History Semester 1 Compiled Notes PDF

HISTORY SEMESTER 1 COMPILED NOTES TOPIC 1 - CONCEPT OF THINKING HISTORICALLY \ The first topic of history covers the concept of history itself, dealing with the scholarly concept and the way of thinking ‘historically’. The following is a compiled information of what we have learnt so far. De...

HISTORY SEMESTER 1 COMPILED NOTES TOPIC 1 - CONCEPT OF THINKING HISTORICALLY \ The first topic of history covers the concept of history itself, dealing with the scholarly concept and the way of thinking ‘historically’. The following is a compiled information of what we have learnt so far. Definition: History is the study of past events, particularly the events concerning historical figures (humans) and historical events. ○ The English word "history" and "story" both originate from the Latin word Istoria, meaning a narrative or account of past events. ○ The word "history" is associated with the Greek word Historia, which means "information”. ○ Etymologically, the term history has the same meaning as the French word Histoire, the German word Geschichte, the Dutch word Geschiedenis, and the Arabic word Syajaratun. The Indonesian word Sejarah mostly comes from the Arabic word. ○ In summary: Istoria - Latin, meaning a narrative or account of past events Historia - Greek, meaning information Histoire - French, meaning history Gesichste - German, meaning history Geschiedenis - Dutch, meaning history Syajaratun - Arabic, meaning history Several scholars offer definitions of the concept of history. The scholars and their definition are as follows: ○ Edward Hallett Carr stated that "History is a dialogue between the present and the past". ○ Herodotus, known as the "Father of History", said "History does not develop and move forward with a definite purpose, but rather moves in a circle, the high and low circles are caused by the human condition itself". ○ Sartono Kartodirdjo stated that history is limited by the concepts of subjective history and objective history. Subjective history refers to historical accounts that are influenced by the biases and perspectives of  the historians writing them. Objective history attempts to present a neutral and factual account of the past, free from personal opinions or interpretations. ○ Marc Bloch stated, "History, in its essentials, is the science of change. It knows and teaches that it is impossible to find two events that are ever exactly alike, because the conditions from which they spring are never identical". ○ Jacob Christopher Burckhardt defined history as "History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another". ○ The Encyclopedia Britannica defines history as "all that happened, not merely all the phenomenon of human life, but those of the natural world as well". ○ The Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) defines history as: Origins, descendants, Knowledge or descriptions of events that happened in the past. Traditional Indonesian forms of historical accounts like hikayat, tambo, and babad. Apart from definitions, there are several popular theories of history. ○ "History is the study of great individuals" - Plutarch ○ "History is the study of challenge and response" - Arnold J. Toynbee ○ "History is the study of the 'winds of change'" ○ "History is the study of dialectics" - Karl Marx ○ "History is the story of the unexpected" Thinking historically: Historical thinking is divided into four: ○ Chronological thinking, which is the process of thinking about events in a sequential and interconnected way. ○ Diachronic thinking, which involves examining changes and developments over time. ○ Synchronic thinking, which focuses on understanding a particular period or event in depth by considering all of its aspects within a specific timeframe. ○ Periodization, which involves dividing history into distinct periods or eras based on shared characteristics. TOPIC 2 - HUMAN, SPACE AND TIME Historical events can only happen if someone made it happen in some place, during some time. These are what are called aspects of history. There are three aspects to history, being human, space and time. ○ Humans are the actors of history. History explores past events, particularly those related to human life. Humans are the ‘doers’ of historical events. ○ Space is the location of history. Space refers to the location the historical event is done in. ○ Time is… time. Time refers to the time the historical event is done in. In summary, humans are who, space is where, and time is when. Without humans, who will be the ones responsible for the events? Without space, where would the event be? Without time, when would the event take place? Humans and Ideas: There are several key books and authors: ○ Mein Kampf - Adolf Hitler ○ The Diary of a Young Girl - Anne Frank ○ The Book of the Marvels of the World - Marco Polo ○ The Prince - Niccolò Machiavelli ○ The Wealth of Nations - Adam Smith ○ The Origin of Species - Charles Darwin ○ The Communist Manifesto - Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx ○ Door Duisternis tot Licht - R.A. Kartini ○ The Spirit of Laws - Montesquieu ○ Materialisme, Dialektika, Logika - Tan Malaka ○ The Languages & Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago - James Richardson Logan ○ Indonesia Menggugat - Soekarno As well as several important historical events: World War I (1914-1918): The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in June 1914 as an event that led to the outbreak of World War I.  World War II (1939-1945): There are several events related to World War II, including: ○ The publication of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf in 1925, which outlined his ideology and plans for Germany. ○ Anne Frank's experience hiding from the Nazis, documented in her diary. ○ The atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. The atomic bombs were Little Boy and Fat Man. The Java War (1825-1830): Also known as the Diponegoro War, this conflict was a major uprising against Dutch colonial rule in Java. Indonesian Independence: Several events related to Indonesian history are highlighted, including: ○ The introduction of the term "Indonesia" in James Richardson Logan's The Languages & Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago (1857). ○ The publication of Soekarno's Indonesia Menggugat in 1930, which criticized Dutch colonialism and advocated for independence. ○ The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence on August 17, 1945. ○ The resignation of President Soeharto on May 21, 1998. And several popular theories by scientists: Theory of Evolution - Charles Darwin Big Bang Theory - Georges Lemaitre Relativity Theory - Albert Einstein Theory of Everything - Stephen Hawking TOPIC 3 - DIACHRONIC AND SYNCHRONIC The concept of history can also be understood in different approaches. The different approaches help us understand a certain aspect of history better. Diachronic and Synchronic: The terms diachronic and synchronic represent two fundamental approaches to studying history. ○ Diachronic: The term diachronic, meaning "across-time," refers to the study of how something changes over time. It can be understood as a chronological order. ○ Synchronic: The term synchronic, meaning "with-time," focuses on understanding a particular moment or period in history. Diachronic Example: The reign of President Suharto in Indonesia, in chronological order, from his re-election in 1998 to the appointment of President Wahid in 1999. (Key: chronological order) Synchronic Example: Focusing on a particular historical event not in order, for example the bombing of Hiroshima. (Key: Focused on a certain event) Anachronism: Occurs when a person or thing is placed in a time period where it does not fit. For example, if a movie about ancient Egypt showed a Pharaoh wearing a wristwatch, the wristwatch would be an anachronism because wristwatches did not exist in ancient Egypt. An anachronism essentially refers to something that is "out of time" or "out of place" in a historical context. Anachronisms can occur in various forms, including: ○ Objects: Using modern inventions or technologies in a historical setting where they did not exist. ○ Ideas and Beliefs: Attributing modern concepts or ideologies to people in the past who would not have held those views. ○ Language and Customs: Using modern language or depicting social customs that did not exist in a particular historical period.  Subtopic: Period and Periodization Periodization is the process of dividing history into distinct periods or eras based on shared characteristics, significant events, or dominant trends. This helps historians organize and analyze vast amounts of historical data, identify patterns of change and continuity, and understand the complex interplay of forces that shape human societies over time. Defining Prehistory and History A fundamental distinction in periodization is the division between prehistory and history. Scholars generally define prehistory as the period before the existence of written records in a given culture or society. This means that our understanding of prehistory relies primarily on archaeological evidence, such as fossils, artifacts, and other material remains, rather than written accounts. History, in contrast, refers to the time period after the invention of written records in a given culture or society. Written records offer historians a richer and more detailed source of information, allowing for a deeper understanding of past events, beliefs, and social structures. Geological and Archaeological Time Scales To further categorize and understand vast stretches of time, historians and scientists utilize geological and archaeological time scales: Geological Time Scale (GTS): This scale, primarily used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists, divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages based on major geological events, such as the formation of continents, the emergence of life forms, and significant climate shifts. The GTS provides a framework for understanding the long-term processes that have shaped our planet and the evolution of life. There are four major eras of the GTS: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Archaeological Time Scale (ATS): This scale focuses on the prehistory and early history of human societies, primarily using relative dating techniques like stratigraphy (analyzing layers of soil and artifacts) to establish a chronological sequence. The ATS also incorporates absolute dating methods, such as  carbon-14 dating, which provides more precise estimates of the age of organic materials. There is a jumbled sequence of periods within the ATS based on the living livelihood systems in Indonesian history: hunting and gathering, farming, advanced farming, and Perundagian (a period marked by specialized crafts and metalworking). Ancient History/Classical Antiquity Moving beyond prehistory, historians often categorize the earliest periods of recorded history as ancient history or classical antiquity. This broad period encompasses the rise and fall of numerous civilizations across different parts of the world. Mesopotamia (6000 BC - 1100 BC) Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BC - 1300 BC) Kingdom of Old Egypt (3000 BC - 2000 BC) Kingdom of Middle Egypt (2000 BC - 1300 BC) Shang Dynasty (China, 1800 BC - 1200 BC) Vedic Period (India, 1500 BC - 500 BC) Kingdom of New Egypt (1300 BC - 700 BC) Zhou Dynasty (China, 1200 BC - 500 BC) Ancient Greece (c. 1000 BC - 31 BC) Jomon Period (Japan, 800 BC - 400 BC) Ancient Rome (509 BC - 476 AD) Yayoi Period (Japan, 400 BC - 300 AD) Kofun Period (Japan, 300 AD - 600 AD) Migration Period (Europe, 200 AD - 700 AD) TOPIC 4 - CHANGE AND SUSTAINABILITY IN HISTORY AND SEVERAL MODELS OF HISTORICAL MOTION From the name, it might seem like a long topic, but it can still be summarized quite briefly. History is not merely a static collection of past events but a dynamic process characterized by both change and continuity (or sustainability). An important concept is Kuntowijoyo’s concept of time, which deals with the change and sustainability in history. Kuntowijoyo's Concept of Time: 1. Development: This refers to the evolution and development of societies and institutions from simple to more complex forms. An example is the development of democracy in America, which evolved alongside the growth of cities. As cities expanded and became more complex, the democratic systems developed as well. 2. Sustainability: This refers to the continuation of practices or traditions in a society. 3. Repetition: This aspect refers to the repetition of events in the past, and is repeated in a certain time. 4. Change: This concept encompasses significant and often rapid transformations in societies, often driven by external influences or internal influences. Five Basic Components of Thinking Historically The five basic components of thinking historically, or the "Five C's" of historical thinking, are components that help us understand and analyze history in a more meaningful way. The five components are: 1. Change over Time: History is fundamentally about change. Recognizing how societies, events, ideas, and individuals transform over time is crucial. This component also emphasizes understanding that our perspectives on history can  change as well. 2. Causality: Understanding cause-and-effect relationships is essential in historical thinking. Historians investigate the factors that lead to particular events and analyze the consequences of those events. This component highlights the interconnectedness of historical events and helps us trace the complex chains of causation that shape the past. 3. Context: Interpreting historical events requires considering the specific circumstances and influences surrounding them. Context includes the social, political, economic, cultural, and geographical factors that shape historical actors and their decisions. Understanding the context helps us avoid presentism, which is the tendency to judge the past based on present-day values and perspectives. 4. Complexity: History is intricate and multifaceted, involving a vast array of actors, events, and ideas. This component emphasizes that historical narratives are rarely simple or straightforward. Instead, they involve a web of interconnected factors and perspectives that contribute to the unfolding of events. 5. Contingency: This component recognizes that history is not predetermined or inevitable. Contingency highlights the role of chance, unintended consequences, and the choices made by individuals in shaping the course of history. It acknowledges that alternative outcomes were possible and encourages us to consider the "what ifs" of the past. Models of Historical Motion: 1. Cyclical Motion: This model proposes that history repeats itself in cycles, with civilizations rising, flourishing, and eventually declining, only to be followed by the emergence of new civilizations. 2. Spiral Motion: Built on the cyclical model but suggests that while history might repeat patterns, it also progresses or develops with each cycle. 3. Dialectical Motion: This model emphasizes the role of conflict and opposing forces in driving historical change: ○ Hegel's Dialectic: Proposed a process where a thesis (an idea or proposition) encounters its antithesis (the opposing idea), leading to a struggle from which a synthesis emerges. This synthesis, incorporating elements of both the thesis and antithesis, becomes a new thesis,  generating its own antithesis, and so on, propelling historical development through a continuous cycle of conflict and resolution. ○ Marx's Material Dialectic: Adapted Hegel's dialectic to focus on economic and social forces, arguing that history is shaped by the struggle between economic classes, particularly between the owners of capital and the working class. He believed this class struggle would eventually lead to the overthrow of capitalism and the rise of a classless society. 4. Formless (Amorphous) Motion: This model proposes that history cannot be predicted and is random. It emphasizes that there is no specific form or structure to history, and thus is amorphous. 5. Ups and Downs Motion: Sometimes referred to as the "Great Man" theory, this model focuses on the role of exceptional individuals, such as powerful leaders or heroes, in driving historical events. It suggests that the personalities, decisions, and actions of these individuals can have a profound impact on the course of history. TOPIC 5 - THE BEGINNING OF EARTH AND HUMAN Omne Vivum ex Vivo - All life comes from life, Omne Vivum ex Ovo - All life comes from egg, Omne Ovum ex Vivo - All eggs come from life, Omne Ovum ex Ovo - All eggs come from eggs. The Earth, of course, had a beginning and an origin. That is what history is. Not mixing in any religious origin story (even though the Bible is true), we focus on the scientific discoveries and efforts on documenting the beginning. Formation of the Universe and Earth The Big Bang theory, proposed in 1931 by Georges Lemaitre, explains the expansion of the observable universe. It suggests that everything began with the explosion of a single particle at a specific point in time around 13.798 billion years ago. This explosion scattered vast amounts of material throughout the universe, which eventually formed stars, planets, cosmic dust, asteroids, energy, and other particles. The Earth, initially a hot mass of gas resulting from this explosion, gradually cooled and solidified over approximately 2.5 billion years. The early Earth then slowly forms to the one we know today, in a timespan called the Geological Time Scale. The time is divided into several eras of Earth, which are: ○ Archean/Pre-Cambrian Era: This era represents the earliest period of Earth's history, characterized by extreme temperatures that made life impossible. The Earth existed as a hot, gaseous mass that gradually cooled and solidified over time. This era lasted until approximately 541 million years ago. ○ Paleozoic Era: This era, meaning "ancient life," spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago. It is a time of significant diversity of marine life, including the evolution of fish, arthropods, and amphibians. This era is marked by distinct periods: Cambrian Period: The Cambrian explosion, a period of rapid evolutionary diversification, with the emergence of a wide variety of marine animals.  Ordovician Period: Cephalopods, marine mollusks with tentacles, evolved during this period. Silurian Period: Life began to transition from sea to land, with creatures like Acanthostega emerging. Devonian Period: Fish with jaws, gills, and paired fins, like Placoderms, evolved, marking a significant development in vertebrate evolution. Carboniferous Period: Life on land continued to evolve. Pederpes, one of the earliest tetrapods, emerged during this period. Permian Period: The drier climate favored reptiles. Dimetrodon, a dinosaur-like reptile, thrived during this period. ○ Mesozoic Era: Spanning from 252 to 66 million years ago, the Mesozoic era is often referred to as the "Age of Reptiles" and the "Age of Conifers". Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates during this time, which is divided into three periods: Triassic Period: The first dinosaurs appeared during the Triassic. Jurassic Period: Dinosaurs diversified and became increasingly large during the Jurassic. Cretaceous Period: The Cretaceous saw the peak of dinosaur diversity, but it ended with their extinction, likely due to an asteroid impact. ○ Cenozoic Era: Meaning "new life," the Cenozoic era began 66 million years ago and continues to the present day. This era is marked by the dominance of mammals, birds, and flowering plants. A cooling and drying climate shaped the evolution of life, leading to the present configuration of continents. The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: Paleogene Period: This period saw the diversification of mammals following the extinction of dinosaurs. Neogene Period: Further mammal diversification and the evolution of early hominids occurred during this period. Quaternary Period: This period includes the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs and encompasses the evolution of modern humans. The beginning of living Earth: The Pleistocene Epoch and Continental Drift The Pleistocene epoch, which spanned from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, was a period of significant environmental change and instability. Factors contributing to this instability included: Endogenous and Exogenous Forces: These forces refer to internal and external processes that shape the Earth's surface. Endogenous forces include tectonic plate movements, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes, while exogenous forces involve weathering, erosion, and deposition. The two of these forces led to changes in landforms during the Pleistocene. Climate Change: The Pleistocene experienced cycles of glacial expansion and retreat, resulting in fluctuations in Earth's temperature and land area. These climatic shifts impacted the distribution of plant and animal life, including early humans. Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic activity was prevalent during the Pleistocene, contributing to atmospheric changes and impacting local ecosystems. During this time, the continents continued to drift apart from the supercontinent Pangaea, a process that began over 180 million years ago. Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, published in 1912, explained the Earth's drifting and splitting. TOPIC 6 - ANCIENT HUMAN IN THE WORLD AND NUSANTARA As the Earth had a beginning, so do we. If we trace back tens and hundreds of thousands, even millions of years ago, we would have an ancestor. We focus on those ancestors that are probably related to us in this topic. The beginning of Human: Theories of Human Origins and Migration General theories of human origin: Out of Africa Theory: This widely accepted theory, supported by genetic research on mitochondrial DNA, suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated outward, reaching West Asia around 50,000-70,000 years ago. The theory posits that these early humans traveled along coastal routes, reaching India, East Asia, Indonesia, and eventually Australia. The lower sea levels during the end of the last glacial age facilitated these migrations. Multiregional Evolution Model: This model suggests modern humans evolved in different regions simultaneously, rather than a single origin followed by migration. It further suggests that humans in different parts of the world evolved in different places from different populations of Homo erectus. Theories of Indonesian ancestry: Out of Taiwan: Focusing on the Austronesian language family, this theory proposes that Austronesian speakers, the ancestors of many Indonesian ethnic groups, originated in Taiwan and migrated southwards, reaching Indonesia and eventually spreading across a vast area from Madagascar to Easter Island Yunan Theory: This theory suggests that the ancestors of Indonesians originated in the Yunan province of China. Archipelago Theory: This theory posits that the Indonesian archipelago itself was the origin point for its indigenous people. Biogeographical Boundaries and Ancient Humans in Indonesia Biogeographical boundaries are important in understanding the distribution of flora and fauna, particularly the separation of Asian and Australian species. These boundaries, such as the Wallace Line, Weber Line, and Lydekker Line, mark distinct shifts in the composition of animal populations across Indonesia. Indonesia, located at the junction of three major tectonic plates (Indo-Australian, Eurasian, and Pacific), has been a crucial region for the study of human evolution. The discovery of ancient human fossils, including Meganthropus paleojavanicus and Pithecanthropus erectus (Homo erectus) in Java, provided significant evidence for understanding early human development. The following are the characteristics and significance of various ancient human species found in Indonesia: Meganthropus paleojavanicus: “Big Man from Java”, Discovered in Sangiran, Central Java, this species lived around 2.5 million years ago and is characterized by its robust build, prominent cheekbones, and large molars, suggesting a diet primarily consisting of plants. Pithecanthropus erectus (Homo erectus): Discovered by Eugene Dubois in East Java, in 1891. This species, initially named Pithecanthropus erectus, meaning "ape-human that stands upright", represented one of the oldest hominid remains found at that time. Thought to have lived 2 million years ago. Homo soloensis: Found near the Solo River in Java, this species lived between 117,000 and 108,000 years ago. It is considered more advanced than earlier hominid species and is sometimes classified with Homo neanderthalensis. Homo floresiensis: This species, nicknamed "Hobbit" due to its small stature, was discovered on the island of Flores, Indonesia. Its fossils date back 100,000 to 60,000 years, and it exhibited unique characteristics such as a tiny brain, large teeth, and short legs. Theories suggest that its small size may be attributed to island dwarfism, an evolutionary adaptation to limited resources and a lack of predators. Besse: There was a recent discovery of the fossilized remains of a young woman named "Besse" in South Sulawesi. Dating back 7,000 years, Besse's DNA suggests a mixture of ancient human lineages from Indonesia and Siberia.  This finding indicates that North Asian populations may have arrived in Southeast Asia earlier than previously thought. Experts in the Study of Ancient Humans: Alfred Wegener: A geophysicist and meteorologist who proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, explaining the movement of Earth's continents over millions of years. Eugene Dubois: A Dutch physician, paleoanthropologist, and geologist known for his discovery of Pithecanthropus erectus (Homo erectus) in Java. G.H.R. von Koenigswald: A German-born paleontologist and geologist known for his work on Homo erectus in Java and his discovery of Meganthropus paleojavanicus. Willem Frederik Florus Oppenoorth, Carel ter Haar: These experts, along with von Koenigswald, were involved in the discovery and excavation of Homo soloensis. Donald Johanson: An American paleoanthropologist known for discovering "Lucy," a well-preserved skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis found in Ethiopia. TOPIC 7 - CULTURE, MEGALITHS, FOLKLORE In Indonesia, there is a vast history of the culture, traditions, and ancient practices that used to be done. The last topic covers all about the culture, what megaliths are, and folklore in Indonesia. Goodluck for the final test. Culture and its definitions: Culture is a complex and dynamic system of knowledge, beliefs, values, and behaviors that shapes the lives of individuals within a community. Anthropologists have defined culture, which are as follows: Ki Hajar Dewantara: Ki Hajar Dewantara mentions a concept of "trisakti," which refers to the three main forces that compose the human soul: "cipta" (mind), "rasa" (heart), and "karsa" (will). Edward Burnett Tylor: E.B Tylor directly stated,"Culture is defined as a complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs and abilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society.” Clyde Kluckhohn: Kluckhohn listed seven universal elements that he believed were present in all cultures worldwide: the livelihood system of life, the system of living equipment, the system of science and technology, the system of social and societal organization, the system of religion and belief, the arts, and language. Primitive Religion: Animism: Comes from latin, “Anima”, meaning spirit. The belief that spirits inhabit all objects and natural phenomena. This belief system often involved rituals and offerings to appease these spirits and ensure harmony between humans and the supernatural realm.  Dynamism: The belief in forces or powers that reside in certain objects or places. These forces could be harnessed or manipulated through rituals and offerings. An example would be the belief of a spirit residing within Keris. Totemism: The belief that humans have a spiritual kinship with an animal or a plant, The totem is thought to interact with a certain group as their symbol and worship. Primitive Culture: Primus Interpares: This Latin term, meaning "first among equals," describes a leadership structure where a tribe chief or leader is elected based on their demonstrated strengths, both physical and in terms of expertise. Kjokkenmoddinger: This term, derived from Danish, refers to kitchen waste — mounds of discarded shells and other food waste typically found in coastal areas. Can be understood as a primitive toilet. heh,,, guess u could say its a skibid toilet Nomad: A nomad is a member of a community that moves from one location to another, typically in search of resources and new homes. Abris Sous Roche: These are rock shelters or cave-like formations that humans used for dwelling. Their presence indicates adaptation to the natural environment, using existing features for protection and shelter. Megaliths and other artifacts: Megaliths, large stone structures erected for various purposes. There are several types of megaliths found in Indonesia, each with its own unique function and symbolism: Menhir: Single, upright stones often associated with ancestor worship and serving as focal points for rituals and offerings. Dolmen: Structures consisting of several large stones supporting a flat capstone. They were often used as places to make offerings to ancestral spirits. Sarcophagus: Stone coffins or burial vessels, sometimes elaborately carved, reflecting the importance placed on honoring the deceased. Waruga: A specific type of above-ground stone coffin traditionally used by the Minahasan people of Sulawesi.  Punden Berundak: Terraced or stepped structures, often interpreted as symbolic representations of the journey of ancestral spirits to the spirit world. Nekara (bronze drums) and Moko (bronze gongs): Dating back to the Metal Age, they served multiple purposes, such as instruments for war, tools for calling rain, objects of exchange or prestige, and containers for burial, as well as dowry tools for marriage. Folklore: Folklore is an ancient story based on the traditional beliefs, customs, and songs passed down orally through generations. Examples of Folklore Genres: Wayang Beber: A form of puppetry where scenes are painted on a scroll and narrated. Didong: A Gayo art form that combines dance, vocal performance, and storytelling. Rabab Pariaman: A tradition of sung storytelling from West Sumatra. Tanggomo: An oral tradition from Gorontalo with a structured narrative style using repetition, rhyme, and rhythmic language. Mak Yong: A Malay art form that combines dance, music, and storytelling, originating from China. DON’T FORGET: FOR TOMORROW’S TEST, REMEMBER EACH OF YOUR HISTORICAL FIGURES TO BE WRITTEN ABOUT.  END PAGE Thank you everybody lets hope tomorrows test goes well. Good luck to everyone… thx all God bless ilove yall hehehe Special shoutout to my boy kevin Sharingis caring guys btw…u shouldnt study from this only guys Thx everybody I love you kevin