History Study Guide PDF

Five (5) of the following terms will appear on the exam. ID questions require students to identify and explain the full historical significance of three (3) of those terms, drawing upon lectures, textbook readings, and tutorials, if applicable. Each response will be graded out of ten (10). The i...

Five (5) of the following terms will appear on the exam. ID questions require students to identify and explain the full historical significance of three (3) of those terms, drawing upon lectures, textbook readings, and tutorials, if applicable. Each response will be graded out of ten (10). The identification component of the response should define the term and provide its historical context (in one paragraph). The significance component should explain why the term is important in relation to historical events and broader themes or concepts, including Stalinism, Totalitarianism, and/or the Totalitarian Age (in a second paragraph). **2. Antisemitism** Stalin looks into Zhdanov\'s death and sees that Jewish doctors treated him; Pauley says that during the last 5 years of Stalin\'s life, he became obsessed with Jews as much as Hitler had been. Stalin then had thousands of elite Jewish doctors, intellectuals, and artists arrested and imprisoned as saboteurs, spies and assassins. Stalin also shuts down Jewish schools and publications. In 1953, he announced that all soviet jews needed to be deported to Siberia. While the show trials are in the works, Stalin dies, and nothing happens with the show trials. Stalin assumed that soviet jews could not be trusted. This is important to Stalinism as Stalin had very antisemitic ideologies and policies, as shown above, leading to the suffering and loss of rights of Jewish people during Stalin\'s rule. We can also draw a connection between Stalin\'s and Hitler\'s totalitarianism, as they both did not like Jews. **3. 1984** George Orwell\'s 1984 imagines a perfect totalitarian society. It imagines a world divided between three superpowers who are constantly at war with each other. The crisis of war is used as a tool for domestic mobilization and to justify individual sacrifices in favour of the welfare of the state being placed above its citizens. This is central to totalitarianism; the opening scene of 1984 checks all elements of Bruce Pallie\'s definition; this includes powers of leadership, exclusionist ideology, secret police, mass media and propaganda, a single-person party, the welfare of the state placed above its citizens, and a determination to change basic social, artistic, and literary values. **4. February Revolution** It took place in March 1917 in Petrograd. The revolution began with demonstrations over food shortages and quickly escalated into a popular uprising. Protestors organized bread riots, during which soldiers joined the protestors instead of shooting them. This led the Duma to form a provisional government that would eventually become a democratic parliamentary government. Leon Trotsky was in Switzerland when it all started, with Prince George Lvoy leading the provisional government. The revolution went on to abdicate Tsar Nicholas II. This is significant to Stalinism as citizens were clearly upset about an autocratic rule in Russia and would rather Russia to a liberal democracy like it was under the Duma. Liberal democracy was a failure as the Soviets were the real power if you wanted to get anything done, as they were on the front lines. When Stalin was in Petrograd, he shaped the party\'s position during this transitional period before Lenin\'s return from exile in April. his influence grew substantially only after the October Revolution and during the subsequent civil war and power struggles within the party He was responsible for the food supply and purging of the Red Army officers during the Civil War. Stalin is rewarded 5 years later by Lenin after proving to be a helpful ally during his revolution and is promoted to party general secretary; another 5 years later, Stalin\'s dictatorship was fully established. **5. Leon Trotsky** He was a Politburo member and would have had leadership after Lenin died. He was forced into exile by Stalin. The purging of elite trials was based on conspiracy theories. One of these conspiracy theories was the Trotskyist conspiracy (critical of Stalinism and opposing socialism in one country and favour Trotsky\'s theory of permanent revolution) and his name would always come up in an attempt to link him to all foreign enemies in the Soviet Union. The party bought into these allegations. In the Spanish Civil War, Spanish nationalists were a major threat to religions, secret police units were sent in on the ground to try to take out and eliminate foreign Trotskyists, the nationalists win the war. This is significant to Stalinism as Trotskyists held opposing views and were critical of Stalinism. They opposed socialism in one country and favoured Trotsky\'s theory of permanent revolution. Trotsky also criticized the bureaucracy and anti-democratic current developed under Stalin\'s rule. This is also significant to Stalinism as if Trotsky hadn't been forced to be exiled; he would have been the front-runner for the next soviet leadership; this can help us to speculate if Trotsky would have been a better leader than Stalin and what areas would have changed in the 20ish years Stalin had power. **6. cult of personality** Coined by Nikita Khrushchev. Stalin was the center of propaganda posters, the idea that Stalin was all-wise, the national anthem that mentioned his name, and the peaks after the victory of World War II. Soviet propaganda shifted away from Stalin\'s cult of personality during the height of the war and focused on the war as a people war, with propaganda posters including sayings like "For the motherland!" or "Our strength is immeasurable" After the war was won in 1943, the cult of Stalin was back in swing, and Stalin tightened political controls on journalists. This is central to totalitarianism as one of Bruce Paulie\'s characteristics as the individual dictator has a cultist personality and the whole propaganda and media aspect. Stalin used his cult of personality. to portray values and propaganda to his followers, thus being an important step in Stalin\'s totalitarian dictatorship rule of Russia. **8. Dekulakization** Secret police were sent in to deport the kulaks, and the number of livestock was cut in half in the 1930s. 25,000ers went to the countryside to convince peasants that collectivization was a good thing. The Kulaks changed to anyone who resists the regime in the countryside. Kulaks were the object of hostility propaganda and were portrayed as socially evil. All of their possessions were declared state property. Ten to twelve million of the kulaks were deported. Kulaks were considered guilty not because of their actions but because of who they were. This is significant to totalitarianism as this shows how Stalin had an exclusionist ideology; he felt like the kulaks did not belong and they needed to be deported. **9. secret police** The Okhrana adopted Western methods and applied them to political views. They gathered intelligence through blackmailing informants and developed an extensive network. They arrested the Bolsheviks and sent them to Siberia. They were not good at monitoring everyone and predicting revolts and riots. Secret police terror and food shortages sparked widespread dissent, leading to a civil war that lasted three years. Cheka, an extraordinary commission to combat counterrevolutions and sabotage, was against the revolution. Under Stalin\'s leadership, the Cheka became the KGB. This shows how Stalin had totalitarian philosophies. He paid a lot of attention to the secret police; they were crucial for him and they underwent many changes under Stalin leadership. He had a secret police force that brought terror to citizens. **10. Gulag** Chief administration of corrective labour camps and colonies, connections of camps were so poor that there was a high death rate, the main purpose of the camps was to provide slave labour to the state, this consisted of road and canal building. The NKVD guarded them. Red Army soldiers found in western Germany did not want to go back to the soviet union; the majority of them were amnestied of crimes, but others were sent to Gulag camps. People who turned to homelessness were thrown in gulags. Stalin\'s paranoia and cruelty were and examples of the rapid growth of Gulags as they had 12 million inmates by 1950; thousands of them were former prisoners of war and civilians that had been "infected by the West" and were transferred to soviet camps as soon as the germans released them. The gulag camps instilled by Stalin long outlasted his death, being abolished 6 years later by Khrushchev. This is significant to Stalinism and totalitarianism as the gulags were essential to Stalin; they were a slave labour mechanism during the war, and it also shows how the welfare of the state was placed above its citizens as Stalin was well aware of these gruesome conditions even though tho he didn\'t visit the gulags camps there was no way that he wasn\'t aware of the conditions. **11. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact** Hilter and Stalin\'s administration signed a 10-year non-aggression pact, agreeing not to wage war. Hilter then contacted Stalin about it. The pact gave Hitler what he needed to wage war against Poland, Britain, and France, as the Germans knew best not to get involved in a two-front war. This pact gave Germany Soviet resources, formed a virtual alliance between Hilter and Stalin, and gave Stalin time to prepare for a war that he was not yet ready for. Stalin had given up on collective security and Western powers as he had no trust in them. Stalin still didn\'t trust Hilter even with this whole pact. He used the territories as buffer zones to provide security against the Germans. Some of these buffer zones were the major cities of Leningrad and Moscow. This was crucial to the totalitarian age, as two of the most prominent totalitarian leaders allied with each other. This alliance aided Hilter in taking Poland, Britain, and France. To the leaders of other countries, this alliance must have been terrifying. Although this alliance was broken, it still made history in the totalitarian age of the Second World War. **12. Lend-Lease** Americans would lend military equipment to the British, but by the beginning of 1941, they were out of money and could lease and return equipment after the war. It only amounted to 7% of the total soviet production; 400 Matilda British tanks were sent in 1941 and were at the turning point battle of Moscow in 1942. 30-40% of the tanks of soviet command were British tanks. By the end of 1943, the Soviets were producing good-quality tanks independently. Allies helped the Soviets with materials for what they were low on, like high-grade steel, radios, and foodstuff. The Lend Lease agreement had a massive impact on Stalinism. Stalin said that he would have lost the war without the agreement. If this agreement hadn\'t happened, Stalin would not have been able to expand on his Stalinist values, and history would have been forever changed. **Propaganda poster analysis** Key things to remember when examining it Who created it? Who was involved in the production process? Intended audience? Objective? Does it instil a belief or promote a behaviour? When was it made? What is the historical context, events, ideologies or policies What media are used? Where would it likely appear? What techniques are employed? Bandwagoning? Stereotyping? Celebrity testimony? What styles and symbols are used? Choice of language, colour, schemes and symbolic images Effectivity? Popular response promoted? Beliefs reflected? What impact it had on people at the time?