Animal Industry Exam 3 PDF

1. Be sure to review glossaries for Nutrition and Breeding & Genetics, of the textbook. - 2. Of the six major classes of nutrients, which is the majority of body mass? Which is important of muscle growth? Which two are primary energy sources? Which is most likely to become toxic if fed...

1. Be sure to review glossaries for Nutrition and Breeding & Genetics, of the textbook. - 2. Of the six major classes of nutrients, which is the majority of body mass? Which is important of muscle growth? Which two are primary energy sources? Which is most likely to become toxic if fed in excess? - Water - Most important - Carbohydrates - Energy - Fats - Energy - Proteins - Muscles - Vitamins - - Minerals - toxic if you feed to many 3. What is the difference in requirements for protein between ruminants and non-ruminants? What is the difference in requirements for vitamins? - Rumintates - Most protein needs are supplied by the microbes - Produce b and k - Non Ruminantes - All from diet - Essential amino acids 4. What are the three major types of digestive systems in livestock (excluding poultry)? - Monogastric (simple stomach) - Humanes swine poultry dogs cats - Monogastric with functional Cecum - Horses elephants rabbit - Ruminant (polygastric - 4 compartments) - Cattle sheep goats 5. What is the major function of the small intestine? Of the large intestine? - Small Intestine - Absorption of nutrients - Break down amino acids - Enzymatic digestion - Large Intestine - Water resorption - Storage of undigested food 6. Why does the horse’s need for protein differ from ruminants? - Fermentation / breakdown of forages is hindgut or postgastrict - after protein absorption of small intestine 7. What are the major functions of the rumen? - Breakdown of cellulose by microbes - Release of volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) - Fermintaion 8. When converting the amount of dry matter feed to the amount of as-fed feed, which should be larger? If an animal needs 20 pounds of DM, and you are feeding hay that is 90% DM, how much as-fed does the animal need? - 9. Will nutrient concentration (such as percent crude protein) be greater when expressed on a DM basis, or on an as-fed basis? - Dry matter will always be bigger than as fed 10. When discussing overall feed value, what is the relationship between crude fiber and crude protein? How would crop residue, good grass hay and legume hay compare? - Crude fiber increases crude protein decreases = lower feed value - As Crude fiber decreases Crude protein increases = higher feed value - Legum hay highest - Crop residue lowest 11. What are three major factors that affect nutrient requirements of livestock? - Size or weight - Stage of production - Performance 12. Which stages of production have higher nutrient requirements? - Lactation 13. Over a yearly production cycle, how do nutrient requirements for a beef cow change? What would a graph of this look like? - 14. Which types of feeds will be the most variable in nutrient content? - High moisture feeds silages haylages 15. What are some examples of “limiting factors” of feedstuffs when determining rations? - Palatability - blood meal - Potential digestive problems - liquid fat - Handling - molasses 16. Normal consumption for most livestock on maintenance is approximately what percent of body weight? - 2-3% 17. What is phase feeding? What type of animal would be supplemented with specific amino acids - Rapidly changing rations to meet nutrients needs ( EVERY TWO WEEKS ) 1. Explain why reproduction is the trait of greatest economic importance. - You need reproduction evolve 2. What are the 3 primary functions of the male in the reproductive process? - Produce ample quantities of semen - Find the receptive female: must have desire - Mount and serve: must have the ability to mate and deliver semen 3. What are the two main functions of the testes? Of the epididymis? Of the scrotum? - Testosterone and sperm  - Epidermis - Storage maturation of sperm - Scrotum - Protection and temp 4. Why is scrotal circumference a widely used selection tool for reproductive management? - Fertility age puberty of offspring - Easy to measure - 5. What is the vas deferens? - Connection 6. What is the primary function of the accessory sex glands? - Add fluid and nutrients to seman 7. Be able to identify the major reproductive anatomy of a male. 8. What is the relationship between semen volume and concentration? How does this relate to artificial insemination? - Seman volume goes up concentration decreases - Beef low volume high concentration - Many females from one ejaculation - Swine high volume fewer concentration 9. What are the primary functions of the female in the reproductive process? - To deliver an egg to be fertilized with semen 10. What is function of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina? - Ovaries = eggs and estrogen - Oviducts = fertilization - Uterus = develops fetus 11. Describe the anatomical differences of the uterus of different species. - Swine is litter barring = long uterin horns - Cattle = fetus in horns but only 12. Define “standing heat”. - Estrus when the female allows mating 13. What is the follicle, where is it found, and what hormone does it secrete? - Blister on the ovary - egg - secrets estrogen - responsible for standing heat behavior 14. What is the CL, where and when is it found, and what is the primary hormone it secretes? - Develops form the follicle lysed/burst follicle - progesterone 15. What is the primary function of FSH and of LH, in the female? - Follicle development - CL development and ovulation 16. What hormone is the “pregnancy hormone”? What structure secretes it? - Progesterone - CL 17. What organ secretes prostaglandin? Prostaglandin causes what change in the CL, and ultimately causes what to happen?  - Uterus - Regress Cl - decreases progesterone - FSH release and restart 18. Know how the structures and hormones relate to each other throughout the estrous cycle (graphically). 19. What is the major difference in hormones in the case of a pregnancy? - Progesterone 20. What are the advantages of estrous synchronization? - Concentrate labor - estrus detection and breeding - Calving - Reduces variation of calf crop 21. What are two hormones that may be used in estrus synchronization programs? How are they used? - Prostaglandins - Regress the CL - Cycle starts over - Progestron - CIDR’s - Hormonal Pregnacy and when you take it away it restarts the cycle 22. What is the average estrous cycle length for livestock species? - Everything is 21 days - Sheep 16 23. Which species are seasonal breeders? Which are polyestrus? - All - Horses are long day - Sheep and goats are short day 24. What is the most reliable evidence of a female being in heat? - Standing 25. What is teasing? - Bringing stallion to mare 26. What are the main advantages of artificial insemination? In what species/types of animals is it used a lot? - Increasing genetic potential - Dairy and Swine are the highest 27. What is the AM/PM rule for AI and what is the reasoning behind it? - Beef Cattle - Heat in PM breed in Am - Heat Am breed in PM - 12 hour difference - Time close to ovulation as possible 28. What is the main advantage of embryo transfer? - Genetics on the female side - Increase number of offspring 29. What are the gestation lengths of the livestock species? KNOW THIS! - Cows - 9 month  - Horses - 11 months - Swine - 333 - Sheep 5 months 30. What are the two main functions of oxytocin? - Milk let down - Uterine contractions 31. What is the normal presentation for delivery of a fetus? - Feet and head first least resistance 32. Why is it critical to get colostrum into a newborn very early? What other advantages are there to colostrum? - Antibodies can only be absorbed for a short time - 8-12 hours after birth - High fat energy dense - Easily digested - Laxative effect 33. What is dystocia? What causes it? - Birthing difficulty - Abnormal presentation - Large fetus small pelvis 34. How long is it after parturition that females of various species return to estrus? - Beef 30-60 days - Horses foal heat 5-10 days - Swine 5-10 days after weaning 1. The type of amino acids that are needed by the animal and that cannot be synthesized by the animal are: a. dietary b. essential c. necessary 2. Which of the following classses of nutrients are most likely to become toxic if consumed in excess a. carbohydrates b. fats c. minerals d. proteins 3. Which of the following is NOT a product of rumen microbes that is utilized by the animal? a. B-vitamins b. Fat soluble vitamins A, D and E c. Proteins d. Volatile fatty acids 4. A primary site for absorption of nutrients for all species is: a. Large intestine b. Rumen c. Small intestine d. Stomach 5. Which of the following provides a more accurate indication of forage digestibility? a. acid detergent fiber (ADF) b. Crude fiber c. crude protein d. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) 6. Where is the site of microbial fermentation in the digestive system of a horse? a. Cecum b. Rumen c. Small intestine d. Large intenstine 7. Which of the following is true regarding NPN? a. NPN stands for non-protein nitrogen b. NPN in best utilized by young, growing monogastrics c. NPN is composed primarily of C, H, and O d. All of the above 8. When converting pounds of dry matter to pounds of "as-fed", the weight for as-fed should be greater. a. True b. False 9. When converting the percentage of a nutrient in "as-fed" feed to the percentage in dry matter, the nutrient concentration will increase (will be higher when expressed as a % of dry matter.) a. True b. False 10. TDN is a measure of: a. carbohydrates b. energy c. fiber d. protein 11. Normal consumption of beef cows is approximately a. 1-1.5% of BW in dry matter b. 2-3% of BW in dry matter c. 2-3% of BW, measured in as-fed weight d. 4-5% of BW, measured in dry matter 12. Split sex feeding and phase feeding is used most often with which species and/or type? a. Beef Cows b. Beef feedlot steers c. Market Hogs d. Pregnant ewes 13. What are the two major functions of small intestine? A. Enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients B. Physical breakdown and chemical digestion by acid C. Chemical (acid) and enzymatic digestion D. Absorption of nutrients and water resorption 14. If the feeding program for your beef cows is adequate nutritionally and you are not wasting money on unnecessary feed, your cows should be in what range of condition scores throughout the year? A. 2 - 3 B. 5 - 6 C. 8-9 15. Which of the following is true regarding nutrient needs of different types of horses? A. Nearly all horses require some type of concentrate feed in the daily ration. B. A mature working horse will require a higher percent protein in their diet than a weanling (just weaned, less than one year of age) horse C. A maintenance ration for a 1300 lb non-working horse would be roughly 25 lbs of hay per day 16. VFA's or Volatile fatty acids: A. Result from the breakdown of cellulose by microbes. B. Are a major source of energy for ruminants. C. Are a major source of energy for horses. D. All of the above 17. Which of the following classes of nutrients is the most energy dense, that is they supply the most calories per pound of feed? A. Carbohydrates B. Fats C. Proteins 18. Which of the following is a water- soluble vitamin which can be synthesized by microbes in the rumen? A. A B. B6 C. E D. D 19. Which of the following feedstuffs would have the most difference between the as- fed nutrient content and the nutrient content on a DM basis? A. Alfalfa hay B. Corn C. Corn silage D. Soybean meal 20. Which of the following would NOT be a consideration when determining the nutrient requirements of an animal? A. Weight of the animal B. Expected average daily gain C. What feedstuffs are available D. The type of digestive system of the animal (i.e. ruminant or monogastirc)