HTHS CI 3PA2 PATHO Notes PDF

Alterations in Reproduction Terminology HPO axis: hypothalamic pit ovarian axis -main hormonal feedback pathway for reproduce system Menarche: first menstrual cycle achieved Os: opening from the uterus thru the cervix into the vagina, can measure the dila@on of the os to mo...

Alterations in Reproduction Terminology HPO axis: hypothalamic pit ovarian axis -main hormonal feedback pathway for reproduce system Menarche: first menstrual cycle achieved Os: opening from the uterus thru the cervix into the vagina, can measure the dila@on of the os to monitor the progress of labour Fundus: top of uterus, during preggo can be used as measurement point for monitoring growth of fetus, aCer delivery fetus is palpated to monitor resolu@on phage Infer@lity: failure to achieve preggo aCer one year or unprotected intercourse, but if the female is over 35y then the interval is shortened to 6 months IUI: intrauterine insemina@on – small catheter is passed into the uterus via vagina and cervix so that the semen may be ins@lled directly into the uterus IVF: in vitro fer@liza@on, ova and semen are collected from individ, mixed together to fer@lize and aCer 3-5 days 1-2 growing embryos are returned to the uterus (more ova can be frozen for future) Prenatal: period of @me from concep@on to birth of infant à aka antenatal period Postnatal: from delivery of the infant un@l complete resolu@on of the body to the pre- pregnant state (6-8wks) Parity: number of deliveries that a woman has had >20wks gesta@on, if number is >5 then grand mul@parity or grand mul@para GTPAL: womans obstetrical history o G: gravida – total number of pregnancies (incl miscarriages, abor@ons and s@ll births) o T:term – total number of deliveries >37wks gesta@onal age o P:preterm: total number of deliveries bw 20-36wks + 6days o A: abor@ons: spontaneous or therapeu@c o L: living number of living children Viability: expecta@on of a fetus survival, usually as 500gm or more than 20wks gesta@on à this is more conten@ous issue Fetal presenta@ons o Macrosomia: when fetal head size has grown larger than can be passed vaginally o Polyhydramnios: amt of amnio@c fluid is more than 2 standard devia@ons above the norm for gesta@onal age Normal female anatomy Sexual differen@a@on of an embryo occurs around 7th week à sex chromosome XX female or XY male  SRY protein on the male or Y chromosome is the testes determining factor Females: no SRY aka develop vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes/mullerian ducts o Ovaries produce secondary oocytes and hormone such as estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin At birth, ovaries of female contain all their primary oocytes and secondary oocytes are formed AFTER puberty once a month at ovula@on Uterine tubes or fallopian tubes transport the secondary oocyte to the uterus and normally these tubes (leC or right) is where fer@liza@on occurs Uterus is site of implanta@on for the fer@lized ovum o Fetus will develop here during preggo and promote labour Vagina receptacle for sperm during intercourse and passageway for childbirth Posi@on of uterus in pelvis is smtg females are born w and it will be the same thoroughout their life Rou