are linked together with the help of hyperlinks. " Web browser goes to a Web page using a Web address. Also, it downloads the HTML files stored at thal address and then reads and translates the HTML. file. " A web client is an application that communicates with a Web server, using IrTP " Web server is a program that helps the browser to retrieve infornation. " Web address or URI. 0s a method of addressing documents on Web. " E-mail address is a name that identifies an electronic post office box on network where E-tnail can be sent Ablog is a Website or a Web page belonging to an individual to describe hisher view. " Newsgroup is an open discussion forums by people from all over the world. HTML elements form the building blocks of all Websites. It allows images and objects to be emtbedded and can be used to croate interactive forms.. Protocol refers to a set of rules that coordinates the exchange of information. " HTTP is an access method used on Internet to access hvpertext file TCPIP is a protocol which is responsible for finding path for the destination. SMTP distributes E-mail messages and attached files to one or more electronic mail boxes. FTP transfers files between a server and a comnputer.. Secure Shell(SSH) protorol is a method for secure remote login from one computer to another  Exam Practice Mutiple Choice Questions (1Mark each] 1What can you do with the Internet? CBSE 2011 7To joint the Internet, the computer has to be al Excbange information wath friends and connected to a coleagues (a) Internet architecture board bi Acress pictures. sounds, video clips and other (b) Internet society medsa elements (c) Internet service provider ici Find drverse perspective on issues from a (d) None of the above globel audience id Excbange information, access pictures, find Ans. () Internet service provider is used to joint the Internet. diverse perspective on issue from a global 8 An organisation responsibles for providing audience Internet services to customer is commonly Ats Innerner cschange information, access pictures, find known as iverx perspectrive on issues from a global audience. (a) government (b) ISP 2 The frst network was (c) TCP/MP (d) HTTP al ARPANET (b Internet (c) NSFnet (d) NET Ans. (6) SP are the companies that register themselves under Ats The Advanced Rescarch Projects Agency NETwork the government domain according to the copyright law. ARPANETD wzs the word's first operational packet wiching nerwork 9 Which of these services will not be provided 3 Which communication protocol is used by by a typical Internet Service Provider (ISP)? Anternet? (a) An E-mail address ia TCPTP b) Www (c) HTML (d) W3C (b) Modem Ans TPIP isa communication protocol used by (c) A connection to the Internet Internet whih manages he transmission of data/file (d) Technical help document on the Internet. Ans. (a) ISP refers to a company that provides Internet 4 Which part of TCP/1P is responsible for services, modem, connection and technical help. It dividing a file or message into very small does not provide an E-mail address. parts, at the source computer? 10 Nick connects to the Internet at home using a la) TCP (b) IP laptop computer with a wireless connection. (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these Nick is going to change to a desktop Ans (a T part brcaks the mesage into smaller packets computer using a 1 Gbps ethernet that are transmitted over the Internet. cable connection. 5 in Internet Protocol (IP), data is organised in Which of these should be the result of making the form of the changes? la) bundies (b) packets (a) Increased portability and decreased speed. (c) switches (d) parts (b) Decreased portability and increased speed. Ans (b) IP has the task of detirvering packets from the source (c) Increased portability and increased speed. hoz to the destination host. (d) Decreased portability and decreased speed. 6 Digital information is converted into analog Ans. (6) Decreased portability and increased speed will be the information by the modem at CBSE 2011 result. (a) destination computer (b) source computer 1Y Combination of multimedia and hyperlink is called (c) Both (a) and (b) (b) E-mail (d) Neither (a) nor (b) (a) hypernedia (c) hypertext (d) None of these Ans. (b) Digital information is converted into analog Ans. () Hypertext refers to the combination of text, graphic information by moderm at source omputer. images, audio and video tracks and hyperlinks. Internet Basics 13 19 In URL, http:/www.arihant.corm/index htm, which 12 On Internet, to go to other Web page through component identifies the path of a Web page? button, the user should use CBSE 2012 la) http (b) www.arihant.com (a) Search tools (b) Find and replace ld) All of these (c) Search engine (d) hypertink (c) /index.htm Ans (c) /index.htm. because path name identifies the path of Ans. (d) On Internet, to go to other Web page available Web page through button, the user should use hyperlinks. 20 In URL, http/www.anhant.corn/index.htm, 13 A collection of Web pages linked together in a random order is CBSE 2014 which component identifies the Website? (a) http (b) www.arihant.com (a) a Website (b) a Web server (d) All of these (d) a Web browser (c) /index.htm (c) a search engine 4ns. (6) www.arihant.con. because domain narne identifies Ans. (a) AWebsite is a collection of Web pages linked the Website. together in arandom order and displays related information on a specitic topic. 21 Kirti, a student, has written some points about Web pages and URL. CBSE 2015 14 Home page helps viewers to find out what they can find on the particular site. Home )Which of the following staternents are true page is the about Web pages? (a) first page of a Website (a) You cannot E-mail a link of Web page. (b) index page (b) You cannot create a Web page. (c) about page (c) Web pages are wrntten in HTML (d) None of the above (d) Web pages are viewed through browser. Ans. (a) Home page refers to the initial or main or first Web page of a Website, sometimes called the front page. (ii) Which of the following statements are true about URL? 15 Which of the following is/are a popular Web (a) URL means Uniform Resource Locator. browser? CBSE 2019 (b) You can enter URL into address bar. (a) Firefox (b) Safari (c) An example of URL is we@ fg.com. (c) Navigator (d) All of these (d) It is not necessary for URL to be unique. Ans. (d) Firefox, Safari, Navigator all are popular Web Ans. () (c) and (d) () (a) and (b) browser. 16............... is an example of text-based 22 Domnain names always have two or more parts, separated by browser, which provides access to the (a) comnmas (b) periods (called dots) Internet in the text-only mode. (c) semicolon (d) None of these (a) Mozilla Firefox (b) Lynx Ans. (6) A domain name is a hierarchical series of character (c) Internet Explorer (d) All of these strings representing diferent levels of domains Ans. (b) Lyhx is a highly configurable text-based Web browser. separated by dot/period. 17Google Chrome is an example of 23 A domain name ending with.org belongs to (a) Web browser (b) Web server (a) an educational institution (c) HTTP (d) WwW (b) an organisation EXAM PRACTI Ans. (a) Web browser is the program that is used to explore (c) a site that is highly organised the Internet. Thus, Google Chrome is an example of (d) a commercial Website Web browser. Ans. (6) On the Internet, all Websites owned and operated by 18 A Web page is located using a an organisation are part of the.org domain. (a) Universal Record Linking 24 In all computers on the Intenet, owned and (b) Uniform Resource Locator operated by education institution form part of the (c) Universal Record Locator (a).com domain (b).edu domain (d) Uniformly Reachable Links (c).mil domain (d).org domain Ans. (b) URL (Uniform Resource Locator) specifies the Ans. (b) The domain name edu provides domain registration location of a specific Web page on the Internet. at no cost to educational institutions. 14 Allinone Computer ApplicationsClass 10th 25 Each computer connected to the Internet Ans. (b) Newsgroup heips for onlinc discussion. must 30 HTML is a markup language for describing ial be a pentum mach1ne Web document. HTML uses (bi bave a unaque IP address (a) pre-specified tags ic bave a Web browser (b) user defined tags id have a modem connection (c)tags only for linking As ( Eat computer connected to the Internet must have (d) fixed tags defined by the language a uhique IP address Ans. (d) HTML uses fixed tags defined by the language. 26 An IP address is a string of numbers 31 Aset of rules that governs data separated by peiods. CBSE 201l communication is lal 3 (bi 4 (c) 2 (d) 5 (b) information la) protocol As ( An IP address consists of 4 numbers separated by (c) HTML (d) E-mail penods is a set of rules that governs the Ans. (a) Aprotocol communication between computers on a network. 27 addresses are converted into CBSE 2013 lal e binary string 32 Which of the following would you use to (b alphanumeric string transfer files over the Internet? ic) a huerarchy of domain names (b) E-mail (a) FTP (d) e heradecimal string (c) HTTP (d) Browser Ams id DNS translates domain names into their IP addreses Ans. (a) FTP is used to transfer files between computers on a and ce-ters network. 28 Abiog consists of 33 Pall form of FTP is CBSE 2018 fal images (b) text (a) Force Transfer Protocol lc) inks (d) All of these (b) File Transport Protocol Ans (2) Ablog consists of images, text and links. (c) File Transmission Protocol 29 Online discussion through posts about (d) File Transfer Protocol various topics is called Ans. (d) FTP is a protocol through which Internet users can (a) E-Discussion (b) Newsgroup upload files from their computer to a website. In which, ic) E-mail FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. (d)Chat Fill in the Blanks [1 Mark each] YInternet is a network of CBSE 2011 6 In WWW, a client is called........... and a server is called Ans. nerworks Ans. Web client, Web server 2A is a temporary connection that uses the Public Switched Telephone Network 7...... is a computer program that provides EXAM PRACTICE (PSTN) to connect to the Internet. Ans. dal-up connection services to other computer programs. Ans. Server refers to the amount of data that a 8The address of location of the document on signal or a circuit can carry. CBSE 2013 wwW is called Ans. Bandwidth Ans. URIL 4Web pages on a site are linked together 9 The character based naming system by through a system of which server are identified is known as Ans. hyperlinks CBSE 2013 Ans. domain name system 5 Safari is a Web browser developed by Ans. Apple 10 ábcamnc.co.in represents an Ans. E-mail address Internet Basics 15 13 In Internet. is responsible for handling W Blogging is the act of posting content on a the address of destination computer. Ans. blog Ans. Internet protocol 12 The bulletin board which produces news over Internet is known as 14 protocol defines how messages are Ans. Newsgroup formatted and transmitted. Ans. HTTP True or False [1 Mark each] 1TCP helps in converting the digital signal to 6 Firefox is a Web server. analog signal and vice-versa. Ans. Faise Firefox is a Web browser. Ans. Faise The process of converting digital signal into analog 7URL is an Internet machine. signal is called modulation and is done bya modem. Ans. False URL is the Web address for a Website or a Web 2 wwW is an Internet service. page. Ans. True The World Wide Web (Www) is a set of 8 Domain name.mil describes military address. programs, standards and protocols that allows the Ans. True.mil is a top level domain that describes military multimedia and hypertext files to be created. address. displayed and linked on the Internet. 9.edu is an education domain. 3 Web pages and Websites are same. Ans. True cdu is a top level domain for cducation. Ans. False Website is the collection of Web pages 10 IP address is given to every computer for its 4 Website can be accessed by URL. unique identification. Ans. True Each Website is accessed bv its own address known Ans. True An IP address serves two principle functions: as URL. () Host or network interface identification 5 Home page is the server page of a Website. (1) Location addressing Ans. False Home page is the first Web page of aWebsite. 11 HTML is used to create Web pages. When a Website is opened. its home page is Ans. True HTML is a markup language which is used to displaycd. create Web pages. Very Short Answer vSA) Type Questions [1Mark each] 1Why is Internet so popular? CBSE 2004 Ans. Advantages of using Internet are as follows: EXAM PRACTI Ans. Due to its extensible use and sharing of data, Internet () It is used for communication, entertainment, searching becomes so popular. information and for providing many types of services. 2 Mention any two major uses of Internet. (i) it provides the facility of E-mail. Ans. The two major uses of Internet are as follows: CBSE 2003 4 Name any five DSL broadband service () For the students and educational providers in India. purposes, Internet is Ans. BSNL, Airtel, Reliance, MTNL and Tata Indicom. widely used to gather information so as to do the rescarch. (ii) We can 5 Write the name of any two Internet Service send/receive the mail all over the world. Providers (ISPs) in India. CBSE 2004, 02 3Write two advantages of using Internet. Ans. MTNL and Airtel. CBSE 2006 16 Allin one Computer Applications Class 10th 6Name any twO ways of wireless of internet connections 7 Expand the following Web extensions using with Web addresses. Ams. WF and Ma (ii) in (i) org 7wbat is WWw7 CBSE 2018 Ans. () Organisation (i) India ms wT Toid Wide Web) is a system of 18 Write any two Web extensions used with Web Internet eVen that suppot hipertext and multimedia to access addresses. sVera Internet protocols on a single interface. Ans $ What can a user do with WWw?.org and.com Ams Usng WW. user can download files. listen to 19 Identify Web addresses and E-mail addresses view video files and jump to other douments or music from the following CBSE 2009 Tebate b using hvpertext links (i) www.scrapbook.com 9 Name any two major (ii) abaa scrapbook.com services provided by (iii) www.countrywide.co.in Internet Ams E-mal and Www (iv) 123@ hotshot.co.in Ans. () and () and () are Web address while (i) and (ip) 10 Mr Lal owns a factory which are E-mail address manufactures automobile spare parts. Suggest him the 20 Identify Webaddresses and E-mail addresses advantages of having a Web page for his factory. from the following CBSE 2009 Ans. The Web paeg provides the information to he dients about (i) www.kool.com hus factory of spare parts Moreover, he can receive the onder on che Internet from the dients using the Web page. i) [email protected] (iii) www.hotspider.co.in MName any two popular Web browsers. (iv) 123hotshot(@elixir.co.in Ams Internet Expioter and Mozilla Firefox. Ans. () and (ii) Web address (i) and (iv) E-mail address 12 Write the relationship between a Website and a Web server 21 Which language is helpful to create Web pages? Ans. HTML is used for designing or creating Web pages. Ans. eb server s a computer on which a Website is hosted. 13 what is the full form of URL? CBSE 2019 Z2 Name any two Internet protocols used by Web. Ans. HTTP and FTP. Or 23 Name the protocol, which helps you to What is CRL? communicate between a Web server and a Ans. CRL meansLaiform Resource lLocator. It is a full Web browser. unique addrcss of a Web page on the Internet. It Ans. HTTP specifies the Internet address of a file stored on a host computer connected to the Internet. 24 Briefly discuss the role of a Web browser in Internet surfing. CBSE 2019 14 Can we use URL to access a Web page? How? Ans. A Web browser is a sofrware program that allows a user EXAM PRACTICEWebsite and each Website has a unique address known Ans. Yes, as a location on a Web server, which is called a to locate and display Web pages, acts as Internet surfing. as URL So, URI can be used to access a Web page. 25 Distinguish between FTP and Telnet. 15 Write the Wetb extensions (top level domain Ans. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) facilitates the transfer of names) given to a Websites of the following files from onc point to another while Teinet is a types of organisations. CBSE 2008 connection protocol that allows a user to connect to a remote server. () educational (i) government 26 What do you understand by telnet? Ans. ().edu Ans Telnet is a protocol that facilitates remote login on a (m) -gov computer. Io Write Web extensions given to sites of the following types of organisations. CBSE 2007 21 What do you understa nd by remote login? AMs. Remote login or remote access is the ability to get access (ü) network organisation (üi) government agencies Ans. ().net (i) -gov to a computer or a network from a different computer.  17 Internet Basics (2 &3 Marks each] Questions Short Answer (SA)Type be safely safe as Intranet can (t) Internet is not privatised as per the need 1How did the Internet begin? its IP address and give Ans. Refer to text on Page No. 1-2. 7 Write a note on characteristics. 2 How do Internet help us? internally follows nunber based addressing Ans. Internet can be useful for us in tollowing ways: Ans Internet computer is called IP system.Numeric address of a System advertise their products. Domain Name () Allows organisations to address by a scheme called of four numbers from () Provides information. consists (DNS). The IP addressdots. (u) Easily communicate with other people. Oto 255., separated by follows: IP address are as publish documents on the The characteristics of an (m) Save paper as we can Internet. () IP addresses are unique. and standardised. 3 Write three disadvantages of using Internet. (i) IP addresses are global Ans. The three disadvantages of using Internet are as follows: 8How do you differentiate between a Web misuse address? 2018 CBSE (i) Information address and an E-mail () Cyber frauds (ii) Computer virus circulation Ans. The basic differences between a Web address and an CBSE 2006 4 What is MODEM? E-mail address are as follows: MOdulator/DEModulator. It is a address whercas Web Ans. MODEM stands for () E-mail address is a nerwork hardware device that enables a computer to send and address is the Internet address. the receive information over telephone lines by converting () An E-mail address always contains the at the rate digital data used by your computer into an analog once signal sign (@) whereas, a Web address never does. used on telephone lines and then converting back received on the other end. web 9 Discuss the role of web servers and CBSE 2019 5 Define home page. Give two advantages of clients briefly. home page. Ans. Web server is a computer program that serves Ans. A home page is the first page of aWebsite. requested HTML pages or files from the web client. Every web server that is connected to the Internet is The two advantages of home page are as follows: () It helps viewers to find out what they can find on that site. associated with a unique address, i.e. IP address. (i) Publicity of an individual or a community Web client is a computing term which describes special program designed as a user interface, through 6 Many organisations use both Internet and which messages are sent to a web server. Intranet. Give some differences between Intranet and Internet. 10 What is the significance of HTTP? -Ans. Differences berween Intranet and Internet are as follows.: Ans. HTTP is a protocol used on Internet. It works in () Internet is a Wide Area Network (WAN), while combination with Www. It allows us to access Intranet is a Local Area Nerwork (LAN), hypertext documents on Www. Since, WWW allows () Greater amount of information is available on Internet, us to access or usc multimedia files on the nternet while on Intranet specific amount of information is and the hypertext files support multimedia. available. EXAM PRACTIC Long Answer (LA) Type Questions [S Marks each] 1Why is Internet called 'Network of Networks'? computers, which are able to exchange information Ans. Internet is called 'Nerwork of Networks' because it is with cach other very quickly. global network of computers that are linked together by Mostly pecople use the Internet in two ways, E-mail cables and telephone lines making communication and World Wide Web. In Internet, most computers possible among them. It can be defincd as aglobal are not connected directly, they are connected to network over a million of smaller heterogeneous computer smaller networks, which in turn are connected nerworks. The network which consists of thousands of through gateways to the Internet backbone. Agateway networks spanning the entire globe is known as Internet. is a device that connects dissimilar networks. A The Internet is a world wide collection of nerworked backbone is central interconnecting structure that connects one or more networks.  18 Allinone Computer Applications Cass10th 2What is DNS and also explain its functions? () lt serves as t