Introduction to Pharmacy Profession Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction to Pharmacy Profession Lambert Christophe Safari, BPharm, RPh, MPharm, PhD(c); Consultant Hospital & Clinical Pharmacist; A/Lecturer, Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda-CMHS Module Outli...

Introduction to Pharmacy Profession Lambert Christophe Safari, BPharm, RPh, MPharm, PhD(c); Consultant Hospital & Clinical Pharmacist; A/Lecturer, Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda-CMHS Module Outlines Unit 5: Patient Care and Medication Safety Unit 1: Introduction to Pharmacy  Patient counseling and education  Definition and scope of pharmacy  Medication therapy management  History of pharmacy  Adverse drug reactions and monitoring  The pharmacist's role in healthcare system Unit 6: Public Health and Pharmacy Unit 2: Ethical Considerations in Pharmacy  Ethical principles and codes of conduct  Pharmacists' role in public health initiatives  Patient confidentiality and privacy  Vaccination programs  Medication errors and accountability  Disease prevention and control Unit 3: The Regulatory Environment Unit 7: Emerging Trends in Pharmacy  Pharmacy laws and regulations  Telepharmacy and remote patient care  Prescription and medication dispensing procedures  Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine  Controlled substances and their management Unit 4: Pharmacy Practice Settings  Technology and automation in pharmacy  Community pharmacy Assessment:  Hospital pharmacy  Class participation/Attendance  Clinical pharmacy  CAT, and Assignments  Pharmaceutical industry  Final Exam Learning Objectives: By the end of this course, students will be able to:  Define the role of a pharmacist and their place within the healthcare team.  Understand the historical development of the pharmacy profession.  Explain the ethical principles governing pharmaceutical practice.  Describe the regulatory framework for pharmacy practice in Rwanda.  Analyze the various practice settings for pharmacists (e.g., community, hospital, industry).  Discuss the role of pharmacists in patient care, medication safety, and public health.  Explore the future of pharmacy and emerging trends in the profession. Unit 1: Introduction to Pharmacy  PHARMACY “The Right Choice for a Promising Future”  Introduction of Pharmacy The term pharmacy has been derived from the Greek word pharmakria which means “use of drugs”. Pharmacy deals with collection, preparation, standardization, compounding and dispensing of drugs in such a way so as to make the medication suitable for easy, effective and palatable administration in the treatment of a disease.  PHARMACY: “Pharmacy is the Art or science of preparing and dispensing medical drugs.”. It also includes more modern services related to health care and the provision of drug and related information to the public. So have a great role in diagnosis The word ‘Pharmacy’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Pharmakon’, meaning drug. The word ‘Pharmacy’ has two meanings: General sense – it is a place or shop where drugs or medicines are sold. Professional sense – it is the profession, the members of which deal with drugs  Pharmacy Defined The word ‘Pharmacy’ is derived from the Greek work ‘Pharmakon’, meaning drug. The word ‘Pharmacy’ has two meanings : General sense – it is a place or shop where drugs or medicines are sold. Professional sense – it is the profession, the members of which deal with drugs. Pharmacy # Pharmacy is the art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug and related information to the public. Or # Pharmacy is the study of the science of drugs- Where they come from? How they act on the body? How to turn drugs into medicines?  Pharmacist  A pharmacist is one who is educated and licensed to prepare and dispense drugs and to provide drug and related information to the public-An expert on drugs. “I am a Pharmacist I am a specialist in medications I am a custodian of medical information I am a companion of the physician I am a counselor to the patient I am a guardian of public health This is my calling This is my pride.” Drug & Medicine A drug is any substance that acts on the living body to alter the physiological process and are used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. A medicine is any drug which has a definite form & dose and are therapeutically used for the treatment of diseases of living subjects. Why choose Pharmacy? I want a dynamic, people-oriented career in health care. I want diverse employment opportunities. I want a flexible work environment. I want a comfortable income. I want to be part of a respected profession.  WELCOME TO PHARMACY PROFESSION Pharmacy is not only an occupation; it is now a well recognized profession in most of the countries. Occupation and Profession : Occupation : the job by which somebody earns a living. Profession : an occupation characterized by – Extensive study Specialized training Specialized knowledge Professional organizations Ethical code & Professional behavior Process of certification or licensing. RWANDA: LAWS, POLICIES & GUIDELINES 1. The law establishing the Rwanda Pharmacy Council 2. The law establishing the practice of art of healing 3. The law relating to the pharmaceutical art 4. The law governing narcotics drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors in Rwanda 5. The law establishing Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority 6. Law relating to the regulation and inspection of food and pharmaceutical products 7. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Policy 8. Code-of-Ethics-Pharmacy-Professions 9. Guidelines for grading pharmacy professionals in Rwanda 10.Pre-registration Examinations Guidelines 11. Regulations governing pharmacy student Indexing 12.Good Pharmacy Practice in Rwanda 13.Disciplinary Measures Guidelines 2nd Edition 14. Guidelines for Post Pre-registration Examination Measures Some examples of professions are Medical art Dental art Pharmaceutical art Nursing/Midwifery Law Military Engineering Etc. Pharmacists are experts of drugs. Pharmacists are members of pharmacy profession dealing with all aspects of drugs. Preparation Combination Identification Analysis Selection Standardization Action Use Preservation Counseling Sales Information  CAREER OPPORTUNITIES Pharmaceutical Research & Marketing (local, Pharmaceutical sales Production industry development (R&D) global) representative (PSR) Community pharmacy Hospital pharmacists Clinical pharmacists Wholesale pharmacy Government services (retail pharmacy) Drug testing Drug purchasing & Regulatory affairs Military services laboratories distribution  - CAREER OPPORTUNITIES - Pharmaceutical industry  Production  Quality control (QC)  Quality assurance (QA)  Research & development (R&D)  Store  Marketing ( local, global )  Product management  Regulatory affairs  Pharmaceutical sales representative ( PSR )  Hospitals and clinics  Hospital pharmacists  Clinical pharmacists Community pharmacy ( retail pharmacy ) Wholesale pharmacy Government services  Regulatory affairs  Drug testing laboratories  Drug purchasing & distribution  Military services  Pharmacy education ( teaching & research ) Other areas  Backward linkage industries  API industries  Pharmaceutical business (indenting, marketing, export-import )  Pharmaceutical consultancy  Pharmaceutical IT  Pharmaceutical journalism Production Production Production QC and QA QA and QC History of Pharmacy PHARMAKON (Greek word)  Pharmacy Pharmakon means drug/ medicine. Pharmacy is defined as the profession which is concerned with the art and science of Identification, Selection, Preparation, Preservation & Standardization of suitable drug substances from natural and synthetic sources and their formulations which are meant for administration for Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment of diseases.  (760 herbs) Classified herbs in 50 groups Vagbhata  Ashtanga Ayurveda- 7th century A.D contains classification of medicaments. The pharmacist's role in healthcare system PHARMACIST : Pharmacists are experts of drugs. Pharmacists are members of pharmacy profession dealing with all aspects of drugs. Preparation Combination Identification Analysis Selection Standardization Action Use Preservation Counseling Sales Information HOSPITAL PHARMACY The department of the hospital which deals with procurement, storage, compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging, and distribution of drugs. The practice of pharmacy within the hospital under the supervision of a professional pharmacist is known as hospital pharmacy. As per known history, the first pharmacy was established in Baghdad in 754 AD.  FUNCTIONS OF HOSPITAL PHARMACY Provide specifications for the purchase of drugs, chemicals, biological etc. Proper storing of drugs. Manufacturing and distribution of medicaments such as transfusion fluids, parenteral products, tablets, capsules, ointments, and stock mixtures. Dispensing and sterilizing parenteral preparations which are manufactured in hospital. Dispensing of drugs as per the prescriptions of the medical staff of the hospital. Filling and labelling of all drug containers from which medicines are to be administered. Management of stores which includes purchase of drugs, proper storage conditions, and maintenance of records. Establishment and maintenance of “Drug Information Centre”. Providing co-operation in teaching and research programmed. Discarding the expired drugs and containers worn and missing labels.  OBJECTIVES OF HOSPITAL PHARMACY To ensure the availability of right medication, at right time, in the right dose at the minimum possible cost. To professionalize the functioning of pharmaceutical services in a hospital. To act as a counseling department for medical staff, nurses and for patient. To act as a data bank on drug utilization. To participate in research project To implement decisions of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee. To co-ordinate and co-operate with other departments of a hospital. To plan, organize and implement pharmacy policy procedures in keeping with established policies of the hospitals. RETAIL PHARMACY Retail pharmacy is a pharmacy in which drugs are dispensed to patients, as opposed to a hospital pharmacy. Also known as a community pharmacy. Retail/community pharmacy The term ‘retail community pharmacy’ means an independent pharmacy, a chain pharmacy, a supermarket pharmacy, or a mass merchandiser pharmacy that is licensed as a pharmacy by the State and that dispenses medications to the general public at retail prices. RETAIL PHARMACIST Retail pharmacists provide general healthcare advice and supply prescription and non- prescription medication to the public.  ROLE OF RETAIL PHARMACIST providing advice about health issues, symptoms and medications in response to customer enquiries. recruiting, training and managing staff processing prescriptions and dispensing medication ordering and selling medicines and other stock meeting medical representatives managing budgets keeping statistical and financial records preparing publicity materials and displays marketing services KEY SKILLS FOR RETAIL PHARMACIST Maturity Attentiveness Responsibility Excellent interpersonal skills Organizational skills Verbal communication skills Confidence Commercial awareness PHARMACY FORENSIC MEDICINE Forensic or legal medicine (forensic = of or used in Courts of Law) deals with the application of medical knowledge to aid in the administration of justice. It is used by the legal authorities for the solution of legal problems. Some examples are: applying the medical knowledge in deciding cases of injuries, murder, suicide, accidents, sexual offences, poisoning, etc. In short, it deals with medical aspect of law.  AIMS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE To aid the administration of justice by correlating much medical knowledge and applying it to the purposes of law. Truth or nearest reasonable approach to it that is possible from what is observed is the sole aim of Forensic Medicine. Its particular field of activity is judicial investigation, both civil & criminal. Though it does not itself prove the case of prosecution. It corroborates medical evidence in all cases of crime involving person, e.g., homicide, suicide, assault, sexual offences, traffic accidents, poisoning etc. It finds out the medical evidence in all cases of crime involving the person. It deals with medical aspects of law INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY is a discipline which includes manufacturing, development, marketing and distribution of drug products including quality assurance of these activities Industrial pharmacy is concerned with the preparation of medicines  To guarantee patient safety by producing a safe product To develop new drugs into effective medicines To discover new ways, technologies and products to manage health ROLE OF PHARMACEUTICAL To promote drug research INDUSTRY To discover safe and effective new drugs ROLES IN INDUSTRIES Patient applications and Drug registration Regulatory affairs Quality control Management and Administration Research and Development Marketing Production PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION Pharmaceutical education offers opportunities to pharmacists with advanced degrees in any of the professional specialties. Expanding enrollments and changes in the curricula at colleges to meet the employment needs of the future result in an increased need for college-level instructors. Potentially higher salaries, more freedom for research and writing, independence of action, and the cultural surroundings in pharmaceutical education make teaching attractive.  PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH Research is the activity that makes pharmacy a science rather than a technical skill This forms the heart of any industry, as it is the key to growth and sustenance. Mainly M Pharms & PhDs are in great demand in the various areas of Pharmaceutical R&D.Other areas where professionals are required are: New Drug Discovery Research (NDDR)Process Development (P&D) Formulation & Development (F&D)  GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY Advancement of pharmacy practice Promoting human health and societal well being Promoting quality in institution &the community Promoting professional development TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 1. health service research and development (includes: behavioral and socioeconomic research such as a research on cost benefit issues in pharmaceutical care) 2. operations research (such as evaluation of new and existing pharmacy programs and services)  CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUCCESSFUL RESEARCHER Self-motivation Attention to detail Excellent time management Strong written and verbal communication skill Ability to work independently Creativity, curiosity, patience and passion to search for new knowledge Keep abreast of scientific and clinical literature Ability to ask question Create research hypotheses & design methodologies to answer research question COMPONENT OF A RESEARCH PLAN A problem statements A review of available literature on the subject The objectives for the project A description of the methodology to be used A description of statistical analyses A budget and time frame for the project The expected applicability of the research findings  RESEARCH METHODS Cross-sectional Study Data collected from the population on one occasion only Before-and-after Study 2 cross-sectional observations (e.g., before & after an intervention) Longitudinal (Cohort) Study Follows up a sample (cohort) of individuals over a period of time Data will be collected from each individual on more than one occasion Exploratory Study Investigate a topic from the perspective of different people & identify issues that are important to them Retrospective Study Collecting data related to what has happened in the past Prospective Study Collecting data relating to the future COMPONENT OF A RESEARCH REPORT Problem a. Theories, hypotheses, and definitions b. Previous research: the literature Methodology a. Sample and sampling method b. Experimental procedures and instrumentation c. Measurement of variables d. Statistical methods of analysis Thank You