IRPH Exams PDF

IRPH EXAMS significant —- Additional notes—- Lecture one- REALISM (classical n Structural) 1. The state as a person of international law should posses the following a. Permanent population b. Defined territory c. Government d. Capacity to enter into re...

IRPH EXAMS significant —- Additional notes—- Lecture one- REALISM (classical n Structural) 1. The state as a person of international law should posses the following a. Permanent population b. Defined territory c. Government d. Capacity to enter into relations with other states (recognition) 2. Hobbes's view on war a. Conflict and war are rooted in human nature 3. Machiaveli’s view on human nature a. All men are wicked 4. Structural/neorealism: International politics is driven by these 3 variables a. Anarchy -ordering principle b. States- basic unit c. Distribution of power- optimal strategy for self protection 5. Virtues of anarchy Self help system Smart state No „supreme authority“ in an anarchic system to resolve conflicts. This insecurity/uncertainty (usually) makes states risk averse. Thus, anarchy can be conducive to stability as risk-averse states will be wary of engaging in conflict. They cannot be sure that conflicts will not escalate into damaging wars​ 6. International system is a ____ system a. self - help 7. Lack of integration - The condition of security Fear of depency 8. Power can be increased by 2 means a. internal : strengthen self (better economy and strong military) b. External: alliances 9. Relative gains a. State A gains what state B loses 10. Offensive realists a. Get as much power as you can and hopefully hegemony 11. Defensive Realists a. Get as much power as you need but not any more than that/maintain status quo. 12. How does conflict occur? Per neoliberalism/neorealism- changes in DOP (if a state becomes stronger or weaker) 13. Security dilemma a. If state A strengthens itself so will state B leading to an arms race 14. Balance of power can be achieved: Arms racing  Alliance policy 15. Likeliness of war # of great powers DOP among major states Changes in the DOP 16. 3 types of constellation of power a. Hegemony b. Bipolarity c. Multipolarity 17. Hegemonic Stability theory a. International system will reach stability through hegemony. 18. Hierarchy in the distribution of power leads to stability. What is necessary for this to work? Perfect transparency: International constraints are self-evident and uncontroversial. No states seeking to revise the hierarchy. 19. Problematic assumption of war: Lack of transparency Imperfect structural determination 20. Realist explain war, liberals explain peace ○ True DIPLOMACY Note: As per the problematic assumption of war, lack of transparency leads to uncertainty (uncertainty is seen as a threat and opportunity and that's where diplomacy comes in) The main purpose of Diplomacy is to -avoid threats and exploit opportunities to national interest/adavantages. 21. Diplomacy in an anarchic world distinguishes between threat and opportunity. Define both: a. Threat: misreading others intentions and capabilities may lead to ill-informed decisions and costly mistakes b. opportunity:If state B is uncertain then state A can convince state B of a perception of the situation that will benefit state A’s interests. 22. What are the 4 Diplomacy tasks according to morgenthau? a. Asses own power b. Assess foreign power c. Check if objectives are compatible d. Pursue national interests by appropriate means 23. National interests can be defined in terms of ____ a. National security 24. This can further be defined as a. Integrity of territory and institutions. 25. Diplomacy Rules according to morgenthau (4) a. Divert from crusading spirit b. Foreign policy objectives must be defined in terms of the national interest  c. Diplomacy must look at the political scene from the POV of other nations d. Nations must be willing to compromise on all issues not vital to them (national security. 26. Morgenthau’s message a. Don't meddle 27. Should the public influence foreign policy? a. No. 28. Similarity between waltz and morgenthau a. States should be risk averse POWER (the ability of actors in IR to influence or force other such actors to behave in a certain way) 29. Definition of power (human relations)[dahl] a. Getting another to do something they would otherwise not do b. Ability to affect behaviour of others to get what one wants 30. How is power measured (Resources) [waltz] a. Defined by reference of capabilities (military/economic) since its estimated by comparing # of units. 31. Types of power according to Nye a. Hard: coercion and payment b. Soft: attraction c. Smart: combo of the above. In foreign policy, contextual intelligence is the intuitive diagnostic skill that helps policymakers align tactics with objectives to create smart strategies. Morgenthau: Diplomacy’s goal is the promotion of national interest by peaceful means. The means are…​ Persuasion: soften obstacles with persuasion, negotiation…manipulate preferences & beliefs (Soft)​ Compromise: Reconcile differences (Soft)​ Threat of force: coercion; threat of violence​ (Hard) ​ 32. Morgenthau argues that diplomacy’s goal is the promotion of national interest by peaceful means. These means are: a. Persuasion b. Compromise c. Threat of force 33. Ways to implement power (nye) a. Coercion b. Payment c. Attraction 34. Alignment with other states against a prevailing threat is called: balancing 35. Alignment with a state that is a source of danger (i.e considered threat) is called: bandwagoning a. bandwagoning is considered more dangerous  36. States, in pursuit of survival (power/wealth) can: a. Mobilise resources internally (direct/indirect) Mobilise Resources Internally (462)/Domestic Wealth Creation​ Direct (Control): The state itself becomes involved in increasing production, e.g. creates state factories or nationalises factories​ Indirect (Influence/Facilitate): Provide conditions that facilitate non-state actors to be more productive and innovative (e.g. intellectual property rights; reduce obstacles and financial drains, such as rent seeking by state actors)​ b. Extract resources internally Extract Resources Internally (463)​ Classic example is creating national oil companies or national gas companies that actually take wealth from a territory.​ c. Extract resources externally External Extraction: Accumulate resources from outside of the country for domestic purposes. It may be direct, transferring external resources to the state itself or indirect, transferring to domestic non-state actors. Examples include trade and colonization (although the text is not explicit) d. Gain external validation External Validation: e.g. diplomatic recognition; Participate in IOs. State actors do this to enhance their domestic political positions. It may also help the state extract resources externally, by conferring legitimacy (465). ​ 37. According to Mearsheimer potential power of a state is based on _____ and _____ but cannot be properly turned into actual power without conversion capacity (ex: India vs US) a. The size of its population b. Its level of wealth 38. What are the 8 drivers of national power (potential power) a. Energy b. Domestic sociopolitical c. Population d. Economic e. Agriculture f. Technology g. Environmental resources and quality NOTE: Where can a state most easily acquire resources and resolve its problems?​ For some states, mobilising external resources is easier. For others, mobilising domestic resources is more expedient. ​ POWER and INTERDEPENDENCE 1) Interdependence a) Mutual dependence between states for production. Can lead to one state having leverage over the other if they are less dependent in the relationship. Note: What are the major features of world politics when interdependence, particularly economic interdependence, is extensive? Sensitivity: The immediate (and potentially long-term) impact of some external action, disruption, etc. ​ Vulnerability: A state’s ability to compensate or overcome the effects of some external action, disruption, etc. ​ Examples. A disruption in natural gas imports will most likely have immediate negative effects. This is Sensitivity.​ If the importing state can quickly switch to another fuel source, then this capability/flexibility indicates their vulnerability. If a state cannot switch to another fuel source, then the state is highly vulnerable. ​ 2) Asymmetric interdependence As states become more interdependent,* the less dependent state may have leverage over the more dependent state​ coercion/influence requires asymmetrical interdependence​ How it works: A „sender“ state attempts to influence a „target“ state​ The sender must have some leverage over the target​ The target must have some weakness/dependence on the sender​ The sender wins when the target complies​ 3) Keohane and Nye assert that balance of power theories are poorly adapted to analysing problems of economic and ecological interdependence: TRUE OR FALSE 4) Dependence refers to situations characterised by reciprocal effects among countries or among actors in different countries: TRUE OR FALSE 5) It is asymmetries in dependence that are most likely to provide influence: TRUE OR FALSE COOPERATION (conscious policy for mutual benefit) 6) What 2 factors inhibit cooperation a) Relative gains b) cheating/defection 7) How attractive is defection? Game theory shows that in a single-play game, players will pursue their self interest, resulting in a suboptimal group outcome. Defection is more attractive than cooperation and the conditions do not modify this preference.​ 8) Name the 3 conditions necessary for cooperation according to Oye a) Modify Payoff Structure Distance in value/reward between cooperation and defection​ More distance encourages defection​ Less distance encourages cooperation​ For example in the class cooperation games, less difference between the points (1 vs 2) usually coaxes cooperation and greater distance (1 vs 6) encourages defection. ​ b) Increase time horizon/Shadow of the future Time & iteration mitigates defection:​  Threat of sanctions in the future (retaliation) and/or reputational effects moderate the incentives to defect​ Preconditions:​ Actors value the future​ Risks of cooperation are moderate​ Transparency of others‘ behavior ​ c) Reduce No. of players More players exacerbates the defection problem:​ transparency decreases​ sanctioning becomes more difficult​ ->In the first class game, many players resulted in defections.​ ​ Conversely, less players aids cooperation.​ 9) Anarchy makes cooperation difficult because states… a) will free ride if possible b) prioritise national interests c) view benefits/gains as relative. 10) Zero-sum a) If one wins the other loses 11) non-zero-sum/win-win a) Both can win 12) The payoff structure can be _____ , ______, or ______ : a) Unilateral b) Bilateral c) Multilateral. 13) The tragedy of commons is suboptimal INTERNATIONAL LAW (manifestation of conscious policy coordination) 39. International law Body of rules that govern interstate relations by defining rights and obligations. Contrast: Power Politics (Might=Right)​ Interstate relations are governed by power and interest alone ​ Logic of self-interest (opportunism and guile; human nature and evil)​ „Order“ reflects power distribution​ 40. Can it create order in the international system? Realist perspective: No! ​ Anarchy seen as lack of centralised enforcement​ Law needs a form of coercion to have meaning​ International law is ineffective; lacks enforcement​ ​ Liberal perspective: Yes! ​ Anarchy seen as lack of coordination​  International Law helps coordination; delineates boundaries; serves as signalling device​ In sum, International Law provides guidelines/blueprints for resolving conflicts. 41. According to realists international law can create order in the international system.(t/f) a. false In sum, international law is fundamentally important in the creation, maintenance, and operation of regimes, which generate and promote even more international law.” INTERNATIONAL REGIMES (transform interactions from a single play to iterated games) For specific issues, international regimes are the body of rules applicable to a certain area of international relations. These rules can include monitoring and sanctioning. ​ Examples: World trade regime, International telecommunications regime, International monetary regime, Kyoto Protocol, Climate regime.​ ​Easy example: Aviation ​ 42. International Regimes a. “Implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area of international relations” (Krasner) Information warehousing and sharing​ Encourage risk-averse behavior (monitoring of oil stocks, bank reserves)​ Encourage responsibility​ 14) In the realist point of view, international regimes should manage environmental programs: FALSE LIBERALISM liberalism is based on the belief that the current global system is capable of engendering a peaceful world order. Rather than relying on direct force, such as military action, liberalism places an emphasis on international cooperation as a means of furthering each nation’s respective interests. Liberalism believes in the possibility of absolute gains: everyone can win or gain. ​ Neoliberalism developed from 17th-18th Century Enlightenment thinking: liberty and freedom​ The main difference between Liberalism and Neoliberalism is that Liberalism was founded during the age of enlightenment whereas neoliberalism was founded in the 20th century. Liberalism focuses on democracy, freedom of thoughts, religion, and others. Neoliberalism focuses on reducing government investments for privatization, free economy, trade, and others. FUNCTIONALISM (low level cooperation spills over high level cooperation) Functional cooperation (e.g. technical or economic cooperation) creates a space for trust and political cooperation between countries to develop.​ Functionalists (e.g. Mitrany 1948, 1966; Haas, 1964) emphasize spill-over effects: Cooperation in one area spills over to cooperation in other areas, which expands integration. 43. The spill-over effect (functionalism) States develop confidence in lower-level cooperation and EXPAND to higher-level cooperation (e.g. security). Cooperation “spills over” to higher-level issues.​​ Cooperative behavior becomes institutionalized, which could lead to less conflict, i.e. peace.​ a. States develop confidence in lower-level cooperation and expand to higher-level cooperation (e.g. security) b. Cooperation in one area spills over to cooperation in other areas, which expands integration. INSTITUTIONALISM Whereas Realists see International Regimes and IOs as serving a hegemonic power—and declining when the hegemon declines, Institutionalism argues that regimes and IOs serve purposes (other than the agenda of the hegemon), such as reducing transaction and information costs.​ Institutionalists also argue that IOs gain autonomy and do not always act in the interests of the founding states…..​ 44. According to institutionalists IOs serve the function of reducing transaction and information costs (T/F) a. True 45. According to institutionalists, institutions are a reflection of the distribution of power a. False, this is a realist thought 46. What are the 3 institutional theories a. Liberal institutionalism b. Collective security c. Critical theory INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 47. Duties of IO 48. Benefits and autonomy of IOs Benefits Autonomy Security Juridical will Reduced transitional cost Centralization Improved communication Defense Promote interstate relations Neutrality Manpower and financial support Development/financial support Mediation of disputes among member states 49. IOs help overcome bargaining issues by a. Provide forum for discussion  b. Establish where the discussions should take place c. Who should participate 50. IOs help combat defection/non-compliance by: a. Monitoring transparency b. Applying Sanctions c. Reduced implementation costs d. provide Financial incentives e. Moral persuasion f. Disagreement management (arbitration and legal guidence) Helping states cooperate​ Promoting economic prosperity and global welfare​ Developing shared values and norms​ Helping the world become more economically interlinked (e.g. via MNCs)​ Helping to manage crises​ 51. “Delegation serves the interests of states, but IOs also develop autonomy, which leads to a tension..” describes which theory a. Principal-agent theory 52. What is NSA a. nonState actors UN and NATO 53. Collective Defense = NATO NATO is a collective defence institution. It is an alliance built for the purpose of deterring and balancing an outside threat. The treaty is vague about the “threat”. ​ 54. Collective security = Security Council. The UN is a collective security institution. Purpose: maintain peace among the members. Source of threat is internal to the organization.​ COLLECTIVE SECURITY #UN Definition: A system in which states treat an attack on any of them as an attack on all.​ Preconditions:​ Inclusiveness: all major states participate​ Consensus: all (major) states agree on what constitutes aggression -> coordination problem solved​ Credible Enforcement: aggression automatically triggers collective counteraction -> defection problem solved​ Trust: all states trust the system to deliver peace​ 15) permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are: US, UK, Russia, France, China 16) Collective security is not a pacifist doctrine, but a deterrent system. 17) Which has the primary responsibility for maintenance of international peace and security? Security Council 18) Sustainable means developing the economic growth without damaging environment: TRUE COLLECTIVE DEFENCE #NATO  19) NATO’S Article 5 commits each member to consider an armed attack against one member, in Europe or North America, to be an armed attack against all members: TRUE 20) Article 2 of the NATO treaty promotes institutions buildings: TRUE BRETON WOODS SYSTEM #WTO #IMF 21) 3 pillars of Bretton woods system: a) Trade b) Monetary stability c) Economy development 22) 3 organisations most associated with the pillars: a) GATT (general agreement on tariff and trade) b) IMF (international monetary fund) c) World Bank INTERNATIONAL NEGIOATOR SKILLS/ CONFLICT RESOLUTION 23) 3 skills needed to be international negotiator: a) Be able to see the other’s POV b) Knowledgeable on topic c) Communication skills 24) Talks/negotiations are more efficient with a mediator: TRUE CONFLICT RESOLUTION 25) Mersheimer believed institutions have minimal influence in state behaviour 26) The authors do not believe international institutions play a role in conflict resolution: FALSE FOREIGN POLICY 55. NeoClassical Realism seeks to answer the following question: How can realism account for ____? a. foreign policy PUBLIC HEALTH UN goals: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; Achieve universal primary education; Promote gender equality and empower women; Reduce child mortality; Improve maternal health; Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; Ensure environmental sustainability; and Develop a global partnership for development 27) According to Novotny, health is the responsibility of individual countries, but the protection of domestic populations requires international cooperation and invigorated global governance to support such cooperation: TRUE  28) Global health governance must focus on the underlying determinants of health, including economic inequities and other social determinants, environmental degradation and disasters: TRUE 29) The core mission of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to provide standards, practices and technical recommendations for collaborative accomplishment of agreed-upon public health goals. In addition, the WHO may develop binding legal agreements in the form of treaties among member states: TRUE PEACE KEEPING 30) Several articles of the UN charter focus on peacekeeping, It has been argued that one of this articles expresses that the UN should the last resource, that is other organisations such as regional group, should be given priority: TRUE 31) It has been found that peacekeeping operations generally do not stand the duration of post conflict: FALSE 32) What is re-hatting? “Regional peace keepers are wearing their national hats and when it becomes a UN peacekeeping operation, for example, they put on the blue helmets. It is not only ‘the act of change’, what it designates its that its been a change of authority, change of mission or who’s in charge” CONSTRUCTIVIST (Constructivism rests on the notion that rather than the outright pursuit of material interests, it is a nation’s belief systems—historical, cultural and social —that explain its foreign policy efforts and behaviour. Constructivists also argue that states are not the most important actors in international relations, but that international institutions and other non-state actors are valuable in influencing behaviour through lobbying and acts of persuasion.) 33) According to Alexander Went, neorealists think structure comprises only the distribution of material capabilities, whereas constructivists think it is also made of social relationships. 34) What are the 3 elements of social structures according to constructivists? (not by Karen but seemed relevant) a) Shared knowledge b) Material resources c) Practices 35) According to constructivists, why would 500 brit nukes be less threatening than 5 north korean nukes? The relationship between the US and the UK (allies) THE SHOCK LECTURE A. DEMONSTRATE PRESENTATION SKILLS 1. CONSIDERATIONS FOR A GREAT POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Font, font size, colour and spacing Organisation Good summary Symbolic background Usage of high quality resources Citation and reference  2. STARTING A PRESENTATION DOs: greetings / introduce yourselves (team) Thank the organiser for invitation Introduction topic of discussion Break the ice with joke/anecdote DONTs: Do not lay out blames for any misunderstandings during presentation. 3. ENDING A PRESENTATION provide an insight for further thought Sum up the take aways End on a high note Thank the audience Ask for questions 4. GIVING THE PRESENTATION When presenting; DOs: Speak slowly but project your voice Modulate your voice Keep eye contact with audience Do use gestures Apply the belly button rule DONTs: Do not read from slides Do not turn your back to the audience Do not overuse gesture to avoid distraction When not presenting; Stand still Do not fidget Do not self groom B. ENUMERATE NON ACADEMIC ATTRIBUTES THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL. ○ Honesty and Integrity ○ Social skills ○ Team work ○ Time management ○ Emotional maturity ○ Resilience ○ Ability to accept feedback and criticism