Introduction to Engineering Midterm PDF

Introduction to Engineering Lecture Outline Main Topics: 1. What is Engineering? 2. What do Engineers Do? 3. Attributes of a Good Engineer 4. Graduate Attributes Lecture Outcome By the end of the course, students will be able to: Define engine...

Introduction to Engineering Lecture Outline Main Topics: 1. What is Engineering? 2. What do Engineers Do? 3. Attributes of a Good Engineer 4. Graduate Attributes Lecture Outcome By the end of the course, students will be able to: Define engineering. Explain various activities engineers perform. Identify the necessary attributes for a good engineer. What is Engineering? Definition: The main task of engineering is to find and deliver optimal solutions to real-life problems by considering the following constraints: ○ Material (components), ○ Technological, ○ Economic, ○ Social, ○ Environmental constraints. This is achieved through the application of scientific, technological, and engineering knowledge. Attributes of a Good Engineer 1. Engineering Knowledge: ○ Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering fundamentals to solve complex engineering problems. 2. Problem Analysis: ○ Identify, research, and analyze complex problems using principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences. 3. Design and Development of Solutions:  ○ Create solutions for complex problems considering public health, safety, and societal and environmental factors. 4. Conducting Investigations: ○ Use research methods and data analysis to reach valid conclusions. 5. Modern Tool Usage: ○ Use modern engineering tools and IT resources for prediction and modeling, with an understanding of their limitations. 6. Engineer and Society: ○ Evaluate societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural responsibilities in professional engineering practices. 7. Environment and Sustainability: ○ Understand the impact of engineering solutions on society and the environment, promoting sustainable development. 8. Ethics: ○ Apply and commit to ethical principles, professional responsibilities, and norms of engineering practice. 9. Individual and Team Work: ○ Work effectively both as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse and multidisciplinary teams. 10. Communication: ○ Communicate clearly in reports, presentations, and give/receive instructions effectively. 11. Project Management and Finance: ○ Demonstrate understanding of management principles and apply them to lead and work in teams, managing projects in multidisciplinary settings. 12. Life-long Learning: ○ Recognize the importance of, and have the ability to, engage in independent and life-long learning in the face of technological change. Engineering as a Profession Definition: Engineering is a profession where mathematics and natural sciences are applied with discretion and judgment. The goal is to use the materials and forces of nature economically for the benefit of humanity. Scope: Engineers focus on the creation of structures, devices, and systems for human use. Introduction to Functions of Engineering Within any engineering field, there are several key functions that engineers may engage in throughout their careers. These functions include: 1. Research: Investigating new technologies and innovations. 2. Development: Applying research findings to create new products or improve existing ones. 3. Design: Creating blueprints and specifications for projects. 4. Production: Overseeing the manufacturing of products. 5. Sales: Marketing engineering products and solutions. 6. Construction: Supervising the building of structures. 7. Management: Leading projects and teams to ensure efficient operations. 8. Operation: Maintaining and optimizing systems after they are built. Branches and Specializations of Engineering 1. Civil Engineering ○ Role: Civil engineers impact many aspects of daily life, including the buildings we live in, transportation systems, water supply, and sewage systems. ○ Tasks: Measuring and mapping the earth's surface, designing, and supervising the construction of bridges, buildings, dams, and coastal structures. 2. Civil Engineering Specialties ○ Civil engineering is a broad field with many specializations, including: 1. Structural Engineering: Focuses on the design and construction of buildings and bridges. 2. Construction Engineering and Management: Deals with the planning and management of construction projects. 3. Transportation Engineering: Focuses on systems like highways, railways, and airports. 4. Geotechnical Engineering: Concerns the behavior of earth materials in construction. 5. Environmental Engineering: Focuses on improving and protecting the environment. Impact of Engineering on Lives Overview: Engineering has made a profound impact on society, transforming the way we live. From modern homes to space travel, bridges, automobiles, and mobile technology, engineers have revolutionized the world. Innovation: Engineers are at the forefront of innovative ideas, solving problems, and creating exciting new prospects for the future. Electrical Engineering Specialties Electrical engineers typically work in one of the following areas: 1. Power Generation and Transformation: Working on electricity generation and transmission systems. 2. Electronics: Developing electronic systems and devices. 3. Communication Systems: Creating telecommunication and networking systems. 4. Instrumentation and Measurement: Designing devices for measuring electrical quantities. 5. Computers: Working on computer systems and technologies. 6. Automatic Control Systems: Developing systems that automate machinery and processes. Computer Engineering Overview: Computer engineers design and implement digital systems. They focus on integrating computer technology into various systems and applications across industries. Code of Ethics for Engineers Professionalism: Engineering is a respected profession, requiring engineers to uphold high standards of honesty and integrity. Responsibility: Engineers have a direct impact on the quality of life of people, and they are expected to act ethically in all professional matters. Microsoft Word for Beginners Microsoft Word Overview Microsoft Word is a word processing program used to create documents like letters and reports. Parts of Microsoft Word Interface 1. Quick Access Toolbar ○ A customizable toolbar that holds commands independent of the tab being displayed. ○ Can be moved between two locations and customized with additional buttons. 2. Title Bar ○ Displays the document's name and the program being used. 3. Ribbon Components ○ Consists of three main parts: 1. Tabs: Ten basic tabs at the top, each representing a different activity area. 2. Groups: Sections under each tab that group related items. 3. Commands: Buttons or boxes for entering data, menus, and options. ○ Dialog Launcher: A small button in the bottom right of each group; opens a detailed dialog box. 4. Minimize, Maximize, Close Buttons ○ Minimize: Hides the window. ○ Maximize/Restore: Adjusts the window size. ○ Close: Closes the program or document. 5. Rulers ○ Visual guides for alignment, tabs, indents, and margins. Can be shown/hidden from the View Tab. 6. Scroll Bars ○ Allow navigation up and down the document. 7. Status Bar ○ Displays information about the document. 8. Document Area ○ The main workspace for typing and formatting text. 9. Document Views ○ Options to change the layout of the document. 10. Zoom Slider ○ Adjusts the zoom level of the document from 10% to 500%. Key Tabs in the Ribbon 1. File Tab ○ Accesses file-related options such as Open, Save, Close, and Properties. 2. Home Tab ○ Contains most formatting tools like font size, font style, paragraph alignment, and bullets. 3. Insert Tab ○ Used for adding tables, clip art, charts, and other graphics. 4. Design Tab ○ Focuses on document styles, layouts, themes, backgrounds, and color schemes (added in Word 2013). 5. Layout Tab ○ Options for page orientation, size, margins, columns, borders, and page color. 6. References Tab ○ Tools for adding indexes, bibliographies, citations, etc. 7. Mailings Tab ○ Useful for creating address labels, envelopes, and mail merge documents. 8. Review Tab ○ For reviewing the document, checking spelling and grammar, and using the thesaurus. 9. View Tab ○ Options for viewing the document at different zoom levels or layouts. Navigating with the Keyboard 1. Horizontal Arrow Keys (< and >) ○ Move cursor left or right.  ○ Shift + Arrow: Select text. ○ Ctrl + Arrow: Move word by word. ○ Shift + Ctrl + Arrow: Select word by word. 2. Vertical Arrow Keys (˄ and ˅) ○ Move cursor up or down. ○ Shift + Arrow: Select line by line. ○ Ctrl + Arrow: Move paragraph by paragraph. ○ Shift + Ctrl + Arrow: Select paragraph by paragraph. 3. Home Key ○ Takes you to the beginning of a line. ○ Shift + Home: Select text to the beginning of the line. ○ Ctrl + Home: Move to the start of the document. ○ Shift + Ctrl + Home: Select text to the start of the document. 4. End Key ○ Moves to the end of the line. ○ Shift + End: Select to the end of the line. ○ Ctrl + End: Move to the document's end. ○ Shift + Ctrl + End: Select to the document's end. 5. Backspace and Delete ○ Backspace: Deletes text backward. ○ Delete: Deletes text forward. ○ Ctrl + Backspace/Delete: Deletes word by word. Navigating with the Mouse 1. Scroll Wheel ○ Scroll through pages or tabs. ○ Ctrl + Scroll Wheel: Zoom in/out. 2. Clicking Inside Text ○ Single Click: Moves cursor. ○ Shift + Click: Selects text. ○ Ctrl + Click: Selects a sentence. ○ Double-Click: Selects a word. ○ Triple-Click: Selects a paragraph. ○ Click and Drag: Selects from start to end of drag. 3. Clicking Outside Text (in the Left Margin) ○ Single Click: Selects a line. ○ Double-Click: Selects a paragraph. ○ Triple-Click: Selects the entire document. 4. Zoom Slider (Bottom Right Corner) ○ Adjust zoom from 10% to 500%. ○ Click on the percentage for detailed options. Introduction to Excel - CS 101 Purpose: In CS 101, Excel will be used for: 1. Storing and organizing data 2. Analyzing data 3. Graphically representing data (e.g., bar graphs, histograms, scatterplots) Excel Basics Workbooks: Excel files are called workbooks, which consist of multiple worksheets. Worksheets: Each workbook can contain an infinite number of worksheets, and each worksheet can be renamed to aid in organizing data. Rows, Columns, and Cells Rows: Represented by numbers on the side of the worksheet. Columns: Represented by letters across the top of the worksheet. Cells: The intersection of a row and a column. Cells are referenced by their column letter and row number (e.g., A1, B5). Basic Excel Actions 1. Copy/Paste: Copy and paste rows, columns, and cells. 2. Insert: Add rows or columns into the worksheet. 3. Sort: Organize data alphabetically, numerically, or chronologically. Inserting and Deleting Rows/Columns Insert Command: Allows insertion of rows, columns, and cells. Delete Command: Allows deletion of rows, columns, and cells. Formatting Cells Merging Cells: Combine two or more adjacent cells by selecting the cells and clicking the merge option in the Home Menu. Cell Formatting: Options for formatting include bold text, font size, and borders. Data Formatting: Cells can be formatted by their data type (e.g., numbers, text). This is helpful for sorting, rounding, and manipulating data. ○ Use the Numbers section in the Home Menu to change the data type (defaults to General). Adjusting Column Width and Row Height Column Width: Adjust the horizontal size of a column. Row Height: Adjust the vertical size of a row. The row height may automatically change with increased font size, or you can manually adjust it via the Format Menu. Data Entry in Cells Two Methods: 1. Direct Entry: Click on a cell, type the data (numbers or text), and press Enter. 2. Formula Bar: Click on a cell, then type into the formula bar (next to the fx symbol), and press Enter. Entering and Editing Data Excel supports text, values, dates, and formulas. Data Removal To remove data from cells: 1. Select the column or row and click Delete in the Home Tab. 2. Use the Delete option from the right-click menu or press the Delete key after selecting the cell. Selecting Cell Ranges Range: A rectangular group of cells. Nonadjacent Range: A group of ranges that are not next to each other. Auto Fill Auto Fill allows you to copy the content of a cell to adjacent cells by dragging the fill handle (bottom-right corner of the cell). 1. Select the cell with the content. 2. Drag the fill handle across or down to fill other cells. Formulas and Functions Formulas: Equations that perform calculations, starting with an equals sign (=). Functions: Predefined formulas in Excel that perform specific calculations. ○ Example: =AVERAGE(A1:A10) calculates the average of the data in cells A1 to A10. Order of Operations in Excel (PEMDAS) 1. Parentheses 2. Exponentiation 3. Multiplication and Division 4. Addition and Subtraction Cell References in Formulas Use cell addresses (e.g., A1, B5) instead of actual values in formulas to automatically update results if data changes. Functions for Descriptive Statistics 1. =AVERAGE(first cell: last cell): Calculates the mean. 2. =MEDIAN(first cell: last cell): Calculates the median. 3. =MODE(first cell: last cell): Calculates the mode. 4. =VARP(first cell: last cell): Calculates the variance. 5. =STDEVP(first cell: last cell): Calculates the standard deviation. ○ Functions can be entered manually or selected using the Function Wizard. Microsoft PowerPoint Basics PowerPoint Basics Overview PowerPoint is a presentation software that helps in creating and displaying slideshows. Here’s a basic layout of the PowerPoint interface and functions: 1. PowerPoint Layout (The Ribbon) 2. The File Tab 3. Creating a New Presentation 4. The Home Tab 5. Inserting Elements 6. Slide Design 7. Transitions and Animations 8. Slideshow 9. Review and View Tabs 1. The File Tab Use the File tab to: ○ Open existing presentations ○ Create new presentations ○ Save or save as ○ Print ○ Manage other file-related options (e.g., export, share, etc.) Tip: Always save your presentations frequently, as Microsoft’s auto-recover feature may not always work properly. 2. Creating a New Presentation Start a new presentation through the File tab. When PowerPoint starts, it automatically opens a blank presentation. You can either: ○ Use this blank presentation. ○ Choose other options from the File tab: 1. Create a new presentation 2. Use a template 3. The Home Tab The Home tab is the main screen for basic functions. It allows you to: 1. Add new slides 2. Change slide layouts 3. Edit fonts (change font size, color, add bold, underline, italics) 4. Insert bullets or numbered lists Tip: If you can’t find an option, always check the Home tab first. 4. Inserting Elements Use the Insert tab to add various elements, such as: 1. Images/Clip art 2. Tables and charts 3. Videos and audio clips 4. WordArt 5. Hyperlinks These elements enhance the presentation, making slides more engaging. 5. Slide Design The Design tab allows you to apply a theme to your presentation. ○ Themes: Predefined color and style choices for your presentation. ○ Themes control the slide layout, font options, and colors but can be modified.  You can also adjust slide margins and slide orientation in the Design tab. 6. Transitions and Animations Transitions: Control how each slide appears on the screen during your presentation. Animations: Control how text, graphics, or other elements on a slide appear or move. ○ Both transitions and animations can add polish to your presentation but use them sparingly to avoid distracting the audience. 7. Managing Your Slideshow The Slideshow tab helps in preparing the presentation before delivering it. It allows you to: 1. View the entire slideshow before presenting it to catch any mistakes or mistiming. 2. Preview the show as an audience member would experience it. 8. Review and View Tabs Review Tab: Includes editing tools such as: 1. Spellcheck 2. Translate View Tab: Helps with how you view and work with the presentation by offering: 1. Zoom options. 2. The ability to turn on or off the Ruler, Guidelines, and Gridlines to aid in alignment and positioning.