Filipino Housing Review PDF

HOUSING REVIEWERRRRRRRRAWR!!!!!!!!! PRELIM MODULES The Gradual Development of the Filipino Home Caves & Rock Shelters Nature-made shelters Used by ancestors who moved from one place to another depending on the season Lean-to Pre-colonial Made of twigs and leaves, supported with tree branche...

HOUSING REVIEWERRRRRRRRAWR!!!!!!!!! PRELIM MODULES The Gradual Development of the Filipino Home Caves & Rock Shelters Nature-made shelters Used by ancestors who moved from one place to another depending on the season Lean-to Pre-colonial Made of twigs and leaves, supported with tree branches Used as shade against the sun Temporary shelter Easily dismantled and be carried by our ancestors Nipa-hut (Bahay kubo) Pre-colonial & Colonial Period Largely made of Nipa and Bamboo Thatch roofing A bamboo house on stilts which can be carried from one town to another Home to many lowland cultures in Ph Still used in rural areas today Stone House (Bahay na bato) Spanish colonial period Uses stone foundation or brick lower walls with wooden upper story Tiled roofing, sliding Capiz-shell windows Used by the local middle-class and government officials Influenced by Spain in in many aspects House is raised above the ground, stone structure below was used as a garage for calesa or as a granary Chalet (Tsalet) American colonial period Emphasis on sanitary values Introduced the use of the toilet via pail conservancy system, or cubeta Crossbreed of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienic structural principles and modern materials Introduce private garages for secure vehicle parking Bungalow American colonial period A low-rise structure with a pitched roof and a horizontal shape Typically, with metal roofing, cemented walls, and gate Sometimes have yard, a garden, and a parking space Popular in urban areas The most common type of house in the Ph Apartment / Townhouse Modern period Composed of modern materials: glass, steel, reinforced concrete, and other composite materials Low to mid-rise structure May have commercial space at ground floor Popular in urban areas but can be found also in towns and rural areas Condominium Contemporary period More “classy” than apartments Mid to high-rise structure  With communal space (shared) With services such as security, waste management, concierge Can be found in cities near the business center History of Housing in the Philippines Philippines registers a long list of unsuccessful programs. Major causes of this problem emanate from the fragmented and uncoordinated approach to housing taken by the authorities. Trends & Patterns 1960 to 1980 The total number of dwelling units in these two regions constitutes about 25% of the total in the country. Region 12 has the least number. 1970 – about 1.5% of total dwelling units were found unoccupied. 1960 & 1980 – the occupancy rate was 97% Most of these occupied dwelling units were classified as single houses accounting for: 1960 – 85% 1970 – 89% 1980 – 93% Brief Historical Background Sanitary barrios – relocation for areas for families whose nipa houses originally located in congested areas were demolished. Model Barrio home – “these model houses were built for demonstration purposes only since the government did not actually supply new houses in the sanitary barrios” Barrios obreros – were established and this scheme was merely superimposed on the previous sanitary barrio scheme with additional features like renting out of some houses and lots. Circa period 1930s – about 60% of the slum families could not afford and kind of suitable home, and 40% of slum dwellers in Manila “live in extreme poverty and squalor, and in many instances on the verge of starvation” Commonwealth period – program of social justice emerged, the period’s housing policy tried to respond to the needs of the labor group - Slums were still seen as the source of crime and diseases as well as breeding place of rebels. 1938 – laborer’s tenement project was completed in Barrios Vitas, Tondo. Commonwealth act no. 620 - July 11, 1936 – the Homesite act – authorized the government to acquire lay as well as friar states which were eventually subdivided into home lots or small farms. 1938 – Diliman site which was intended to be a “social experiment” to be replicated in all parts of the country where there are laborers. Middle class People’s Homesite Corporation – was created to develop this area. 1940 – People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC) was created through executive order no. 93. People’s Homesite Corporation and National Housing Commission corporate objectives: o Establishment of public-housing for low income families o Slum clearance o Establishment of housing for the destitute o Acquisition, subdivision and resale of landed estates National Housing Commission – was created by virtue of Commonwealth Act 648 to undertake programs in urban housing, subdivision, and slum clearance programs. Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) – started to extend inter-agency project loans to finance PHHC projects. Tenement law or Republic Act 3469 – was passed reviving the construction of multi-storey tenement houses which were rented out of low-income families o Congress passed Republic Act 3802 – mandating PHHC to sell all its rented housing units to the tenants at cost and payable within 10 years at 6% per annum interest and with all the previous rental payments applied to the purchase price. National Housing Corporation – was created with primary functions of manufacturing pre-fabricated dwelling units for low- and middle-income groups National Special Housing Act or Republic Act No. 6026 – was also passed to introduce a new approach to the resettlement program of the government through a balanced residential-industrial development program Project 1 – Barangay Roxas or Roxas District  Project 2 and 3 – composed of all the Barangays named Quirino Project 4 – Cubao District Project 5 – Barangay E. Rodriguez Project 6 – Barangay Project 6 Project 7 – Barangay Bungad and Veterans Village Project 8 – Barangay Bahay Toro, Baesa and Sangandaan 1970s – Urban redevelopment – Tondo Foreshore and Dagat-Dagatan area – individual residential loans & participation in mass housing projects. 1973 o Task Force on Human Settlements o Inter-Agency Task Force on Nabaooan Relocation 1974 o Tondo Foreshore Development Authority 1975 o National Housing Authority 1976 o Human Settlements Regulatory Commission 1978 o Ministry of Human Settlements o Home Development Mutual Fund 1979 o National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation 1978 – the National Shelter Programs was formulated putting all housing agencies of the government under one Ministry responsibility. Ministry of Human Settlements was established for this very purpose. Batas Pambansa 220 – which allows lower standards and lots as small as 32 sqm. Government of President Corazon Aquino – the Ministry of Human Settlement was replaced by a Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC). 1991 law – RA 7160 mandates reassessment every three years as population, income and both foreign and national investment grew, land prices continued to escalate as well, making standard dwellings and sites unaffordable for more and more households. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law or Republic Act 6675 of 1988 - The difficulty is partly due to obstacles in converting peripheral farm lands to urban use RA 7279, Congress of the Philippines - In 1992, the Philippine Congress passed an Urban Development and Housing Act that called for the "equitable utilization of residential lands... not merely on the basis of market forces" Housing Problems Juan is homeless because of the following: - Migration - Robust Population Growth - Poverty cause by unemployment - Industrialization - Minimum Wage - Housing Backlog/Housing Need Migration or Human Migration - is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling temporary or permanently in the new location Emigrate – People who leave their country Immigrants – People who move into another country Immigration – The movement of people into a country Rural to Urban Migration – People just move from one region to another within the same country Push Factors – The reasons people leave a place Pull Factors –The reasons people are attracted to new places to live Country losing people Advantages - Money sent home by migrants - Decreases pressure on jobs and resources  - Migrants may return with new skills Disadvantages - People of working age move out reducing the size of the country's potential workforce - Gender imbalances are caused as it is typically men who seek to find employment elsewhere. Women and children are left - 'Brain drain' if many skilled workers leave Host Country Advantages - A richer and more diverse Increasing cost of culture - Helps to reduce any labor shortages - Migrants are more prepared to take on low paid, low skilled jobs - Disadvantages - Increasing cost of services such as health care and education - Overcrowding - Disagreements between different religions and cultures In addition, there are a number of obstacles that the migrant may need to overcome, including: ✔unemployment in new country ✔racism and cultural differences ✔language barriers ✔lack of opportunities Population Growth – is the increase in number of individuals in a population Reason for population growth: - High Birth rate - Lack of Family Planning - Low Infant Mortality - Increased food production and improvement of public health Poverty - is general scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic and political elements. Poverty may be defined as either absolute or relative. Absolute poverty or destitution - refers to the lack of means necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Relative poverty - takes into consideration individual social and economic status compared to the rest of society. As more people become poor, more people become increasingly at risk of homelessness. Poverty – is a common reason as to why people become homeless. Increases the risk of homelessness. The main Causes of Poverty in the Philippines include the following: ✔Low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; ✔Low growth elasticity of poverty reduction; ✔weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated; ✔failure to fully develop the agriculture sector; ✔High inflation during crisis periods; ✔High levels of population growth: ✔high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts of economic expansion; and ✔Recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and "environmental poverty." Industrial Revolution – roughly spanned a period from the 18th to the early 19th centuries. It was a time when mechanization brought major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production and transportation. Industrialization – is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one, involving the extensive re-organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing Minimum Wage – reasons why homelessness persists include stagnant or falling incomes and less secure jobs which offer fewer benefits Squatting or Iskwater – is a major issue in Filipino Society, especially in industrialized areas of the society. Started after World War II, as people built makeshift houses called Barong-Barong in abandoned properties The government tried to transfer those squatters to low-cost housing project, especially in Tondo (in the former Smokey Mountain landfill), Taguig (BLISS Housing Project), and in Rodriguez (formerly Montalban), Rizal. A National Housing Authority report revealed that, in the early 1980's, one out of four Metro Manila residents was a squatter. Metro Manila's problem on informal settlers or squatters can be solved by 2018 if the government would adopt the program drafted by an inter-agency committee headed by Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Chairman Bayani Fernando.. The MMDA claims that Squatters are causing floods. The perennial inundation has been due to at least 65,000 squatters living along several esteros and waterways. It was noted that the flooding on España Street in Manila, which is caused by overflowing of the Antipolo Canal, is where squatter families have settled. Squatter - is a person who settles on new especially public land without title; a person who takes unauthorized possession of unoccupied premises Squatting - is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or building that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have permission to use Squatter settlement - in general it is considered as a residential area in an urban locally inhabited by the very poor who have no access to tenured land of their own, hence "squat" on vacant land, either private or public. It can also be defined as a residential area which has developed without legal claim to the land Slum – are residential areas that are physically and socially deteriorated and in which satisfactory family life is impossible Bad Housing – is meant dwelling that have inadequate light, air, toilet, and bathing facilities Slum settlement – refers to the condition of a settlement, squatter settlement would refer to the legal position of the settlement Squatting – is a natural outcome of the need for shelter of any population versus the lack of housing or affordable housing “Squatter Settlement” – from the writings of Charles Abraham and John Turner Internal Reasons – lack of collateral assets, lack of savings, and other financial assets External Reasons – high cost of land & other housing services, apathy & anti-pathy on the part of the government to assist them, high “acceptable” building standards & rules & regulations, loop-sided planning & zoning legislation Slum Lord/Initial small group of core squatters – actual squatting is done by them Organic Process – refers to the forces and pressures which are initiated from within the settlement and squatter Induced Process – refers to the “inducement” set up by agencies and organizations which are external to the settlement. Settlement Upgradation - Has been an option where a compromise has been reached by the land owner and on a sharing basis, the squatter has been allowed to continue on the land parcel, but with a significant upgradation of the settlement's infrastructure and services, including, in some cases, land leases or ownerships. Sites-and-services - These give people the chance to rent or buy a piece of land. The land is connected to the city by transport links and has access to essential services (ex. water). People build their own homes using money from a low- interest loan Self-help scheme - These give people the tools and training to improve their homes. Low-interest loans may be used to help people fund these changes. People may be given legal ownership of the land Rural Investment - Improving the quality of life and creating greater opportunities in rural areas may prevent people from migrating to urban areas. Investment in rural areas may therefore help to improve conditions in the city as well.