History Lec 1-6 PDF

# LECTURE 1 **AN ENGINEER : is a person who uses scientific Knowledge to solve Practical Problems** - designer - decision maker - innovator - Leader of the engineering team **Pyramid:** 1. engineer 2. engineering technologists 3. engineering technicians 4. Crafts men. # ENGINEERING MAJORS TRADI...

# LECTURE 1 **AN ENGINEER : is a person who uses scientific Knowledge to solve Practical Problems** - designer - decision maker - innovator - Leader of the engineering team **Pyramid:** 1. engineer 2. engineering technologists 3. engineering technicians 4. Crafts men. # ENGINEERING MAJORS TRADITIONAL | Engineering Majors | Description | | --------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Electrical | | | Mechanical | | | Civil Engineering | | | Architectural | | | Chemical | | | Construction | | | Environmental | | | Computer | | **Why are engineers important?** - **Safety of ThePublic** -This is the most important aspect - **Low operating and maintenance cost** - This means lower costs for using and fixing things. - **Products to make our Life easier** - Making our lives easier with new inventions. - **Welfare of the society** - Helping the community by providing useful things. **VALUE OF ENGINEERING PROFESSION** - **Communication to Link People** -Connecting people through inventions. - **Infrastructure** - Building important structures like roads and bridges. # FOUNDATIONS of different engineering fields: | Engineering field | Foundation | | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Aerospace | Physical dynamics | | Electrical | Electricity flow | | Chemical | Reaction engineering | | Petroleum | Reservoir Development | | Civil | Structural Analysis | | Mechanical | Gears and systems | | Ocean | Ocean wave mechanics | | Environmental | Gears and systems, Structural Analysis and Reaction engineering | | Agricultural | Biological materials | # PIONEERS of different engineering fields: | Engineering field | Pioneer | Invention | | ----------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ | | Civil engineer | Imhotep | Pyramid of Djoser and the Obelisks | | Electrical engineer | William Gilbert | Magnetism | | Mechanical engineer | Thomas Newcomen | Steam engine | | Aeronautical engineer | George Cayley | Creator of search engine | # LECTURE 2 # TRAVELLING THROUGH THE AGES | Year Range | Development | | --------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1200 B.C--A.D. 1 | Quality of wrought iron is improved. | | A.D. 1--1000 | Gunpowder is perfected | | 1000--1400 | Silk and glass industries continue to grow. | | 1400--1700 | Issac Newton Constructs first reflecting telescopes. (Q:29) | | | Boyle's Gas Law, stating pressure varies inversely with volume is first introduced | | | Galilea constructs a series of telescales, with which he observesthe rotation about the sun | | 1700--1800 | James Watt patents his first steam engine. | | 1800-1825 | Single wire telegraph line is developed. | | 1825--1875 | Typewriter is perfected. | | 1875--1900 | Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb Daimler | | 1900--1925 | Ford develops first diesel engines in tractors | | 1925--1950 | First atomic bomb is used. The transistor is invented. | | 1950--1975 | The First Satellite was introduced (Q:38) The U.S. completes the first ever moon landing | | 1975--1990 | First artificial heart is successfully implanted. Renewable energy. The Concorde Super Sonic Flight between Europe and the US (Q:28) | | 1990--Present | Robots travel on Mars - Artificial Intelligence (AI) International Space Station (ISS) | # Lecture 3 **There are seven base units of SI :** | Base quantity | SI base unit | Symbol | | ------------------------ | ------------ | -------- | | length | meter | m | | mass | kilogram | kg | | time | second | s | | electric current | ampere | A | | thermodynamic temperature | kelvin | K | | amount of substance | mole | mol | | luminous intensity | candela | cd | **The Cubit was the first recorded standard linear measurement** - **Cubit :** 21 inch (الذراع) - **Foot :** (12 inch=304.8mm) **The 'Cubit was divided into a number of measurements, including the hand.** - **Hand :** (4 inch = 101.6mm) **The height of a horse is still measured in hands** # Important Historical Dates: | Year | Development | | ------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1799 | French Revolution and the subsequent deposition of two platinum standards representing the Meter and the kilogram | | 1832 | Gauss was the first to make absolute measurements of the earth's magnetic force in terms of a decimal system | | 1860 | Maxwell and Thomson further developed Gauss's work | | 1874 | BAAS introduced the centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system | | 1880s | the ohm for electrical resistance, the volt for electromotive, and the ampere for electric current | | 1889 | General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) sanctioned the international prototypes for the meter and the kilogram | | 1901 | Giovanni Giorgi a very successful Italian Scientist and Engineer showed that it is possible to combine the mechanical units | | 1921 | Giorgi Proposal discussed through several international organizations | | 1939- | The discussions led to the adoption of a four-dimensional system based on the meter, kilogram, second and ampere. | | 1946 | The proposal was approved in 1946 | | 1954 | introduction of the ampere, the Kelvin and the candela as base units | | 1960 | International System of Units (SI) was given to the system | | 1971 | the current version of the Sl was completed by adding the mole as base unit for amount of substance | **SI derived units** - Any unit that's not a base SI unit. **Important dates in the lecture:** - 1799 - 1832 - 1860 - 1874 - 1889 - 1901 - 1921 - 1939-1946 - 1954 - 1960 - 1971 # Prefixes of SI Units | Factor | Name | Symbol | Factor | Name | Symbol | | ------ | -------- | -------- | ------ | ----- | -------- | | 10²⁴ | yotta | Y | 10⁻¹ | deci | d | | 10²¹ | zetta | Z | 10⁻² | centi | c | | 10¹⁸ | exa | E | 10⁻³ | milli | m | | 10¹⁵ | peta | P | 10⁻⁶ | micro | μ | | 10¹² | tera | T | 10⁻⁹ | nano | n | | 10⁹ | giga | G | 10⁻¹² | pico | p | | 10⁶ | mega | M | 10⁻¹⁵ | femto | f | | 10³ | kilo | k | 10⁻¹⁸ | atto | a | | 10² | hecto | h | 10⁻²¹ | zepto | z | | 10¹ | deka | da | 10⁻²⁴ | yocto | y | # SI derived units - Table 1 | Derived quantity | Name | Symbol | Expressed in terms of SI base units | | ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------------------------------------- | | dynamic viscosity | pascal second | Pas | m⁻¹kgs⁻¹ | | moment of force | newton meter | N·m | m²kgs⁻² | | surface tension | newton per meter | N/m | kgs⁻² | | angular velocity | radian per second | rad/s | s⁻¹ | | angular acceleration | radian per second squared | rad/s² | s⁻² | | heat flux density, irradiance | watt per square meter | W/m² | m⁻²kgs⁻² | | heat capacity, entropy | joule per kelvin | J/K | m²kgs⁻²K⁻¹ | | specific heat capacity, specific | joule per kilogram kelvin | J/(kg·K) | m²s⁻²K⁻¹ | | entropy | joule per kilogram | J/kg | m²s⁻² | | specific energy | watt per meter kelvin | W/(m·K) | m¹kgs⁻²K⁻¹ | | energy density | joule per cubic meter | J/m³ | m⁻¹kgs⁻² | | electric field strength | volt per meter | V/m | m¹kgs⁻²A⁻¹ | | electric charge density | coulomb per cubic meter | C/m³ | m⁻³As | | electric flux density | coulomb per square meter | C/m² | m⁻²As | | permittivity | farad per meter | F/m | m⁻³kg⁻¹s⁴A² | | permeability | henry per meter | H/m | mkg⁻¹s⁻²A⁻² | | molar energy | joule per mole | J/mol | m²kgs⁻²mol⁻¹ | | molar entropy, molar heat | joule per mole kelvin | J/(mol·K) | m²kgs⁻²mol⁻¹K⁻¹ | | capacity | coulomb per kilogram | C/kg | kg⁻¹As | | exposure (x and y rays) | gray per second | Gy/s | m²s⁻³ | | absorbed dose rate | watt per steradian | W/sr | m²kgs⁻² | | radiant intensity | watt per square meter steradian | W/(m²·sr) | m⁻²kgs⁻² | | catalytic (activity) concentration | katal per cubic meter | kat/m³ | m⁻³mol⁻¹s⁻¹ | # Lecture 4 **Fibers:** Tiny lattice parts in the tissues of a plant, animal or any other substance. The radius is very small in relation to length. - **Natural** - Fibers that come from natural sources like plants or animals. - **Manufactured** - Fibers that are man-made and come from chemical or recycled sources. **Natural fibers** - **Cellulose** - From plants like cotton, flax and jute. - **Protein** - From animals like Silk and Wool. **Properties of natural fibers** - Absorbs heat. - Shrinks when washed. - Comfortable to wear. - Cool to wear. # Natural Fibers in detail: | Fiber | Advantages | Disadvantages | Uses | | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Cotton | Good color retention, not expensive, easy to sew, easy to wash, easy to dye, easy to print, looks beautiful, same advantages as natural fibers | Shrinks in hot water, breaks down quickly, burns easily, weakens due to sweat and the sun and is affected by mold. | Bedding, clothes, towels, blankets | | Linen | Same advantages as natural fibers, can withstand high temperatures, lint-free, resist dirt and stains, can be washed by hand, can be washed dry, dyed well, and printed well like cotton | Expensive, burns easily, shrinks due to sweat | Towels, sheets, tablecloths | | Wool | Natural insulator, warm, durable, folds well, easy to customize, recyclable, same advantages as natural fibers | Shrinks with heat and humidity, needs special care and dry cleaning, absorbs requests, scratching on the skin, weakens when wet | Clothing, blankets, carpets, sweaters | | Jute | Great antistatic properties, 100% biodegradable, environment-friendly fiber, cheap in market, can be widely used in Agriculture Sector, Textile Sector, Woven Sector, Nonwoven Sector, Jute Fiber can be blended with Natural and Synthetic fibers, same advantages as natural fibers | Same disadvantages as linen | Rope, twine, sacks, carpets, rugs, and other items | | Asbestos | Acid-resistant, fire-resistant, rust-resistant, strong, durable | Asbestos particles are carcinogenic, so its use is restricted. | Firefighters' clothing, insulating boilers, cinema and theater curtains, car brakes, and filters. | | Sisal | Easy to grow, hardy | | Rope, twine, mats, brushes, and other items | # Regenerated cellulosic fibers - **Rayon** - Derived from wood pulp, cotton linters, or vegetable matter. Used to produce crepe, velvet, and satin fabrics.. - **Acetate Rayon** - Used to line coats and fabrics. **Disadvantage:** Dissolved by nail polish remover (acetone). - **Bamboo Fiber** - 100% made from bamboo through a high-tech process. **Advantage:** Anti-bacteria, perfect for sensitive skin. - **Lyocell** - The newest of the cellulosic manufactured fibers. **Trade name is TencelⓇ** # Synthetic Fibers | Fiber | Advantages | Disadvantages | Uses | | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Nylon | Resists damage from oil and many chemicals. | Picks up oils and dyes in wash, heat-sensitive | Clothing, carpets, ropes, and other items | | Polyester | Resilient, resists wrinkles, abrasion resistant, resistant to most chemicals. | Low absorbency, static and pilling problems. | Clothing, carpets, furniture, and other items | | Acrylic | Wool-like, cotton-like, or blended appearance. Resists moths, oil, chemicals. | Dissolved by nail polish remover (acetone) like acetate rayon. | Clothing, blankets, sweaters, and other items | | Microfiber | Insulates against wind, rain, and cold. | | Used in clothing, towels, and other items. It is often used in sportswear and performance wear due to its moisture-wicking properties. | | Spandex | Stretches over 500% without breaking. Retains original shape, soft, smooth, supple. Resists body oils, perspiration, lotions, detergents. No static or pilling. | Whites yellow with age, harmed by chlorine bleach | Clothing, swimwear, and other items. It gives garments exceptional stretch and recovery, making them comfortable and form-fitting. | | Kevlar | Exceptional strength, heat and flame resistance, resistant to stretch and abrasion. | Not absorbent. | Bullet Proof Vests, Cut/Heat and Chemical resistant Gloves, car parts, airplanes, tires. | # Lecture 5 **Textile craft** is one of the oldest technologies and its invention dates back to the **Ancient Egyptians** **Types of Fabrics:** - Woven - Knitted - Non Wovens **The ancient Egyptians made the spindle for spinning yarn** **The Egyptians made fabrics 4400 years BC.** **History of Weaving** - In the 12th century, completely wooden hand looms were used as standard designs in England. <start_of_image> Cloth was originally produced by hand in homes until 1795, when the production of yarn was mechanized. **Development of yarn spinning systems:** - **1795:** Hand operated machines were used - **1838:** Mechanically operated machines were introduced - **Middle of the 19th century:** Ring spinning machine was invented. **The name "ring" refers to the part of the ring responsible for forming the yarn.** (Q:3) **Most Common Types of Spinning for Apparel Fabrics** - **Ring Spinning:** - **Open End:** - **Compact**:* - **Air jet:** **Every yarn has different yarn structure and "different properties"** # Open End Spinning "Rotor Spinning" - Typical yarn count range: 6's to 30's - Fibers: (1) Fine (2) Strong - (length is not as important as ring spinning) - Known for having a Rotor (Q:4) # Compact Spinning - Yarn count range: 6's to 250+ - Fibers: (1) Long (2) Fine (3) Strong # Murata Air Jet Spinning - Typical yarn count range: 20's to 60's - Fibers: (1) Long (2) Strong - (length is not as important as ring spinning) # Ring Spinning - Yarn count ranges: 6's to 250's - Fibers: (1) Long (2) Fine (3) strong # Shuttleless Weaving Machines - **Projectile loom:** - **Rapier loom:** - **Air jet loom:** - **Water jet loom:** Better fabric quality **Note:** The question about the person who created the loom system for controlling each warp yarn is **Joseph Jackard** who invented it in **1805** (Q:6) **Yarn Structure:** # Lecture 6 - **Projectile loom:** - Picking action done with a "bullet" that carries the weft yarn through the shed. - Not suited for weaving with weak or fine yarn. - **Rapier Loom:** - Rapier system only uses 50% of its movement. - Only good for medium yarn, not fine or thick. - **Air Jet loom:** - Faster than other loom types. - Less power, can't weave thick yarns. - **Water Jet:** - Fastest of the 4 loom types. - Best for weaving hydrophobic fabrics. - **Circular Weaving Machine:** - Creates large circular fabric - Good for large bags. - Runs 6 electromagnetic shuttles. - **Full Garment Flat Knitting Machines:** - Creates "WHOLEGARMENT" fabrics; One long piece of fabric that doesn't need to be sewn together. - **Warp-Knitting:** - More stable than circular knitting - Can make big or small holes - Can make technical fabrics (important) - **Non-woven fabrics:** - Made by pressing, bonding, or interlocking fibers as opposed to yarn. - Utilizes mechanical action, chemicals, heat, or all three. - Industrial and medical uses. - Uses: geotextiles, heat and sound insulation - **Wetlaid Web Nonwoven:** - Uses short fibers - Low cost and high production rates. - Only 15% of web production - Uses: Disposal end products (napkins, surgical gauzes) **Functions & Applications of Technical Textiles** - WIND TURBINES - Rocket - Military equipment **Done by Eng/Ahmed Ramadan 2029**