Hemoflagellates and Ciliates PDF

HEMOFLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Clinical Parasitology - Lecture BMLS III - 3 | Instructor: Kate Darlene Soriano | A.Y. 2024-2025 to thrive inside cells (macrophages, GENERALITIES OF HEMOFLAGELLATES...

HEMOFLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Clinical Parasitology - Lecture BMLS III - 3 | Instructor: Kate Darlene Soriano | A.Y. 2024-2025 to thrive inside cells (macrophages, GENERALITIES OF HEMOFLAGELLATES leukocytes) ○ Example: Histoplasma Hemoflagellates: flagellates that are found in the capsulatum differentiates them from blood and other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid) and in Amastigotes tissues Other notes: Vector-borne parasites: transmitted through a bite All these four can be visualized in a of an infected vector Trypanosoma cruzi infection Medically important genera: Trypanosoma and Only the Epimastigote and Leishmania Trypomastigote are seen in the Only organisms that can infect humans Trypanosoma brucei infection Four morphological forms (based from the ○ Trypanosoma brucei brucei location of their kinetoplast, undulating membrane, ○ Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and their flagella): ○ Trypanosome brucei gambiense Only the Promastigote and Amastigote forms are observed in Leishmania species ○ Leishmania tropica ○ Leishmania donovani ○ Leishmania braziliensis The infective stage of Trypanosoma spp. are their metacyclic trypanosomes, while the infective stage of Leishmania spp. Trypomastigote: the undulating are their Promastigotes. membrane covers the whole body lens of the parasite; kinetoplast is found on GENUS TRYPANOSOMA posterior end Trypanosoma cruzi Epimastigote: Also known as Critihidia, Vector: Female Reduviid bug (also known same size as Trypomastigote, but as kissing bug, Triatomine bug, Conenose undulating membrane only covers half of bug), characterized by long cone-like the body; kinetoplast migrates/moves to the proboscis used for biting anterior part of the nucleus ○ Panstrongylus megistus Promastigote: also known as ○ Triatoma infestans Leptomonas; no undulating membrane, ○ Rhodnius prolixus spindle-shaped; kinetoplast migrated all the Habitat: Reticulum endothelial cells of way to the anterior end organs like liver, spleen, bone marrow, Amastigote: also known as Leishmania intestinal mucosa, also the heart, nervous donovan bodies; very different size and system, smooth and skeletal muscles, shape to the others, small and ovoid shape; inside macrophages and can stay in the adapted to an intracellular existence within general circulation the cell, so they must be differentially Disease Manifestation: Chaga’s Disease diagnosed to other pathogens that are able (also known as American Trypanosomiasis) notes: black - from recorded discussion, red - important to remember vfi HEMOFLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Clinical Parasitology - Lecture BMLS III - 3 | Instructor: Kate Darlene Soriano | A.Y. 2024-2025 ○Acute phase: asymptomatic, ○ Xenodiagnosis: animal vector is nonspecific somatic symptoms, observed if they get infected or not; more severe cardiac and neurologic if animal is infected, then the human symptoms and signs, reoccur with patient is positive for the infection as HIV patients or those well immunocompromised ○ Culture: Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle Chagoma: nodular lesions (NMN) medium for Trypanosoma around the bite site species Romana’s sign: unilateral or ○ Serological techniques periorbital swelling ○ Chronic phase: more systemic; Trypanosoma rangeli specific signs and symptoms; fatal Can also cause Chaga’s Disease Proliferation of parasite in the Difference in infection with T. cruzi: bone marrow ○ T. rangeli has no symptoms Parasitic-induced anemia (asymptomatic) Amastigote presence in ○ Amastigote is absent in the course smooth muscle: Megacolon of infection and megaesophagus Cardiomegaly and malignant The Trypanosoma brucei complex (3): cardiac arrhythmia Trypanosoma brucei brucei Laboratory Diagnosis Infection for animals ○ Demonstration of diagnostic stages: Causative agent of the Nagana Disease or Trypomastigote and Amastigote the sleeping sickness for cattles Can be recovered from both blood and CSF (see image Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and below, Wright stain) Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Habitat: blood, lymph, and CSF Vector: Tsetse fly ○ Glossina palpalis ○ Glossina morsitans ○ Glossina swynnertoni ○ Glossina tachinoides (only for Amastigotes are usually seen gambiense) more in tissue biopsy (see Clinical manifestation: Tsetse fly bite is image below; heart tissue followed by a Trypanosomal colonized with parasite with chancre/lesions (see images below) H&E stain) notes: black - from recorded discussion, red - important to remember vfi HEMOFLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Clinical Parasitology - Lecture BMLS III - 3 | Instructor: Kate Darlene Soriano | A.Y. 2024-2025 2 stages of infection of all three Trypanosoma GENUS LEISHMANIA species: Leishmania tropica Haemolymphatic phase Causes Old World Leishmaniasis or ○ nonspecific signs and symptoms: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis intermittent fever, pruritus, Habitat: endothelial cells (skin), capillaries, lymphadenopathy phagocytic monocytes ○ Posterior triangle cervical Vector: Phlebotomus papatasi and sergenti lymphadenopathy, termed as sandfly Winterbottom’s sign inflammation of lymph nodes in the axillary, inguinal, epitrochlear, submandibular regions Meningoencephalitis phase ○ invasion of the Central Nervous System Affects the skin: oriental sore, tropical sore, ○ Neuropsychiatric manifestations: Baghdad boil, delhi boil sleep disorders From tiny, reddish, itchy pustule that Common name: African gradually enlarges to an ulceration of the Sleeping Sickness skin, granuloma formation, cellular ○ Kerendel’s sign: less sensation of infiltration pain in the body Specific illnesses caused by Trypanosoma brucei complex T. brucei rhodesiense: causative agent of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness or the East African/Acute African Sleeping Sickness ○ It is acute because the sleeping sickness rapidly progress Cutaneous leishmaniasis: hypertrophy of Less than 9 months epidermal layers and prominent cellular T. brucei gambiense: causative agent of infiltration (lymphocytes, plasma cells) on Gambian Sleeping Sickness or the Endemic the dermis of the skin West/Central/Chronic African Sleeping Sickness ○ It is more chronic because the progression is slow and longer until the patient falls in comatose Leishmania donovani notes: black - from recorded discussion, red - important to remember vfi HEMOFLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Clinical Parasitology - Lecture BMLS III - 3 | Instructor: Kate Darlene Soriano | A.Y. 2024-2025 Causes Visceral Leishmaniasis or Kala Azar Fever or Dumdum Fever ○ Most severe Habitat: endothelial cells Vector: Phlebotomus argentipes sandfly Transmission: blood transfusion, congenital/placental transfer, wound contamination ○ fatal systemic involvement: PHYLUM CILIOPHORA (CILIATA) hepatosplenomegaly, Balantidium coli lymphadenopathy Largest protozoan infecting man Transmission: ingestion of cyst Final host: humans Reservoir host: mammalians (pigs) Habitat: large intestine (colon) Infective stage: cyst Morphological features: ○ cilia (locomotory organelle) ○ macronucleus (bigger): used for vegetation or feeding of B. coli, kidney-shaped ○ micronucleus (smaller): rounder, severe muscle wasting, swollen lymph used for reproduction nodes, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, ○ cytostome: funnel-shaped mouth relative monocytosis on anterior part right picture: post-kala azar dermal ○ cytopyge: anus part of the organism leishmaniasis, post-infection side effect ○ contractile vacuoles: osmoregulation Leishmania braziliensis Causes New World Leishmaniasis or Central and South American Leishmaniasis or Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (Espundia) Habitat: mucocutaneous junctions (like the septum of the nose, mouth, nasopharynx, left to right: cyst, trophozoite, trophozoite upper lip) (iodine stained), cytostome is visible Vector: Phlebotomus verrucarum sandfly (mouth) and kidney-shaped macronucleus notes: black - from recorded discussion, red - important to remember vfi