Hospital Waste Management PDF

Hospital Waste Management: Protecting Health and Environment This presentation explores the critical process of managing healthcare waste, its impact on public health and the environment, and best practices for safe handling and disposal. by Heba Rashed Understanding Hospital Waste 1 Defini...

Hospital Waste Management: Protecting Health and Environment This presentation explores the critical process of managing healthcare waste, its impact on public health and the environment, and best practices for safe handling and disposal. by Heba Rashed Understanding Hospital Waste 1 Definition Waste produced during healthcare activities, including diagnosis, treatment, and research. 2 Scope Encompasses waste from human and animal healthcare and related research. Risks of Improper Handling Medical Personnel Doctors, nurses, and auxiliaries face direct exposure risks. Waste Handlers Porters and waste transporters are at risk during handling. Community Improper disposal can lead to widespread community health issues. Environmental Impact Water Pollution Contamination of water sources from improperly disposed medical waste. Air Pollution Release of harmful substances into the atmosphere during waste treatment. Food Chain Impact Potential contamination of food sources through environmental pollution. Types of Medical Waste Non-Hazardous/General Waste Hazardous Waste What is defined as waste produced during healthcare activities? A. Chemical Waste B. Hospital Waste C. Pharmaceutical Waste D. General Waste ANSWER: B Terminology for Infectious Medical Waste Infectious waste Biohazardous waste Potentially infectious waste Regulated medical waste General Waste Definition Waste posing no risk to human health. Examples Office paper, wrappers, kitchen waste, general sweepings. Pathological Waste 1 Human Tissue Includes body parts and organs from surgeries or autopsies. 2 Body Fluids Blood, other bodily fluids from medical procedures. Sharps Waste Needles Used for injections and blood draws. Scalpels Surgical blades for incisions. Other Sharps Includes lancets and other sharp medical instruments. Infectious Waste Definition Waste that may transmit bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases. Examples Laboratory cultures, contaminated swabs, used bandages. Chemical Waste 1 Laboratory Reagents Chemicals used in medical testing and research. 2 Disinfectants Solutions used for cleaning and sterilization in healthcare settings. Pharmaceutical Waste 1 Expired Drugs Medications past their use-by date require proper disposal. 2 Outdated Chemicals Pharmaceutical chemicals no longer in use or expired. Radioactive Waste Sources Unused liquids from radiotherapy or laboratory research. Handling Requires specialized disposal methods due to radiation hazards. Viral Diseases from Medical Waste 1 HIV Transmitted through infected needles and body fluids. 2 Hepatitis B and C Spread through contaminated blood and sharps. 3 Dengue Potential transmission through improper waste management. Waste Sorting Point of Origin Separate waste by type at the generation point. Color Coding Use designated color-coded bags for different waste types. Knowledgeable Staff Sorting should be done by those familiar with waste origins. Color Coding System Use colored plastic bags to help distinguish between general and medical waste containers; 1\. Red bags are used for infectious and pathologic waste. 2\. Yellow bags are used for radioactive waste that is to be dealt with by atomic energy institutions. 3\. Black bags are for general waste that is to be disposed with the normal general waste and is to be transferred by the municipals. Plastic bags Should be impervious, tear resistant. Use colored plastic bags to help distinguish between general and medical waste containers; 1\. Red bags are used for infectious and pathologic waste. 2\. Yellow bags are used for radioactive waste that is to be dealt with by atomic energy institutions. 3\. Black bags are for general waste that is to be disposed with the normal general waste and is to be transferred by the municipals. Plastic bags Should be impervious, tear resistant. Handling Medical Waste Minimal Contact Handle waste as little as possible to reduce exposure risks. Staff Protection Ensure handlers are vaccinated against HBV and tetanus. Proper Equipment Use heavy utility gloves and eye protection during cleaning. Sharps Container Guidelines 1 Placement Position containers conveniently to minimize carrying distance. 2 Characteristics Use puncture-resistant, leak-proof, and closable containers. Containers should be discarded when they are three quarters full or at least once per day; sealed, lifted by the top. \- Should not: Compressed (to avoid rupture), Clasped to body Hands should not be placed under. Never put hands into a container that holds medical waste. Do not empty medical waste into open carts. What is a guideline for sharps containers? A. Use lightweight materials for the container. B. Discard containers only when full. C. Ensure they are puncture-resistant and leak-proof. D. Position them far from the waste source. ANSWER: C Waste Transport Within Facility 1 Collection Gather waste from immediate generating areas. 2 Temporary Storage Move to unit\'s temporary storage area. 3 Central Storage Transport to long-term central collection area. There should be separate corridor and lift in hospital to carry and transport waste.  General waste are deposited at municipal dumps.  Waste for autoclaving and incineration are dumped at separate site for external trasport (should have separate coloured plastic bag for these waste)  Transportation should be done in sealed container/sanitation supervisor should ensure for leakage. Interim Storage Guidelines 1 Time Limit Store waste in generation area for no more than 4 - 6 hours. 2 Responsibility Paramedic/sanitation staff must check for proper segregation. What is the maximum time waste can be stored in the generation area before it needs to be moved? A. 8-10 hours B. 12 hours C. 1-2 hours D. 4-6 hours ANSWER: D Waste Treatment Technologies Incineration High-temperature burning of medical waste. Chemical Disinfection Using chemicals to neutralize infectious agents. Microwave Irradiation Using microwaves to disinfect waste. Which of the following methods involves high-temperature burning of medical waste? A. Chemical disinfection B. Incineration C. Microwave irradiation D. Landfill disposal ANSWER: B Final Disposal Methods Solid Waste Use sanitary landfills to prevent contamination and public contact. Liquid Waste Pour down designated sinks or drains, or bury in a pit. Liquid Waste Disposal Procedure Disposal Pour liquid waste down designated sinks or toilets. Rinsing Thoroughly rinse the disposal area to remove residual waste. Decontamination Clean containers with 0.5 % chlorine solution for 1 0 minutes. What should be done after pouring liquid waste down designated sinks or toilets? A. Incorporate waste removal into a scheduled cleaning cycle B. Seal all waste containers immediately C. Thoroughly rinse the disposal area to remove residual waste D. Leave the area without further action ANSWER: C Key Takeaways 1 Proper Segregation Crucial first step in effective medical waste management. 2 Staff Training Essential for maintaining safety and compliance in waste handling. Safe Injection Practices Safe injection practices are essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and maintain patient safety. Proper hand hygiene, sterile equipment, and safe disposal of sharps are crucial for preventing the transmission of bloodborne pathogens. by Heba Rashed What is Injection Safety? Patient-to-Patient Injection safety aims to stop disease spread between patients. Patient-to-Provider Safety practices help prevent transmission of infections from a patient to a healthcare provider. Needlestick Prevention Injection safety minimizes the risk of needlestick injuries for healthcare workers. Safe Waste Disposal Properly dispose of sharps and other waste to protect the community. What is the primary goal of safe injection practices? A. To prevent the spread of infectious diseases B. To increase patient throughput C. To minimize healthcare costs D. To allow multi-use of syringes and needles ANSWER: A Safe Injection Equipment Syringes Syringes are the most common equipment used for injections. They are designed for single use only. Needles Needles are attached to syringes and are used to penetrate the skin and deliver the medication. Vials Vials hold the medication for injections. They come in single- dose and multi-dose options. CDC Safe Injection Practices Aseptic Technique Strict adherence to aseptic technique is essential to prevent contamination of sterile injection equipment. Single-Use Items Syringes, needles, and cannulas are designed for single-use only. Reusing these items poses a significant risk of contamination and disease transmission. No Multi-Patient Use Even when the needle or cannula is changed, never administer medications from a syringe to multiple patients. Avoid Reuse Sterile injection equipment should not be reused for another patient or to access medication for a subsequent patient. Why follow Safe Injection Practices? Safe injection practices are a set of measures to perform injections in an optimally safe manner for patients. In the last decade, more than 150,000 patients in the United States were advised to get tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV due to the reuse of syringes and misuse of medication vials. TRANSMISSION OF PATHOGENS VIA CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR MEDICATIONS SOURCE Infectious person, e.g. chronic, acute CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR MEDICATION chronic, acute CASE Susceptible, non-immune person Some of the incorrect practices that have resulted in transmission Using the same syringe to administer medications to more than one patient, even if the needle was changed Using a common bag of saline or other IV fluid for more than one patient, and -- Leaving an IV set in place for dispensing fluid -- Accessing the bag with a syringe that has already been used to flush a patient's IV or catheter Accessing a shared medication vial with a syringe that has already been used to administer medication to a patient Single Dose Vials (SDV) 1 One Patient Use Single-use vials should be used for one patient only. 2 Discard After Use Dispose of single-use vials appropriately after administration. 3 No Combining Leftover Contents Do not combine leftover contents from single-dose vials. 4 Do Not Reuse Do not administer medication from single- dose vials to multiple patients. What risky practice should be avoided in injection safety? A. Washing hands before injections B. Changing the needle for each patient C. Using disposable syringes D. Administering medication from a syringe to multiple patients ANSWER: D What should be done with single-use vials after administration? A. They can be shared among patients. B. They can be stored for future use. C. They can be reused if sterilized. D. They should be discarded appropriately. ANSWER: D Single-use vials should be discarded after use with a single patient. A. True B. False ANSWER: A Multi-Dose Vial Practices Sterile Equipment When using multi-dose vials, both the needle and syringe must be sterile. This ensures that no contaminants are introduced into the vial. Proper storage of multi-dose vials is crucial to maintaining sterility. Store vials according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations, and discard any vials if sterility is compromised. Single Source Bottles of intravenous solution should not be used as a common source of supply for multiple patients. This practice increases the risk of cross- contamination. Multiple-Dose Vial (MDV) 1 FDA-Approved Label A multiple-dose vial (MDV) is easily recognized by its FDA-approved label. 2 Single Patient Ideal Even though MDVs are designed for multiple uses, ideally they are used for only one patient. 3 Preservative MDVs typically contain a preservative to limit bacterial growth, but not bloodborne viruses. 4 Discard Discard MDVs when the beyond-use date is reached, or if the sterility of the vial is questionable. Size Does Not Matter Single-dose vials (SDVs) and multi-dose vials (MDVs) come in various shapes and sizes. Do not assume a vial\'s type based on its size or volume of medication. Always check the label for accurate identification. How Does it Happen??? Understanding the Basics of Transmission Transmission of bloodborne pathogens can occur in many ways. 1 Contact Direct contact with infected blood. 2 Indirect Exposure to contaminated materials, needles, and surfaces. 3 Aerosol Exposure to airborne particles containing infected blood. (splash of fluid ) The specific mode of transmission varies depending on the pathogen, the specific circumstances, and the actions taken. Transmission of Pathogens Via Contaminated Equipment or Medications Contaminated equipment or medication poses a significant risk for transmitting infections The use of non-sterile needles, syringes, and other equipment can lead to the spread of bloodborne pathogens. Importance of Reading Labels All vials and syringes should have proper labeling, including information about the contents. Thorough examination of labels is essential for confirming the correct medication and dosage before administering the injection. Overview of Bloodborne Pathogens and Healthcare-Associated Infections Bloodborne pathogens, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, pose a significant risk in healthcare settings. These viruses can be transmitted through exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids during medical procedures. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections that patients acquire while receiving medical care. HAIs can lead to serious complications, increased hospital stays, and even patient mortality. Proper infection control practices, including safe injection techniques, are crucial to mitigate the spread of these deadly pathogens in healthcare facilities. What diseases can be transmitted due to unsafe injection practices? A. Tuberculosis and pneumonia. B. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. C. Influenza and common cold. D. Diabetes and hypertension. ANSWER: B Which of the following is essential for preventing bloodborne pathogen transmission? A. Relying on hand sanitizers alone B. Sterilizing needles at home C. Safe disposal of sharps D. Using the same syringe for multiple patients ANSWER: C Risks Associated with U unsafe Injection Practices Unsafe injection practices can lead to serious health risks, including the transmission of bloodborne pathogens like HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Improper handling of needles and syringes can also result in accidental needlestick injuries, which can expose healthcare workers to these dangerous infections. Bloodborne Pathogen Transmission Accidental Needlestick Injuries Reuse of needles or syringes can spread viruses from one patient to another. Careless disposal or mishandling of injection equipment can put healthcare workers at risk. Proper Preparation and Administration of Injections 1Preparation Gather all necessary supplies, including the medication, sterile syringes, and proper personal protective equipment. Carefully inspect the medication for any signs of contamination or expiration. 2 Aseptic Technique Thoroughly clean the injection site with an antiseptic solution, using a circular motion from the center outwards. Allow the skin to dry completely before administering the injection. 3Safe Injection Inject the medication slowly and at the proper angle, ensuring that the needle remains in the skin for a few seconds after delivery. Avoid aspirating or recapping the needle to minimize the risk of needlestick injuries. Safe Handling and Disposal of Injection Equipment Proper Sharps Disposal Use dedicated sharps containers to safely dispose of used needles, syringes, and other sharp medical items. Secure the container lid when it\'s full to prevent leaks or injuries. Minimize Contamination Handle all injection equipment with care to avoid contact with bodily fluids. Wear gloves when administering injections and change them between patients to prevent cross-contamination. Decontamination Clean and disinfect reusable equipment like medication vials and multi-dose containers between uses. Follow manufacturer instructions to ensure proper decontamination. Regulated Waste Disposal Dispose of all contaminated materials, including gloves and cleaning supplies, in biohazard containers to ensure safe and compliant handling and disposal. Educating Healthcare Workers on Injection Safety Comprehensive Training Regularly educate healthcare workers on proper injection techniques, including aseptic practices, use of personal protective equipment, and safe disposal of sharps. Hands-On Practice Provide opportunities for healthcare workers to practice injection skills under supervision and receive feedback to reinforce safe habits. Ongoing Evaluation Regularly assess healthcare worker knowledge and competency in injection safety through tests, observations, and audits. Types of Sharps Hypodermic Needles Needles used for injecting medications or drawing blood are a common type of sharps that require special handling and disposal. Scalpel B lades Sharp surgical blades used for incisions and biopsies pose a high risk of injury and must be disposed of properly. B roken Glass Glass laboratory equipment, such as test tubes and pipettes, can easily break and become sharps hazards if not handled with care. B lood Collection Tubes Vacuum-sealed tubes used for drawing blood samples may have sharp caps or closures that require proper disposal. Proper hand hygiene, sterile equipment, and safe disposal of \_\_\_\_\_\_ are crucial for preventing the transmission of bloodborne pathogens. ANSWER: sharps Safe Injection Techniques Prepare Gather supplies, disinfect the injection site, and ensure proper hand hygiene. Position Stabilize the patient\'s limb and locate the appropriate injection site. Insert Slowly and gently insert the needle at the proper angle and depth. Inject Slowly and steadily deliver the medication, then withdraw the needle. Dispose Immediately discard used sharps in a designated sharps container. Maintaining proper injection technique is critical to ensure patient safety and prevent complications such as needle stick injuries, infections, and accidental medication errors. Following a structured process helps healthcare workers deliver injections safely and effectively. Needle Stick Injury Prevention and Response Vaccination and Immunization Ensuring healthcare workers are properly vaccinated is a critical step in preventing needle stick injuries and protecting against infectious diseases. SafetyEngineered Devices The use of safety-engineered sharps devices with built-in protection mechanisms can significantly reduce the risk of accidental needle sticks. Incident Reporting Prompt reporting of any needle stick or sharps-related injuries is essential for proper medical treatment and to document the incident. Injury Reporting Protocols Report Promptly Needle stick or sharps injuries should be reported immediately to the appropriate supervisor or occupational health department. Document E x posure Thoroughly document the incident, including the type of sharp, the circumstances, and any known information about the source patient. Seek M edical Care Exposed workers should seek immediate medical evaluation and follow-up care to assess the risk of infection and receive appropriate treatment or prophylaxis. Considerations for Special Populations Pediatric Patients Smaller veins, lower body weight, and developmental needs require specialized sharps handling and injection techniques to ensure safety. E lderly Patients Age-related changes in skin and muscle tone can increase the risk of injury, necessitating careful sharps usage and disposal. Immunocompromised Patients Heightened infection risk demands meticulous aseptic technique and proper sharps management to prevent healthcare-associated infections. Final Thoughts Safe Injection Practices are Essential Adhering to safe injection practices is critical for preventing infectious disease outbreaks and protecting patient health. Multi-dose vials should only be used with different patients if the remaining medication is preserved. A. True B. False ANSWER: B Always check the \_\_\_\_\_\_ on medication vials to confirm the correct type and expiration date. ANSWER: label What is a key measure to prevent needlestick injuries for healthcare workers? A. Using shared syringes B. Administering medication from multi-use vials C. Reusing needles between patients D. Proper disposal of sharps ANSWER: D Injection safety practices can allow for the reuse of syringes if the needle is changed. A. True B. False ANSWER: B What should you do with a single-dose vial after its contents have been accessed? A. Store it for later use B. Keep it until it reaches its expiration date C. Discard it immediately D. Reuse it for another patient ANSWER: C Sterilization & Disinfection An overview of the crucial processes for maintaining a safe and sterile medical environment. by Heba R ashed Learning Objectives 1 Key Definitions Memorize important terms related to sterilization. 2 Sterilization Methods Outline different techniques and their applications. 3 Item Compatibility Recognize which items are suitable for each sterilization method. Definitions Sterilization The complete killing of all forms of microorganisms, including bacterial spores. Disinfection The killing or removing of harmful vegetative microorganisms. Disinfectant A chemical substance used to achieve disinfection. Antiseptic A disinfectant that can be safely used on living tissues. Removing organic and inorganic materials. Precedes disinfection and sterilization. Cleaning Levels of Disinfection High-Level Disinfection Destroys all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. Used for critical medical equipment like surgical instruments. Intermediate-Level Disinfection Kills vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, most viruses, and fungi. Suitable for non-critical patient care items. Low-Level Disinfection Kills most vegetative bacteria and some viruses. Appropriate for housekeeping surfaces and non-critical equipment. Levels of disinfection: 1\) High level: against Many spores after long time exposure. T.B. Wide range virus. Vegetative cells. Intermediate level: against Limited no of spores. T.B. Fungus. Intermediate level virus Vegetative cells. Low level: Vegetative cells Some fungus Some range of virus Methods of Sterilization Physical Methods Sterilization can be achieved through various physical methods, including the application of heat (dry heat and moist heat), ultraviolet (UV) light, ionizing radiation, and filtration. Chemical Methods For heat-sensitive equipment, chemical methods such as Ethylene Oxide and Glutaraldehyde can be utilized to achieve sterilization. Physical Methods Dry Heat Dry heat sterilization uses high temperatures of 160°C for 1 hour to kill microorganisms by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes. Moist Heat Moist heat, such as in an autoclave, uses steam under pressure at 121°C or 134°C for 10-15 minutes to effectively sterilize medical equipment. Autoclave The autoclave is a common method of moist heat sterilization, providing a controlled environment with high-pressure steam to rapidly kill microbes. Sterilization by Dry Heat Dry heat kills microorganisms by destroying their oxidative processes, making it an effective sterilization method. Hot Air Oven Hot air ovens expose items to 160°C for 1 hour, circulating the air evenly to ensure thorough sterilization. Suitable Items Dry heat is used to sterilize items lacking water, such as metals, glassware, ointments, oils, waxes, and powders. Simplest method is exposing item to be sterilized to the naked flame e.g. Bunsen burner- for sterilizing bacteriological loops, knives, blades. Moist Heat Autoclaving Autoclaving is the standard sterilization method in hospitals, using an autoclave machine that works on the same principle as a pressure cooker to generate moist heat above 100°C. Autoclave Design The autoclave is a tough double- walled chamber where air is replaced by pure saturated steam under increased pressure, allowing the water to boil at temperatures greater than 100°C. Moist Heat Sterilization Moist heat kills microorganisms by denaturing their proteins. The elevated temperature and pressure inside the autoclave ensures complete sterilization of medical equipment and supplies. Autoclave Images Autoclaves are widely used in healthcare facilities and laboratories for sterilization of medical instruments, equipment, and supplies. They use moist heat in the form of pressurized steam to kill microorganisms effectively. Autoclaves come in various sizes and designs to meet the needs of different settings, from small benchtop units to large-capacity floor models. Autoclave Process The air in the chamber is evacuated to remove oxygen and allow the steam to fully penetrate the items. Saturated steam fills the tightly sealed chamber, increasing the pressure and surrounding the items to be sterilized. The steam condenses on the items, releasing latent heat and raising the temperature to 121°C for 15 minutes to kill microorganisms. Advantages of Autoclave High Temperature Autoclaves operate at temperatures over 100°C, which is sufficient to kill even the most resilient spores. Rapid Penetration The condensation of steam within the autoclave generates extra heat energy and allows the steam to rapidly penetrate porous materials. Required for Invasive Procedures Autoclaves are the required sterilization method for all equipment used in invasive medical procedures, such as in operating rooms and clinics. Temp. \> 100 C therefore spores killed. Condensation of steam generates extra heat. The condensation also allows the steam to penetrate rapidly into porous materials. Note: for all invasive procedures at operating room or clinics, autoclavable equipments should be used. Monitoring Methods Monitoring the sterilization process is crucial to ensure the efficacy of the method. Various monitoring techniques are used, including physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Physical monitoring involves measuring parameters like time, temperature, and pressure to verify the sterilization conditions. Chemical indicators use reactive compounds to detect exposure to the sterilizing agent. Biological indicators, such as spore tests, provide the most direct assessment of sterilization by evaluating the destruction of highly resistant microorganisms. Spore Test (Biological Indicator) Spore tests are used to validate the effectiveness of sterilization processes. They contain highly resistant bacterial spores that are more difficult to kill than vegetative cells. The presence or absence of spore growth after exposure to the sterilization process indicates whether the method was effective. Moist Heat: Other Applications 1 Pasteurization Used to inactivate harmful organisms in milk without reaching full sterilization temperatures. Typically done at 74°C for 3-5 seconds (flash method) or 62°C for 30 minutes (conventional method). 2 Boiling A common method, especially in domestic settings, to reduce the number of microorganisms in liquids like water or milk through the application of moist heat. Pasteurization of Milk Preventing Diseases Pasteurization of milk helps prevent the spread of serious illnesses like typhoid fever, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and Q fever. These diseases can be transmitted through raw, unpasteurized milk. Process Pasteurization involves heating milk to a specific temperature for a set duration to kill harmful bacteria, without significantly altering the milk\'s nutritional profile or taste. Other Physical Methods: Radiation Ultraviolet Light UV light has limited sterilizing power due to poor penetration, but is used to irradiate air in certain areas like operating rooms to help reduce airborne contaminants. Ionizing Radiation Gamma radiation has greater energy than UV and is more effective. It is commonly used in industrial facilities to sterilize disposable medical supplies like syringes, gloves, and lab equipment. Other Physical Methods: Filtration Negative or Positive Pressure Filtration can be done under negative or positive pressure to remove bacteria, though some small microbes may still pass through. Membrane Filters Membrane filters made of cellulose acetate are commonly used to remove most bacteria, though viruses and small bacteria like Chlamydia and Mycoplasma may still pass through. Heat-Labile Substances Filtration is a key method for sterilizing heat-sensitive materials like sera and antibiotics that cannot undergo other heat-based sterilization techniques. Sterilization by Filtration Filtration is a physical method of sterilization that removes microorganisms from liquids or gases by passing them through a membrane or filter with pores small enough to trap the pathogens. Filters can be made of materials like glass, cellulose, or synthetic polymers, and come in various pore sizes to target different microbes. Membrane filtration is commonly used to sterilize heat-sensitive solutions, parenteral fluids, and air in critical environments like operating rooms. Sterilization by Chemical Methods Ethylene Oxide Chamber Ethylene oxide alkylates DNA molecules to inactivate microorganisms. It is mixed with an inert gas to prevent explosion, and requires high humidity (50-60%) and temperature (55-60°C) with a 4-6 hour exposure period. Activated Alkaline Glutaraldehyde 2% Items are immersed in this solution for 20 minutes. If Mycobacterium tuberculosis or spores are present, the immersion period is extended to 2-3 hours. Bacterial Spores 1Structure Spores have a complex structure with multiple protective layers. 2 Resistance Most resistant form of bacterial life due to their structure. 3Importance Understanding spores is crucial for effective sterilization. Physical Sterilization Methods Dry Heat Includes red heat, flaming, incineration, and hot air oven. Moist Heat Includes boiling, pasteurization, and autoclaving. Radiation Uses ultraviolet rays or gamma rays for sterilization. Filtration For heat-sensitive liquids, using membrane filters. Dry Heat: Red Heat and Flaming Red Heat Used for sterilizing bacteriological loops. Flaming For sterilizing mouths of tubes and flasks. Dry Heat: Incineration 1 Purpose Used for disposing of medical and infectious waste. 2 Examples Discarded diagnostic samples, needles, and other contaminated contaminated items. 3 Effectiveness Completely destroys all organic matter and microorganisms. microorganisms. Dry Heat: Hot Air Oven 1 Temperature Operates at 160-180°C for effective sterilization. 2 Duration Items are sterilized for 1 hour at this temperature. 3 Applications Used for glassware, powders, and oil-containing materials. Moist Heat: Pasteurization Method Temperature e Time Cooling Holder 63°C 30 minutes Rapidly to \