Introduction to Health Science PDF

 Introduction to Health Science Health Care System and Career in Health Care (Chapter 1 & 2) Contents 1. Structure of healthcare system 2. Types of healthcare facili6es 3.Consolida6on of healthcare system and regulatory bodies 4.Current Healthcare system in UAE 5.Your futur...

 Introduction to Health Science Health Care System and Career in Health Care (Chapter 1 & 2) Contents 1. Structure of healthcare system 2. Types of healthcare facili6es 3.Consolida6on of healthcare system and regulatory bodies 4.Current Healthcare system in UAE 5.Your future in healthcare system and poten6al careers.  1.Structure of healthcare system A health care system is an organiza6on of people, ins6tu6ons, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target popula6ons. – One of the largest industries – Growing need for health care professionals – Wide variety of career opportuni6es 3  Types of healthcare facilities Ambulator Home Long-Term y/ Health Hospitals Care Hospice Outpa;ent Care Facili;es Services Services  Health Care Facilities and Services Wide variety of health care facilities that offer many services for patients with different needs Range in size from private physician’s office to hospitals, clinics, and long-term facilities Many employment options available for today’s health care professionals  A. Hospitals Traditional health care setting for care of ill and injured In past, most patients remained in hospital for all care needed until they were able to return home Cost of hospital care has increased dramatically, that other means of patient care have been developed to limit number and length of patient stays Now high-tech facility limited to patients who need sophisticated treatment and 24-hour care A. Hospitals Organization Chart (Example) A. Hospitals Organization Chart (Example 2)  A. Hospitals (Typical Structure) OPD Pa6ents Now through these gates Emergency In Pa6ent  A. Hospitals (Structure) Various levels of care provided – Trauma center – Emergency department (ER) Emergency departments used by some for routine care Extremely expensive – Intensive care unit (ICU) – Coronary care unit (CCU) – General unit – Transitional care unit (TCU) – Rehabilitation unit  B. Ambulatory/Outpatient Services These services do not require the patient to be hospitalized Many diagnostic, treatment and rehabilitation services are now provided in ambulatory centers Most surgeries today are done on outpatient basis with some patients discharged 1-3 hours after surgery  B. Ambulatory/Outpatient Services Facilities that offer outpatient services: – Adult day care – Dental offices – Diagnostic centers – Emergency and urgent care centers – Health care services in companies, schools, and prisons  B. Ambulatory/Outpatient Services Facilities that offer outpatient services: – Medical offices – Rehabilitation centers – Specialty clinics and offices – Surgical centers – Wellness centers  C. Long-Term Care Facilities These facilities provide long-term care for Individuals who do not need to be hospitalized but are unable to live at home. Fastest growing area of health care services  C. Long-Term Care Facilities Nursing homes: nursing and rehabilitation services for patients with long-term illnesses Assisted living residence: housing, meals, and personal care to individuals who need help with daily living activities but do not need daily nursing care  D. Home Health Care Services Provide care to patients in their homes Tremendous growth in need for services Factors contributing to its growth: – Shorter hospital stays – Increase in older population – Medical equipment that can be used at home – Desire of individuals to stay at home  D. Home Health Care Providers Examples of professionals who provide care at home: – Nurses – Physical therapists and assistants – Occupational therapists and assistants – Speech therapists  E. Hospice Palliative care and support to dying patients and their families Team of professionals and volunteers Medical, emotional, and spiritual support Make patient’s last days as pain-free and meaningful as possible  Question True or False: – Palliative care provides comfort and pain relief but does not offer a cure. True or False: – Primary Health Centers (PHC) provides patient hospitalization services  Answer True Palliative care relieves – But does not cure False - Hospital does but not PHC  Consolidation of healthcare system and regulatory bodies Combines facilities under one ownership to control costs – Buy supplies in large quantities – Share expensive equipment – Avoid duplication of lab and diagnostic services – Share knowledge and management expertise – Consolidate services  Consolidation of Health Care Services Provides more consistent and coordinated care for patients – But reduces competition Thus, patients have fewer choices Can result in higher prices and lower quality  Integrated delivery system A strategic move that will provide cost benefits Focus on continuum of care & providing care to patient in most vertical all levels appropriate setting. - - primary-secondary- tertiary Integration can be vertical , horizontal or both horizontal - 1 level Diversity provide more financial opportunity for organization as organization has multiple services. primary not diagnostic (fever etc) -.. secondary - already diagnosed (diabetics , cancer patients -) ) tertiary complicated assessing damages/surgery more cases - ,  New Types of Facilities Expanded functions for pharmacies – Immunizations, mini-clinics Medical malls – Cluster of services in vacated retail malls  Health Services Authorities/Organizations Conduct research, regulatory, and educational activities Examples of federal agencies: & – National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) – World Health Organization (WHO)  Current Healthcare system in UAE Health service in UAE provided by : 1. Government health organization at Federal level like : MOHAP (Ministry of Health & Prevention) & EHS (Emirate Health Service) 2. Government health organization at local level like DOH (Department of Health in Abu Dhabi), DHA (Dubai Health Authority) & DAHC(Dubai Academic Health Corporation) in Dubai Sharjah Heath Authority in Sharjah. 3. Military health organization at UAE levels like Zayed Military Hospital in Abu Dhabi 4. Interior health organizations like Dubai police clinic 5. Private health organization across all UAE like American Hospital & Dr Sulaiman Al Habib 6. Semi Government health organizations (Like Cleveland Clinics, Khalifa Specialized hospital affiliated with Johns Hopkins 7. Free zones like Dubai Health Care City (DHCC) Three Levels of Health Care Ter; ary Care Secondary Care Primary Health Care  Primary Health Care Health promotion and disease prevention programs address areas such as: Adequate and proper nutrition, Healthy lifestyle, Stress reduction, Immunizations, Smoking cessation campaigns  Primary Health Care Government agencies established at different levels (local, national) to provide public health services. Local health authorities have responsibility for: – Developing programs to meet health needs of people, – Providing necessary resources (staff and equipment) to carry out these programs, – And to continuously evaluate effectiveness of these programs. 29  Secondary Care (specialized) Second level Medical services Medical specialists like cardiologists, urologists not having first contact Requires inpatient hospitalization or same day surgery (hernia repair)  Secondary Care Secondary prevention – Early detection – Diagnosis – Treatment 31  Tertiary Care – Rehabilitation – Health restoration – Specialized care-Highly specialized, technologically based medical services e.g.. Heart or liver transplant or other major procedures – Palliative care Examples of Health services  Your future in healthcare system and potential careers Work contributes to well-being of others Work can be demanding All tasks must be done thoughtfully and carefully Which Icon you will choose & be Iconic in your profession 1.Laboratory 2.Nutri6on 3.Physiotherapy 4.Health Admin 5.Radiology 6.Nursing 7.Environmental science Which Icon you will choose & be Iconic in your profession  Career Categories 1. Therapeutic and treatment occupations – Assist patients to regain or attain maximum wellness 2. Diagnostic occupations – Determine causes and extent of illnesses and injuries 3. Health information management occupations – Gather, analyze, organize, store, and document patient data 4. Environmental occupations – Develop and maintain therapeutic environments to support patient care Medical specialists Medical specialists Questions  Summary 1.Structure of healthcare system 2.Types of healthcare facili6es 3.Consolida6on of healthcare system and regulatory bodies 4.Current Healthcare system in UAE 5.Your future in healthcare system and poten6al careers. 41  Resources 1. hTps://mohap.gov.ae/en/about-us/organiza6on-structure 2. hTps://www.doh.gov.ae/en/pqr 42 Introduction to Health Science Trends in HealthCare Chapter 2 1 Contents 1.Major forces in the health care industry today 2.Challenges in Health Care Today 3.Trends in Health Care Today 4.Preven>ve and self-care prac>ces 5.Wellness 2  Major forces in the health care industry today 1. Technological Advancements 2. Specializa>on of Healthcare Workers 3. Aging Popula>on 4. Increasing Costs of Health Care 1. Technological Advancements Health care marked by gradual change un>l beginning of 20th century Rapid progress in past 100 years: medical technology, diagnos>c and treatment methods In 1900s, major killers were infec>ous diseases (inQuenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis); widespread use of immuniza>ons, many infec>ous disease unheard of today 1. Technological Advancements Recent advancements: – Organ transplants – Microscopic and robo>c surgery  Dona>on Program The Ministry of Health and Prevention has launched the National Program "Hayat" for organ donation and transplantation, as part of its commitment to improving the lives of patients and providing world-class healthcare services. Created in conjunction with the issuance of Federal Law No. 5 of 2016 regulating the transplantation of human organs and tissues, the registration platform "Hayat" provides an opportunity for residents in the UAE above 21 years old to donate their organs after brain death. As it constitutes a permanent solution for many patients and helps give them a glimmer of Consulta>on hope - TheletOWcial for survival, Portal alone the of theimpact positive UAE Government on the lives of the donor and the recipient alike. 6 1. Technological Advancements Recent advancements: Gene therapy: Inser>on of normal DNA into cells to correct a gene>c defect or to treat certain diseases Targeted drug therapy: Use of drugs to block growth and spread of cancer cells by preven>ng them from dividing or by destroying them Ar;\cial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence  2. Specialization of Healthcare Workers Effects on health care: – Improved diagnosis and treatment as physicians and practitioners concentrate on specific areas of expertise, such as oncology, neurology – More technical and fragmented medical practice, because specialists treat one aspect, rather than patient as a whole. Major forces in the health care  2. Specialization of Healthcare Workers Effects on health care: – Increased health care costs – Breakdown of patient-physician relationships because one physician no longer provides all or most of needed care – Increased job opportunities for health care professionals  3. Aging Population Life expectancy increase – The number of years a person can expect to live. In UAE United States h^p://www.healthdata.org/united-arab-emirates 1900 46 years for a male and 48 years for a female – 2015 78.7 years for a male and 81 years for a female Major forces in the health care  3.Aging Population Older adults – Heaviest users of health care services Needs of older adults: – Long-term care facilities for older persons unable to live in own homes – Home care services ranging from housekeeping to high-level nursing care – Treatment for chronic conditions – Increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease  4. Increasing Costs of Health Care Costs increased dramatically, at faster rate than almost anything else, due to: – Technological advances, resulting in use of very expensive equipment and supplies – Increasing number of elderly persons, resulting in higher numbers of patients using these services – Rising costs of pharmaceutical products – Increased use of expensive diagnostic tests Major forces in the health care  4. Increasing Costs of Health Care (cont.) – Lack of competition in some areas that decreases efficiency and does not provide incentives to lower costs – Rising expectations of patients that health care should provide more effective solutions – More effective treatments Therefore, more patients seeking care – Poor geographic distribution of health care providers  4. Increasing Costs of Health Care (cont.) – Waste (e.g. unnecessary services, excess administrative costs, inflated prices) – Fraud Challenges in Health Care Today  Challenges in Health Care Today 1. Providing affordable care Social condi>ons (To be considered) – Poverty 2. Providing long-term care – Homelessness – Increased need – Violence – Costs increasing – Substance abuse – Spousal, child, and elder abuse – Malnutri>on  Challenges in Health Care Today 3. Maintaining quality of care – High costs encourage cutting expenses – Amount of care may be decreased – Decisions made by insurance companies rather than health care providers  Challenges in Health Care Today 4. Public health concerns – Pandemics COVID-19 Influenza Ebola  Challenges in Health Care Today 5. Medication adherence – Failure to take medication results in expensive preventable health conditions – May be due to high cost of drugs and/or side effects – Providers must explain importance of medications  Challenges in Health Care Today 6. Prescription drug overuse – Painkiller prescriptions quadrupled since 1999 Almost 2 millions Americans abusing – Deaths from overdose tripled since 1999 Preventing prescription drug overuse – Create prescribing guidelines – Regulate clinics – Identify illegal prescriptions – Teach other pain control methods – Educate patients about risk – Improve access to antidotes  Challenges in Health Care Today Preventing antibiotic resistance – Only effective against bacteria – Bacteria can adapt so drugs are ineffective – Can result from over and inappropriate use – Considered a serious public health threat  Question Patients who request prescriptions for antibiotics when they have a cold are A. contributing to the problem of antibiotic resistance B. practicing good health habits C. likely to get well quickly  Answer A. Colds are caused by viruses and antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Taking unnecessary antibiotics leads to their being ineffective when needed.  Challenges in Health Care Today 7. Personal responsibility for health – Lifestyle choices influence incidence of heart disease, cancer, and stroke – Healthy habits should be encouraged  Challenges faced by hospitals Control costs Provide adequate services for communities they serve Maintain quality of care (accreditation)  Trends in Health Care New approaches: – Search for less invasive and less costly alternatives to surgery and drugs – Growing interest in use of natural products – Belief that mind and body are more closely connected than previously thought  Trends in Health Care New approaches (cont.): – Emphasis on preventing rather than simply curing diseases – Patients assuming more responsibility for their health by participating in preventive and self-care practices  Wellness Promotion of health through preventive measures and practice of good habits Leading causes of death influenced by lifestyle habits Wellness is more than the absence of disease or disability  Wellness Wellness is a state of well-being Basic aspects of well-being include self-responsibility with daily decision-making in nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health 29 SEVEN ELEMENTS OF WELLNESS 30  7 Components of Wellness Environmental: ability to promote health measures that improve standard of living and quality of life in the community. Social: ability to interact successfully with people, to develop and maintain intimacy with significant others, and to develop respect and tolerance for others with different opinions and beliefs Emotional: ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately 31  7 Components of Wellness Physical: ability to carry out daily tasks; achieve fitness; maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat; avoid unhealthy addictions; and generally practice positive lifestyle habits Spiritual: belief in some force that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life; includes own morals, values, and ethics Intellectual : ability to learn and use information effectively; striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges Occupational: ability to achieve balance between work and leisure time 32  Variables influencing health status, beliefs and practices Many variables influence person’s health status, beliefs, or practices These variables may or may not be under conscious control Some variables are internal/non modifiable (age, gender, ethnic background, family history etc.); others are external/modifiable (environment, occupation, income, education, smoking, diet, exercise, Family and cultural beliefs etc.) 33  7 Components of Wellness The 7 components of wellness overlap to some extent, and the factors in one component often directly affect factors in another For example, a person with good social life will also have a positive impact on his thoughts and occupation 34  Holistic Medicine Expanded view of traditional medicine Emphasizes prevention of disease and personal responsibility for health – Reduce stress – Proper nutrition – Physical activity – Positive attitude All aspects contribute to health – Physical – Mental – Emotional – Spiritual Questions  Summary 1.Major forces in the health care industry today 2.Challenges in Health Care Today 3.Trends in Health Care Today 4.Preven>ve and self-care prac>ces 5.Wellness 37 Thank You And Wish You All The Best 38 Thank You And Wish You All The Best 43 Introduction to Health Science Infection Control Chapter 10 1 Contents 1. De'ni*ons and Terminology 2. Chain of Infec*on 3. Defense Mechanisms 4. Methods of infec*on control 5. Infec*ous diseases: Examples 6. Repor*ng Exposure 2 Terminology Microorganisms: are very small, usually one-celled, living plants or animals, exist everywhere in the environment but can not seen by the naked eye. Infection: is the establishment and growth of microorganism on or in a host. It is an invasion and growth of microorganism in body tissue that cause harm to the cell tissue. Contagious or communicable disease: is a disease that may be transmitted either directly or indirectly from one individual to another. 3 Microorganisms Are either aerobic (require oxygen to live) or anaerobic (do not require oxygen to live). Prefer a warm, moist, dark environment that provides a source of food and human body is the ideal environment Some microorganisms grow on nonliving material and others living organisms (hosts). 4 Normal flora Microorganisms that don’t cause disease commonly reside in a particular environment on or in the body (skin, vagina, and intestines). used in food & drug processing, destroy waste & contribute to our environmental comfort. eg: E.coli is normal flora of GIT, it can become pathogenic if it enter bladder. 5 Chain of Infection It consists of six elements that must be present for an infection to develop Chain of Infection 1. Infectious agent A pathogen must be present: Bacteria Viruses Fungi Rickettsia Protozoa Chain of Infection 2. Reservoir host The pathogen must have a place to live and grow. Examples of reservoir hosts are: human body contaminated water or food, animals, insects, birds, and dead or decaying organic material. Carrier: is humans or animals capable of transmiJng the pathogen but have no signs of the disease. Chain of Infection 3. Portal of exit The pathogen must be able to escape from the reservoir host. Examples of portals of exit are blood, urine, feces, breaks in the skin, wound drainage, and body secre*ons such as saliva, mucus, and reproduc*ve Luids. Chain of Infection 4. Route of transmission When the pathogen leaves the reservoir host through the portal of exit, it must have a way of being transmiNed to a new host. Examples are air, food, insects, and direct contact with an infected person. Chain of Infection 5. Portal of Entry The pathogen must have a way of entering the new host. Common ports of entry are the mouth, nostrils, and breaks in the skin. Chain of Infection 6. Susceptible host An individual who has a large number of pathogens invading the body or does not have adequate resistance to the invading pathogen will get the infec*ous disease.  Signs and Symptoms of Infections Generalized or systemic – Affecting whole body Generalized or systemic infection may cause fever, headaches, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased pulse and respirations Localized – Affecting one area of body Red, swollen, and warm to touch area Drainage Pain Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms are present to resist infections, include 1. Natural defense 2. Acquired immunity – Active immunity – Passive Immunity Natural defense Cilia: respiratory tract that catch and move pathogens out of the body Coughing and sneezing: to propel pathogens outward Tears: contain chemicals to kill bacteria Hydrochloric acid in the stomach: destroys pathogens Mucous membranes of the respiratory, reproductive, and digestive systems, which serve to trap pathogens Fever: kill microorganisms Increase of leukocytes (white blood cells) to destroying pathogens 15  Individual injected with an*bodies Individual develops an*bodies An*bodies become weaker It is long term over *me. it is short term Breaking the Chain of Infection Breaking at least one link stops the infectious disease. The practices and techniques that health care professionals use daily are designed to break the chain. 17 Breaking the Chain of Infection How can I decrease the source of microorganisms? Perform proper handwashing. Decontaminate surfaces and equipment using an*sep*cs, disinfectants, steriliza*on. Avoid contact with pa*ents Breaking the Chain of Infection How can I prevent the transmission of microorganisms? Wear personal protec*ve equipment (PPE) when indicated. PPE includes caps, gloves, gowns, masks, boo*es, and eye protec*on. Follow isola*on procedures when indicated. Breaking the Chain of Infection How can I maximize the resistance of the host? Provide good hygiene Ensure proper nutri*on and Luid intake Decrease stressors that weaken the immune response Methods of infection control 1. Medical Asepsis 2. Sterilization (Surgical Asepsis) 3. Standard Precautions 4. Isolation Precautions (Transmission-Based Precautions) 21  1. Medical asepsis The most e[ec*ve way to help prevent the spread of microorganisms is good handwashing technique Is a reduc*on in number of infec*ous agent. Simple cleanliness (basically maintaining a dry, clean environment by dus*ng and washing Loors) Disposal of gloves 22 2. Surgical Asepsis (Sterilization): Procedures that eliminate the presence of pathogens from objects and areas. Is a complete removal of all microorganism from equipment and environment. Is a procedure used to prevent contamination before , during and after surgery using sterile technique. Sterile field is an area that has been designated as free of microorganisms 23 3. Standard Precau2ons Standard precautions must be followed to prevent contact with potentially infectious body >uids. including: Blood All body >uids, secretions, and excretions except sweat Non-intact skin Mucous membranes Any unidentiGed body >uids 24 3. Standard Precau2ons Safety measure that must be taken include the following: 1. Hand washing 2. Gloving 3. Personal protec*ve equipment (gloves, gowns, facemask, goggles, bags) 4. Avoid needle recapping if necessary use one handed scope technique 5. Bio-spills- to clean the bios-pills gloves must be worn Apply Standard Precau2ons for all pt regardless the diagnosis and infec2on stat 25 4. Isolation Precautions (Transmission-Based Precautions) Is a system use to reduce the risk of airborne, droplet and contact transmission. Isolation techniques are used in conjunction with Standard Precautions. 2 main categories: (i) Reducing transfer of disease from patient to worker (ii) reducing transfer of disease worker to patient 1. Airborne Precautions 2. Droplet Precautions 2. 3. Contact Precautions 1. Airborne Precautions 27 2. Droplet Precautions 28 3. Contact Precautions 29 Some infec2ous diseases 1. Hepa**s 2. AIDS- HIV 3. TB Hepatitis B virus infection Major infectious blood-borne occupational hazard for health care professionals. HBV can be spread via several routes: Parenteral: Blood transfusion, needle sharing by intravenous (IV) drug users, needle stick, or other sharp instrument Mucous membranes: Blood contamination of the eye or mouth Sexual contact Perinatal: From infected mother to newborn infant 31 Other Hepatitis infection Hepatitis A: transmitted through food and water contaminated with feces. Hepatitis C: is primarily spread by: –contact with blood or blood products. –Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common –There is no vaccine for HCV. Hepatitis D: appears only as co-infection to hepatitis B. –Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection from HDV infection. Hepatitis E: transmitted through food and water contaminated with feces. Safe and effective vaccines to prevent HEV infection have been developed but are not widely available. Both hepatitis B and C have the potential to develop into chronic infections and cirrhosis. Hepatitis B ,C, and D are blood borne Hepatitis A and E are transmitted through contaminated food and water HIV HIV (human immunode'ciency virus) is virus causes AIDS (acquired immune de'ciency syndrome). HIV posi*ve: Individuals infected with the virus, is not having AIDS AIDS: means the immune system become weakened as a result of the virus. The routes of transfer is due to: – Contaminated blood or needles. – Fluids containing blood. – Sexual transmission – From mother to fetus via the placenta. – It can be also transmiNed through breast milk. 33 Tuberculosis- TB Is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium It a[ects the lungs, but can possibly infect any part of the body.( Spine and bone) TB is an airborne disease, spread through the air from one person to another. ISpread through coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. t is a communicable disease.  Nosocomial Infections Nosocomium : La*n word means hospital It is an infec*on caught in a hospital is called nosocomial Sources of nosocomial infec2on: 1. Medical personnel: by direct skin contact – inges*on – inhala*on) eg. food handler and cooker, surgeons 2. Pa2ent >ora: in case of healthy person the rela*onship between them is neutral or bene'cial but when the person is compromized it become harmful. 3. Contaminated hospital environment 35 Other infec2ous diseases Mad cow disease West Nile virus Ebola virus Bird Lu – H5N1 avian inLuenza Swine Lu – H1N1 inLuenza COVID-19 Reporting Exposure Must immediately report any exposure to blood or body fluids Write incident or injury report Refer to exposure control plan Handwashing for Patient Care  Introduction to Health Science Body Mechanics & Environmental Safety Chapter 9 & 11 1  Contents 1. Understand the importance of prac4cing good body mechanics and ergonomics 2. Explain how repe33ve injuries occur and how to prevent them. 3. Demonstrate proper methods to prevent injury. 4. Understand the importance of environmental safety. 5. Describe and explain the purpose of an incident report. 6. Iden4fy the appropriate steps to prevent and ac4on in the event of a 9re & electrical hazards. 7. Discuss chemical, radia3on, and infec3ous hazards and the role of the health care professional in their preven4on 2  Personal & Workplace Safety Injuries commonly suffered by health care professionals involve the musculoskeletal or nervous systems. Strained back muscles and inflamed tendons Health care workers prone to injury Injuries usually due to poor practice and same mistakes repeated over time As one ages, risks increase  Importance of Prevention Risk factors Preven3ve prac3ces Poor posture Use good posture and body mechanics during all ac4vi4es. Poor body mechanics Stay It by exercising regularly. Low level of Itness Maintain Nexibility with stretching exercises. Obesity Good nutri4on habits to prevent weight gain Adop4on of good lifestyle habits to reduce stress Stress, both mechanical and psychological Definitions Body mechanics – Correct positioning for given task Ergonomics – Science of designing and arranging work and living environments – Maximize efficiency, health, and safety  Question Which of the following is the best definition of body mechanics? A. Correct positioning of the body for a given task B. Science of designing and arranging things for maximum efficiency, health, and safety C. Exercises to maintain strength and flexibility  Answer A. Correct positioning of the body for a given task Body mechanics – Correct positioning of body for given task Ergonomics – Science of designing and arranging things for maximum efficiency, health, and safety  Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMI) Overuse of one body part places stress on tendons, nerves, or joints Most injuries involve hands, arms, or neck and shoulder area Causes inflammation, swelling, and pain RMI symptoms Paresthesias (burning or prickling sensa4on) Numbness, coldness, or loss of sensa4on Clumsiness, weakness, or lack of coordina4on Popping, clicking, or cracking sound Impaired range of mo4on (ROM) or locking of joint Common RMIs  Question Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in an inability to make a fist? A. Carpal tunnel syndrome B. Thoracic outlet syndrome C. Tendonitis  Answer Carpal tunnel syndrome 11  General Principles Maintain three normal curves of back Warm up and stretch before and after activities Use largest joints and muscles Avoid static positions Make adjustments or stop if pain occurs Use supports as recommended Seek treatment early Learn to cope with psychological stress  Treatment of RMIs Varies with severity of injury – Conservative measures- Non-surgical – Surgical procedures – Physical and occupational therapists – Psychotherapy Recovery and prognosis  Question True or False: – With proper treatment, the prognosis for a RMI is complete recovery.  Answer False Some will not recover full use of aXected part – Must change occupa4ons or give up ac4vity that produced original injury  Body Mechanics Proper mechanics while: – Sitting – Standing and walking – Lifting National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) statement on back belts Computer Exercises Computer Workstation  Question Which of the following is the best eye level when working at a computer? A. Top of monitor just above eye level B. Top of monitor at eye level C. Top of monitor just below eye level  Answer C. Top of monitor just below eye level Posi4on top of monitor just below eye level directly in front of body  Visual Problems Eyestrain Headaches Why eyes tire more easily when viewing computer? Prevent Eye strain Look away from computer Rest eyes every 20 to 30 minutes Adjust contrast on computer Keep computer screen clean Avoid glare on screen Use glare screen Use paper holder  Question True or False: – Wrist rests help prevent injuries when used during active typing.  Answer False Use wrist restraints during pauses to help maintain neutral posi4on – Not meant to be used during ac4ve typing  Environmental Safety Identify and correct potential hazards Health care workers must understand and follow policies and procedures OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Health care hazards Chemical Physical Environmental Psychosocial Ergonomic Workplace violence Infec4ous  Question Inadequate equipment maintenance is what type of hazard? A. Chemical B. Infectious C. Environmental  Answer C. Environmental  Safety Guidelines Focus on prevention Move safely Dress for safety Work safely with patients Protect self and others Report for safety  Increased risk with Physical & Mental changes Changes in vision Changes in hearing Altered neurological function Changes in blood vessels Slowed reflexes Changes in mental function Weakness from illness or injury Taking of medications  Question Which of the following is the best approach when asked to perform a procedure on a patient that you are not trained to do? A. Do the best you can B. Have someone explain it to you C. Do not agree to do it  Answer C. Do not agree to do it Do not perform any procedure on pa4ents un4l having received adequate training  Workplace Violence Health care professional risk – Offensive (Aggressive) or threatening language – Psychological trauma – Actual injuries – Homicide Can result in negative organizational outcomes  Question A patient is very upset about the care she received. She begins to escalate in volume and curse at you. What should you do? A. Take her to a private area to avoid disturbing others B. Acknowledge her feelings C. Tell her to calm down, or you will call security  Answer B. Acknowledge her feelings When confronted with angry patients, acknowledge feelings and avoid getting defensive or matching hostility (anger) Avoid isolating yourself with potentially violent people by taking them to a private location Avoid giving orders and threatening them with security  Prevent or Decrease Violence Environmental designs Administrative controls Behavior modification  Fire & Electrical Hazards Fire requires oxygen, item that will burn, and source of heat Know location of fire alarms and extinguishers Know emergency evacuation routes  Fire Procedures RACE – Remove patients – Activate alarm – Contain the fire – Extinguish the fire OR – Evacuate the area  Fire Extinguisher Usage PASS – Pull the pin – Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire – Squeeze the handle – Sweep back and forth along the base of the fire  Types of Fires Class A – Ordinary combustibles Class B – Flammable and combustible liquids Class C – Electrical fires Class D – Burning metals  Question True or False: – RACE is an acronym for putting out a fire with a fire extinguisher.  Answer False PASS – Acronym for pu^ng out Ire with Ire ex4nguisher RACE – Acronym for what to do when you discover Ire  Chemical Hazards Numerous chemicals used in health care Labeling and compatibility Avoid contact Wear PPE Follow material safety data sheet (MSDS) Clean up and treatment  Radiation Hazards X-rays and radiation therapy Monitoring radiation exposure Safety guidelines Disposal of radioactive waste Wear radiation dosimeter  Infectious Waste Any item or product with potential to transmit disease Follow policies and procedures Report accidental exposures  Oxygen Precautions Post sign “Oxygen in Use” Avoid all sources for sparks Never use flammable liquids Secure oxygen tank Do not smoke Do not use wool or synthetics  Question Which of the following is the best first step if a chemical comes in contact with the skin? A. Rinse under cool water for at least 5 minutes B. Immediately go to the emergency department C. Cover the area with antibiotic ointment and dressing  Answer A. Rinse under cool water for at least 5 minutes First step to take when chemical comes in contact with skin: – Immediately rinse under cool water for at least 5 minutes  Bioterrorism Extends back in history to earliest human records Biological exposure readiness plan Most likely weapons: – Anthrax: is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis – Smallpox: is a contagious deadly disease – Botulism: serious illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body's nerves and causes difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and even death. – Plague: is a disease caused by the bacterium. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea  Emergency Code System Communication method for employees Prevents patients and visitors from becoming overly concerned Emergency Preparedness Plan Follow OSHA requirements Follow policies and procedures Remain calm Emergency Code System  Triage System Triage – French word meaning “to select” Guidelines to assess patients’ conditions – Determine where they should be sent – Determine what treatment they should receive Used during disasters Used daily in emergency departments Questions Thank You And Wish You All The Best 53 Questions Thank You And Wish You All The Best 40 Introduction to Health Science Emergency Procedures Chapter 21 1  Contents 1. Explain when first aid should be administered 2. State the golden rule of first aid 3. Understand the seven steps to follow that will protect both the victim and the rescuer during an emergency 4. Identify when CPR should be performed 5. Identify illness and injuries that may require first aid, signs and symptoms and treatment 2  Introduction You joined the health care career, with a desire to help others. When an emergency situation arises, it is natural to want to do anything and everything possible to assist the victim. – Examples of someone who is seriously ill or injured Does not respond to voice or touch Has chest discomfort Has signs of stroke (a condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death). Has a breathing problem So the best way is to be ready to learn as much as possible to handle the emergencies (First Aid & CPR)  First Aid First aid refers to providing emergency care to an accident victim or to someone who has suddenly become ill. Goal to minimize the injury or illness until can be treated by a physician. Golden rule of first aid “do no further harm”.  When an Emergency occurs When approaching an injured or ill person, should follow certain steps. Protect the rescuer Protect the victim (person giving care) (person requiring care)  Steps in Emergency 1) Assess the environment 2) Obtain consent to treat 3) Try to determine what happened 4) Follow standard precautions 5) Find helper 6) Never move the victim 7) Stay Calm  Steps in Emergency 1) Assess the environment – Check is it safe to approach or not – Call help immediately if you cannot handle Inform your name, location of the victim, nature of emergency, treatment given (if any). – If the victim is consciousness, inform the victim that you will call for assistance – Stay with them until help arrives (as appropriate) – If you take a risk and become a victim, too, then there is no one to call EMS (Emergency Medical Services)  Steps in Emergency 2) Obtain Consent to treat – Identify yourself and your intent to give assistance. – If the victim is conscious, permission must be obtained before administering care. If unconsciousness, consent is implied and can administer first aid. – If Child, must obtain consent from parent or guardian. – If consent is not given, immediately call EMS  Steps in Emergency 3) Try to determine what happened – Do not assume, ask for information. – Clues would assist in determining what care is needed. Tap the person and shout “Are you OK?” Determine whether the victim is breathing and has a pulse. Look for signs of injury such as bleeding, broken bones, burns  Steps in Emergency 4) Follow standard precautions – Blood borne diseases are caused by germs – A rescuer may catch a disease if germs in someone else’s blood or body fluids enter the rescuer’s body – Rescuers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE) to keep from touching the injured person’s blood or body fluids  Protective Personal Equipment – Mask – Gloves – Clothing Always observe standard precau4ons and wear gloves  Steps in Emergency 5) Seek the help of Bystanders – Determine if there are others in the area who can assist in the care of the victim. 6) Never move a Victim Neck or back injury can be made worse or can result in permanent paralysis. If absolutely necessary to move, make every attempt to keep the spine in straight alignment  Steps in Emergency 7) Stay Calm –Calm, reassuring manner decrease stress of the victim and others  Steps in Emergency: Review 1) Assess the environment 2) Obtain consent to treat 3) Try to determine what happened 4) Follow standard precautions 5) Find helper 6) Never move the victim 7) Stay Calm  First Aid Kit 1. Contains supplies needed in an emergency 2. Keep the First Aid kit clearly labeled 3. Know where the First Aid kit is 4. Replace what you use 5. Check it for expiry date  First Aid procedures Bone, Joint and Muscle injuries Fracture is broken bone. – An open fracture is when the broken bone protrudes through the skin. – A closed fracture is a broken bone that does not break the skin. Dislocation: When a joint becomes disconnected from its socket. Bone, Joint and Muscle injuries Bone, Joint and Muscle injuries  Bone, Joint and Muscle injuries A sling is a device used to support and keep still (immobilize) an injured part of the body. Sling h$ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C63rt-