Immunology 1 GN PDF

Immunology 1 Ms Panayiota Lazarou Module: Biomedical Sciences Assessment Formative Summative Consolidation session Eassessment (Biomedical sciences) Aim The aim of this subject is to apply to the practice of dental therapy and de...

Immunology 1 Ms Panayiota Lazarou Module: Biomedical Sciences Assessment Formative Summative Consolidation session Eassessment (Biomedical sciences) Aim The aim of this subject is to apply to the practice of dental therapy and dental hygiene principles that derive from the biomedical, behavioural and materials sciences. To develop knowledge in the study of immunology. GDC 1.1 Prior to this session, you should have completed the preparatory work as defined in the asynchronous session: Introduction to immunology  Immunology 1 Intended Learning outcomes: Immunology 1 Consolidate learning from asynchronous session: Introduction to immunology Identify the organs and tissues of the immune system Discuss origins and functions of cells of the immune system Detail the processes and functions of the non-specific and adaptive immune systems  Consolidation of learning What is immunology? Discuss and elaborate on the characteristics and differences of: Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Immune Cells- origins, types and functions Non-specific barriers  Components of the immune system: Primary ALL immune cells originate from bone marrow https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-immuno-oncology/the-immune-system/components-of-the-immune-system Organs and tissues of the immune system: Primary components Bone marrow- all of the body’s immune cells are formed here  B lymphocytes/cells remain in the bone marrow to mature  T lymphocytes/cells travel to the thymus Until called upon  T cells formed in bone marrow and living in thymus until called upon/immune Organs and tissues of the immune system: system activated - to mature Primary components cont… Thymus ↑ Organs and tissues of the immune system: Primary components cont… Components of the immune system: Secondary Submandibular lymph nodes Swollen lymph nodes - active (immobilising) immune system - fighting infection/inflammation Storage of platelets and white blood cells - filters blood Macrophages break down damaged red blood cells. Transplant patients - immunosuppressed due preventive rejection from transplant https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-immuno-oncology/the-immune-system/components-of-the-immune-system Cells of the immune system Red blood cell Cells of the immune system Bone marrow  Cells of the immune system Most common, 1st white blood cells recruited by chemotaxis PMN, major cell component inflammed areas - pus in abscess Releases granules within vacule Massive and circulate in most tissues of body - seekers - look for pathogens and eliminate dead cells Release cytokines - initiate inflammation Macrophage Neutrophil B Cell 1% of white blood cells Basophil Only circulating white blood cell which contains histamine T Lymphocyte Natural Killer Cell Innate Immune System Non-specific immune system (innate) barriers Skin-fatty acids- affect pH- some pathogens cannot survive Mucous membrane-mucous, cilia lining tracts lysozyme Temperature pH Chemical mediators Immune response Inflammation- bodies' response to tissue damage/microbial invasion  Body fluids Humoral factors of the innate immune system Complement system: Complex enzyme group in the blood. (Complement factors 1-9) The classical pathway: activated by immune complexes. The alternative pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures. The lectin pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ACTIVATION  Activation Of Complement System  Histamine Release = Increased blood flow and vascular permeability (Allows more immune cells)  Complement protein = attract neutrophils  Classical Self-amplification-rapid  Microbes covered in Complement protein =  Alternative activation of complement phagocytosis  Lectin proteins  Cell lysis Death/break down Activation Of Complement System Immunology [HD Animation ] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdVhrf1V0F4 Humoral factors of the innate immune system cont… Mediators -messengers - communicate between cell- signalling proiteins Cytokines -type of glycoprotein that impacts the immune system by either ramping it up or slowing it down. Examples? Interleukins, interferons, lymphokines, monokines, tumour necrosing factor, CSF Main producers: helper T cells (Th cells) and macrophages Inflammation- bring phagocytes to the injured area to:  Isolate, destroy and inactivate the pathogen  Remove debris  Prevent spread of infection  Prepare healing  Recruit effector cells if the immune cells of the innate immune system cannot control infection or repair damaged tissue  Mobilize effector cells (T and B lymphocytes) Adap%ve Immunity Adaptive Immunity Also known as? Acquired/specific Activated when innate immunity is ineffective in eliminating infectious agents and infection becomes established Specific to pathogen presented Generation of pathogen-specific immunologic effector pathways thus eliminating specific pathogens/pathogen-infected cells Development of an immunologic memory which eliminates a specific pathogen when subsequent infections occur  Adaptive Immunity cont… T Cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) Attacks non-self pathogens …. BUT.. sometimes can make mistakes and attacks itself. Autoimmune diseases can occur e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus Clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes T cells activated through action of antigen presenting cells (APCs) e.g macrophages The Immune Response HD Animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AucZlvEv29Y&feature=emb_logo Overview of the processes involved in the primary immune response CELLULAR  T Cells: differentiation and function T CELLS T Cells only recognise antigen associated with MHC on APC cell surfaces T-Cells differentiation and function cont... B cells B CELLS B-cell, Plasma and Memory cell Animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnXxU5XAVWU  references An introduction to immunology and immunopathology https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51875109_An_introduction_to_immunology_and_immu nopathology www.soinc.org https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/2018_IMMUNE_SYSTEM_HANDOUT.pdf British Society for Immunology https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/special-topics/what-is-immun ology The immune system, Healio.com https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-immuno-oncology/the-immune-system/overvie w-key-objectives Clinical Textbook of Dental Hygiene and Therapy Edited by Robert Ireland  Immunology 2 Prior to this session: 2. Read and make own notes on the following article, pages 5-8 from Antibody-mediated vs cell-mediate immunity: (20 mins) An introduction to immunology and immunopathology Richard Warrington1*, Wade Watson2 , Harold L Kim3,4, Francesca Romana Antonetti5